{"ops":[{"insert":"大燈好比一輛車的眼睛，影響著整車的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格，某個(gè)角度上也算是美丑的決定因素。進(jìn)入正題之前先來看一組照片：\n\n兩輛車是同樣的型號(hào)，梅賽德斯-奔馳 E級(jí)(W 123)，上面是歐規(guī)車，下面是美規(guī)車，大燈有明顯區(qū)別，哪個(gè)更好看一些？\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/976a8881615e23a76012efa17e7ccf12bb4e9738.jpg","width":600,"height":882,"size":344839,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"當(dāng)年你死我活的三巨頭有著“共同的眼睛”。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/36df68ced0aadb52e9956af3bd88a93cc8d61084.jpg","width":500,"height":934,"size":352375,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1957年卡迪拉克、克萊斯勒、納什推動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)新法律的通過，聯(lián)邦政府允許了第二種大燈組合：四個(gè)5 3/4英寸圓燈，也就是四圓燈設(shè)計(jì)，很多美國(guó)品牌迫不及待采用新通過的大燈組合。\n\n56款與57款紐約客：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/96b6abf578d1dd3d8f7a6716c3d3b07a322e06d6.jpg","width":600,"height":943,"size":303699,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"與此同時(shí)已經(jīng)在歐洲流行起來的矩形車燈在美國(guó)還是非法的，比如奔馳的全系車型。所以銷售到美國(guó)的歐洲車不得不入鄉(xiāng)隨俗，有的轉(zhuǎn)化為雙圓燈，有的轉(zhuǎn)化為四圓燈。\n\n美規(guī)奔馳SL級(jí)(W 113)與S級(jí)(W 111)的大燈分別由矩形走向雙圓燈和四圓燈。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/d13fd146a03d40733f838fb8f66643d372445413.jpg","width":600,"height":484,"size":167851,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n千萬不要覺得這只是車廠為了增加銷量而做的一點(diǎn)妥協(xié)——法律逆向改變了全球汽車品牌的大燈乃至整車外觀設(shè)計(jì)，不是設(shè)計(jì)師在設(shè)計(jì)大燈，而是法律在設(shè)計(jì)大燈，這種影響在美國(guó)尤其明顯。今天你可以在57款和58款克爾維特間隨性的說“我喜歡四眼的58款”但如果當(dāng)時(shí)法律不通過，你就沒得選，在1957年之前，估計(jì)也沒有多少人幻想過駕駛一輛四眼克爾維特。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/5cbcc67534ccb328d4aed43e09362579656a073d.jpg","width":600,"height":737,"size":308976,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1968年美國(guó)聯(lián)邦汽車設(shè)備安全法規(guī)頒布，新規(guī)更加苛刻，除規(guī)定只有已有的兩種車燈組合才被法律允許外，還要求大燈前面不能有任何遮擋物或裝飾品。\n\n什么是遮擋物或裝飾品？比如雪鐵龍DS21，與車身相稱的流線型燈罩看上去也很美，可是美國(guó)法律不允許，你只能把燈罩去掉，讓車的風(fēng)阻變大。這些法規(guī)不僅讓車商、也讓車主們?cè)孤曒d道\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/38ad10695350e3acf4ac72d302b1a1f03444f5f6.jpg","width":396,"height":328,"size":90939,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"為適應(yīng)美國(guó)法規(guī)，美洲虎E-Type S1原有的燈罩在1968年推出的S2上取消，此舉導(dǎo)致全球范圍內(nèi)的S2以及之后的S3都受到牽連，實(shí)為設(shè)計(jì)的倒退。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f9a69eb8e224d19419841c3b9a6fb189ea9177c7.jpg","width":600,"height":1394,"size":530771,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n正是因?yàn)閷?duì)反空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)大燈的抱怨，汽車大燈的重要一支——隱藏式大燈在60年代迅速流行起來。\n\n1962年的蓮花Elan是第一款為規(guī)避風(fēng)阻采用隱藏式大燈的車型。這種設(shè)計(jì)非常巧妙，大燈不用時(shí)可以翻轉(zhuǎn)回光滑的曲面，減小圓形立燈帶來的空氣阻力，而隨時(shí)可以彈出的7英寸圓形大燈又符合美國(guó)法規(guī)。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f88ea310ffe5148b6af156fe465d1f5f0e6bc3d6.jpg","width":600,"height":408,"size":131686,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"墻內(nèi)開花墻外香，1963年，克爾維特C2的隱藏式大燈在空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)的重災(zāi)區(qū)美國(guó)引起轟動(dòng)，其它品牌紛紛效仿。