1.五大后置定語

五大基本句型

主謂（不及物動(dòng)詞）

I came.

I saw.

I conquered.

主謂賓（主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語；主語+動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語）

I love you.

Let's talk about English.

主謂雙賓（間接賓語+直接賓語）

I give you a book.

Your diligence gives your success the possibility.

Our perseverance gives our achievement the possibility.

主謂賓賓補(bǔ)

You make me happy.

His words make us delighted.

主系表

The winner is coming.

五大后置定語

形容詞短語

形容詞 + 介詞 + 名詞

a book useful for the future

不定式短語

to + 動(dòng)詞 + 名詞

a way to solve this problem

介詞短語

介詞 + 名詞

an apple on the table

現(xiàn)在分詞短語

現(xiàn)在分詞 + 名詞

a woman picking the blackberry

過去分詞短語

過去分詞 + 介詞 + 名詞

a picture painted by Picasso

特殊情況

表語形容詞充當(dāng)定語時(shí)放在名詞后

a cat alive

the way ahead

不定代詞的定語只能后置

something important

anything wrong

wifi-free 不提供wifi

free-wifi 免費(fèi)wifi

subscribe sth 簽署、訂閱某事

subscribe to sth 認(rèn)同某事

There is something by reason of which man is man.

The law is the reason free from passion.

I never forgive，but I always forget.

Darkness cannot drive out darkness；only light can do that.

Hate cannot drive out hate；only love can do that.

Hell is empty and all the devils are here.

We all live in the gutter，but some are looking at stars.

2.同位語

補(bǔ)充說明名詞

通過“逗號(hào)”；“破折號(hào)”；“or”連接

China，a civilized ancient nation，the second largest economy of the world，is making the great progress in education sector.

The Federal Reserve，the central bank of America，raises the interest-rate.

The confidence—the critical factor for success—should be stressed.

The sociology or the study of social behavior attracts more attention.

The Court supported the medical principle of “double effect”，a centuries-old moral principle.

Rosenberg，the recipient of a Pulitzer，offers a host of examples.

The peer pressure usually leads to no good—drinking，drugs，and casual sex.

3.狀語從句

修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或整個(gè)句子

在句子中的位置不固定

可充當(dāng)狀語的成分

副詞

現(xiàn)在分詞短語

過去分詞短語

不定式短語

介詞短語

She is admittedly reliable.

It is painfully apparent that she is a liar.

China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.

狀語和定語的區(qū)別

之前沒有出現(xiàn)名詞一定是狀語

He traveled in the desert.

之前出現(xiàn)了名詞優(yōu)先判定為定語，語義不通為狀語

The senator opposes the president in the public.

若語義都通順則根據(jù)語境判斷

I see a man with a telescope.（作定語）

我看見一個(gè)帶著望遠(yuǎn)鏡的男人

I see a man with a telescope.（作狀語）

我用望遠(yuǎn)鏡看見一個(gè)男人

例句

They maintain with a certain fidelity the principle of this school.

He elected as his primary duty and happiness in his life the thinking activity about the moral problem.

Using techniques developed for the offshore oil and gas industry，the DSPD's drill ship，the Glomar Challenger，was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters，extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor.

A few art collectors—James Bowden III of Boston，William Byrd of Virginian，and the Aliens and Hamilton of Philadelphia—introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries，especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

4.定語從句

限定性定語從句

修飾限定名詞

非限定性定語從句

連接兩個(gè)句子

例句

We support this proposal which is rational.

He is the expert to whom we are turning.

Man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.

The sun rises that looks beautiful.

Many consumers are bothered by the swing of the stock market which investors view as the critical factor to the booming economy.

Some provisions were overturned of which one overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

The congressmen disagree with the decision over which the president presides.

Railroad justify the theory to which many economists subscribe.

The board has campaigned to fight against the crisis，which has left us a deep impression.

5.名詞性從句

主語從句

關(guān)系連詞 + 句子 + 動(dòng)詞

It + be動(dòng)詞 + 形容詞/ 名詞短語 + 關(guān)系連詞 + 句子

It + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + that

That the seas are being over fished has been known for years.

That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute.

It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily distinction，reason logically，and make use of verbal and mathematical symbol in solving problem.

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that occurred through all the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

賓語從句

動(dòng)詞 + 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 + 句子

動(dòng)詞 + 賓語1+ 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 + 句子

介詞 + 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 + 句子

動(dòng)詞 + it形式賓語 + 賓補(bǔ) + 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 + 句子

I have learned that love，not time，heals all wounds.

The little monster assured Ultraman that he had no intention of offending him.

"The test of any democratic society，"he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，"lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude."

We must make it clear that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution.

6.層次化句子閱讀法

However, for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.

The history of clinical nutrition, or?the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents.