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/3b1a5860cf3c9f9c685e989edcbace4637d0bd1c.jpg","width":600,"height":940,"size":404695,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"在道奇Charger這種垂直車頭的車上，隱藏式大燈更為流行。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/22b7f6e6b65c447717b186cfe9d414fd6c95c803.jpg","width":600,"height":653,"size":280156,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"別克里維埃拉、林肯大陸馬克、道奇摩納哥：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/14e4901cf2a9e2dbdc7b4c7b05b2b5656d8f16eb.jpg","width":550,"height":1272,"size":460281,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"對(duì)于法拉利365 GTB這樣注重空氣動(dòng)力造型的超級(jí)跑車，跳燈的作用更加明顯。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ca29de494a4c0e6eb6535c31fcd8f28d7fc80d1a.jpg","width":600,"height":933,"size":328041,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"回到雙圓燈和四圓燈，這種局限一直持續(xù)到1974年。試想一下，美國(guó)是很多歐洲品牌最大的出口市場(chǎng)，大燈的法規(guī)必將牽制無數(shù)的歐洲汽車設(shè)計(jì)，如果不是因?yàn)榫匦未鬅暨t遲不被美國(guó)法律允許(很多美國(guó)品牌的矩形大燈設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)憋了很多年)，寶馬、美洲虎、勞斯萊斯這些以圓燈作為家族設(shè)計(jì)的品牌會(huì)不會(huì)早早改用歐洲流行的矩形車燈，而丟棄如今看來的傳統(tǒng)？\n\n舉個(gè)例子，寶馬E3于1968年推出，當(dāng)時(shí)這款車要是想賣到美國(guó)只有兩個(gè)選擇：雙眼或四眼；到1994年生產(chǎn)的E32，車燈依舊是5 3/4英寸的圓形。1994年的車燈在1957年就已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)好了，四眼設(shè)計(jì)看上去并不是自愿的。如果沒有法規(guī)強(qiáng)制，寶馬的設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)在50年前走向何方？\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/7ed752f279bdfc519ee4fa1c3da821c7271b7983.jpg","width":600,"height":1223,"size":460177,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"美洲虎XJ系列自1968年至2003年的美規(guī)車型，車燈尺寸完全一樣。在強(qiáng)制性面前，傳統(tǒng)似乎是妥協(xié)的掩飾。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/b5deee067428d1bae2eb2fb0e616dca3f12db846.jpg","width":600,"height":947,"size":376123,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"沒有規(guī)矩不成方圓這句話在此時(shí)顯得非常精辟，1974年通過的矩形大燈照樣是有尺寸限制的，大燈必須由兩個(gè)7.5 x 5.6英寸的矩形取代之前的兩個(gè)7英寸圓燈，或由四個(gè)6.5 x 3.9英寸的矩形取代之前的四個(gè)5 3/4英寸圓燈。相同的尺寸很難在設(shè)計(jì)上做出較大區(qū)別，所以那個(gè)年代的美國(guó)車在非車迷眼中大同小異。\n\n矩形的出現(xiàn)，74款與75款帝威——這次只有通用最積極，福特和克萊斯勒反應(yīng)平淡，而歐洲車廠干脆不買賬。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/6a3fd89d920daae5d2746ee6988d227b6d61093b.jpg","width":600,"height":967,"size":347981,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"大部分銷售到美國(guó)的歐洲車都沒有選擇尺寸死板的矩形大燈，而是繼續(xù)雙圓燈或四圓燈設(shè)計(jì)。\n\n美洲虎XJS在美國(guó)改為四圓燈\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/e2a5c5c0218dc4b4fc410dabbb37108280d2d55f.jpg","width":600,"height":939,"size":369671,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"奧迪和沃爾沃采取的方案與奔馳類似。\n\n奧迪100與美國(guó)市場(chǎng)的奧迪5000：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/663827f2e5d9410adc0f707af4f1bf4a9de9db82.jpg","width":600,"height":951,"size":321456,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"歐洲與美國(guó)的沃爾沃244：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/daa64a7da7accc5de4f033b0957d129298aad72b.jpg","width":600,"height":714,"size":282227,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"歐洲與美國(guó)的沃爾沃244：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/6f53b99a2c5cf6dd61d3dd20c0cfc4f6d8037456.jpg","width":600,"height":835,"size":373894,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"74款道奇摩納哥與77款奔馳 450 SEL 6.9。兩款車的大燈其實(shí)是一樣的，奔馳大燈圓形之外的部分只是裝飾。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/c28da9a3d00c2a47844558bb683579e296d4bd0f.jpg","width":600,"height":391,"size":116214,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"寶馬7系(E23)與勞斯萊斯銀刺，真正的亮點(diǎn)也許是法律面前兩款車共同的妥協(xié)。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/03b106bb074953d758e6d1dbd27ce56dc9cb4c4a.jpg","width":600,"height":404,"size":188147,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1974年的另一條新規(guī)讓隱藏式大燈中的跳燈發(fā)展起來，成為了跑車們打法律擦邊球的利器。眾所周知，跑車車身低矮，因此多數(shù)跑車的大燈無法達(dá)到美國(guó)新要求的24英寸最低高度，而將隱藏式大燈設(shè)在車頭頂部跳起后正好可以增加大燈高度，是十分喜聞樂見的設(shè)計(jì)。\n\n法拉利308 GTB與凱旋TR-7的跳燈，為降低車身爭(zhēng)取了機(jī)會(huì)。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/69bfe11649796eb541f7e7e56d4c8715eb9d803d.jpg","width":600,"height":573,"size":211089,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"MGB這樣的小車就沒有那么幸運(yùn)了，為達(dá)到1974年規(guī)定的大燈最低高度，不得不將底盤墊高了1英寸，在合法的同時(shí)也犧牲了美感。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/33463ced157d5b0ce674748e3a595fadb4175347.jpg","width":600,"height":921,"size":352090,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"雖然跳燈可以隱藏不用，但里面的大燈造型還必須遵守美國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所以不管是法拉利還是蘭博基尼，它們的眼睛睜開后是一樣的。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/02b2280b3fd01e463fcd0338d36bc89822fab895.jpg","width":600,"height":866,"size":368919,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"掌握跳燈這一秘訣的人多了，必然造成品牌識(shí)別度的降低\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/a8ed9ea4e1681b9ab3a05f952cf180059ab67456.jpg","width":550,"height":1643,"size":530783,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"此外，80年代初幾乎市場(chǎng)上所有的美國(guó)車都采用同樣尺寸的四方燈，車燈同質(zhì)化加劇了品牌識(shí)別度降低的局面。\n\n卡迪拉克帝威與福特LTD：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ee67fbc7b14a0f5107c4d9ca92b93961c428befa.jpg","width":600,"height":838,"size":309616,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"林肯大陸與克萊斯勒男爵：\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/4797ae7225336e349176e2dba906adacb84a9b5b.jpg","width":600,"height":866,"size":235706,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1983年，美國(guó)汽車大燈法規(guī)發(fā)生了革命性的變化，福特公司于1981年遞交的請(qǐng)?jiān)笗@得通過，死守44年的老舊法律終于被推翻，復(fù)合型大燈在美國(guó)獲得了自由。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/c7491a6809dd5508307d788dc6b89cf197d48570.jpg","width":600,"height":403,"size":145422,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"1984款林肯大陸馬克VII成為美國(guó)歷史上第一款采用復(fù)合大燈的汽車，根據(jù)福特的建議，聯(lián)邦法律同意使用聚碳酸酯鏡片和橫向燈絲燈泡，所有燈組集成為大燈總成，塑料大燈外殼迅速普及\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/9571f4797741b5a2e510b0b8fac1e55a5826a8f2.jpg","width":600,"height":1376,"size":463750,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"通用比較消極，老式大燈繼續(xù)用了很多年。\n\n1985年推出的奔馳E級(jí)(W 124)是1984年法案的第一批歐洲受益者，美規(guī)車首次擺脫了圓燈的困擾，但造型和歐規(guī)車相比有了新的區(qū)別。因?yàn)榉忾]式光束大燈還是必備的，歐洲車型上的H4鹵素?zé)襞菰诿绹?guó)不獲準(zhǔn)使用。盡管美規(guī)大燈現(xiàn)在可以在外觀上和歐規(guī)車做到相近，但實(shí)質(zhì)還是一個(gè)套著塑料框的封閉式光束大燈\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/107ffa8971119450cc0ff447ca16e9de2622316a.jpg","width":583,"height":392,"size":140178,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"美規(guī)大燈在奔馳S級(jí)(W 126)上的進(jìn)化，雖然不再采用強(qiáng)制尺寸的燈具，但塑料外框是必備的\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/830297a2e8e5033ee1f32035a8582c40cc34bf64.jpg","width":576,"height":935,"size":325123,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"捷達(dá)就非常幸運(yùn)。MK1還是四方燈，到了MK2時(shí)恰好是1984年，再加上歐規(guī)大燈本身就是非組合式，可以直接改造成封閉式光束，所以最終美規(guī)和歐規(guī)大燈在外觀上沒有區(qū)別。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/38da13b454779f32f7ab5833be9f236eb967fc5f.jpg","width":600,"height":944,"size":380184,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"再舉個(gè)親切的例子，美國(guó)市場(chǎng)上的大眾量子(亦稱寬騰) 也就是我們熟知的桑塔納，最早采用四方燈，1985年改款的車燈恢復(fù)成歐洲造型，但顛倒了前照燈與霧燈的位置。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/d79e69b14ba561cf0a6c3cb15b97bad54f24b0cc.jpg","width":600,"height":942,"size":350381,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"最終的決定性變化在1992年。\n\n這一年，美國(guó)準(zhǔn)許歐洲通行的H4鹵素?zé)襞菰谲嚐羯鲜褂茫此浦皇切⌒〉臒襞?，但它能改變一款車的車燈造型。也就是說美規(guī)車的大燈可以采用與歐規(guī)車相同的原理，不再采用封閉式光束，以燈罩作為鏡頭，大燈造型在美國(guó)獲得了真正的、完全的自由。\n\n奔馳最后一款受美國(guó)法規(guī)約束的大燈(來自R 129 SL級(jí))和第一款不受約束的大燈(來自W 140 S級(jí)) 其中W 140大燈的外觀與歐規(guī)車是一樣的，而R 129依舊包著塑料框。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/3a2ef823aec18c16fe98bb12060a8fe1fee74c02.jpg","width":559,"height":700,"size":248030,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"大燈進(jìn)入自由時(shí)代后，各圓燈擁護(hù)品牌分道揚(yáng)鑣。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/1ae8d79871003e6babf05d80bdefdb8e2c65cca8.jpg","width":600,"height":1356,"size":432322,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"大燈進(jìn)入自由時(shí)代后，各圓燈擁護(hù)品牌分道揚(yáng)鑣。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/44f9a813adb03bcc1af6d2ac272849fcfae29ba8.jpg","width":578,"height":1083,"size":385373,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"2004年，最后一款有跳燈設(shè)計(jì)的汽車克爾維特C5停產(chǎn)，跳燈永遠(yuǎn)告別了汽車設(shè)計(jì)。\n\n跳燈的流行，美國(guó)的大燈法規(guī)功不可沒。曾幾何時(shí)，跳燈只是一個(gè)功利性設(shè)計(jì)，但它成為了幾代車的設(shè)計(jì)象征，在不知道它功用的人看來，跳燈很酷，如今得知跳燈因法律流行，又因法律沒落，是不是有些悲傷。\n\n縱觀歷史，其它車燈又何嘗不是如此？\n\n從一元到多元，四眼造型在自由時(shí)代失寵。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/3447a7cd85178f6fdb053590b88a8fe5cd996725.jpg","width":600,"height":948,"size":398086,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"最后一張圖，是911系列前三代車的拼合(901/G-Series/964) 三輛車的車燈天衣無縫，有人因此批評(píng)保時(shí)捷的守舊，也有人對(duì)此傳統(tǒng)津津樂道。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/b53f9482e12a1ec72f255a8d5127d6172c532236.jpg","width":600,"height":288,"size":84972,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"不變的7英寸車燈，事實(shí)是殘酷法律的捆綁。美國(guó)法律對(duì)汽車設(shè)計(jì)所做的，就像是給小孩子戴眼鏡，成為一種習(xí)慣(傳統(tǒng))后，再也改不掉。\n\n也許我們就始終沉迷于一系列為美國(guó)法律服務(wù)的車燈設(shè)計(jì)，我們就無知的接受著汽車設(shè)計(jì)的巨大騙局，并且樂此不疲。\n"}]}