The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.

Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier.

The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly.

非謂語動(dòng)詞與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.

Media coverage describes loneliness as an epidemic，likening it to smoking 15 cigarettes a day.

Taking a page from the Democrats，Trump embraced a plan to allow Medicare to negotiate directly with drug manufacurers，promising that such a scheme could save hundreds of millions of dollars and reduce drug price.

7.非正常語序之倒裝

部分倒裝

only置于句首

Only in this way can we solve the problem.

= We can solve the problem only in this way.

Only after the crisis did we become cautious.

= We became cautious only after the crisis.

否定詞置于句首

Rarely have I seen such a bright moon.

= I have rarely seen such a bright moon.

Nor did he let the diseases top him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about.

= He did not let the diseases top him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about.

條件句中if 省略

Indeed，had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils，they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.

= Indeed，if it had not been for the superb preservation of these fossils，they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.

All would be well，were reason the only judge in the creationism and evolution debate.

= If reason were the only judge in the creationism and evolution debate，all would be well.

完全倒裝

主系表→表系主

Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spot.

= More than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spot are scattered around the globe.

Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased "opportunities" for stress.

= Her increased "opportunities" for stress are adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals.

Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals，sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted in to gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes.

= Three sepals and three petals，sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted in to gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes are surrounding the column.

Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs to mate，lay eggs，and rear their young are common murres，Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets.

= Common murres，Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes，and northern gannets are among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs to mate，lay eggs，and rear their young.

Most important，perhaps，was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist，Thomas Cole，who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.

= That was most important they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist，Thomas Cole，who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.

省略

It is said that in England death is pressing，in Canada inevitable and in California optional.

Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression controlled，cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

As families move away from their stable community，their friends of many years，their extended family relationships，the informal flow of information is cut off，and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

8.比較結(jié)構(gòu)

It is not that…but that… 這并不是說……而是說……

It is not that the scales in the one case，and the balance in the other，differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working；but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

nothing else than… 完全是……；實(shí)在是……

What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.

Itis nothing else than blackmail.

as引導(dǎo)的特殊狀語從句，翻譯時(shí)當(dāng)做定語從句處理

We hope the measures to control prices，as they have been taken by the government，will succeed.

“n. + or + n.” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，or后的名詞是同位語

Moreover，technology includes techniques，or ways to do things，as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.

more…than…結(jié)構(gòu)有三種譯法

than連接肯定形式的從句時(shí)，該從句譯為否定句

The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.

在比較的基礎(chǔ)上表示選擇關(guān)系時(shí)，譯為“與其說…不如說…”

It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent，and that the so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.

進(jìn)行同類比較時(shí)，譯為“比……更”

There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter.

no more…than… = not…any more than…

表示同類否定比較，譯為“不比……更”

The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed.

表示比喻關(guān)系，譯為“正如……不”

The archaeologists' efforts are not directed at "proving" the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated.

No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam.

not so much…as… 與其說……不如說……

Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

the same…as… 與……相同

You have made the same mistake as last time.

no less…than… 不但……而且……

China insists always on the need for self-reliance，no less in economic policies than in making revolution.

no less than 不亞于；簡直是；實(shí)在是

There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.

It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.

other than… 不是……

Reaction other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.

other…than… 除了……

Other women than Sally would have said nothing.

nothing but nothing else than = nothing less than 正是……；無異于……

Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.

His failure was due to nothing else than his own carelessness.

His negligence was nothing less than criminal.

much less = still less 更不；更無

He is too shy to ask a stranger the time，still less speak to a room full of people.

I could not agree to，much less participate in such proceedings.

to say nothing of… 更不用說……

In old China，there was hardly any machine-building industry，to say nothing of electronic industry.

Sally takes singing and dancing lessons，to say nothing of swimming and tennis lessons.

anything but = not at all 根本不……

Alone in a deserted house，he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.

nothing but 只不過……

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind；it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.

all but 幾乎；差點(diǎn)兒；處……之外

It was all but impossible to climb back into the boat.

but for 要不是……

But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday.

not nearly = for from = much less than 遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于……

The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match the growth of popularity，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

cannot…too…to… 應(yīng)該；必須

We cannot be too faithful to our duties.

You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.

as well as = in addition 也……；不但……而且……

The Socialist Revolution requires a change of the superstructure as well as a change of the economic basis.

Revolution in the Marxist science means a moral as well as a material change.

more than + 從句 實(shí)在不能……

Some math problems in that book are more than I can work out.

"only to + v." 結(jié)果卻……

They have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre，the cinema or the opera，only to discover，perhaps，that the show is disappointing.

nor + because 不是因?yàn)椤?/strong>

Nor do I teach because I think I know answers，or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.

（There be）no + 主 + but + 謂 + 其它

There is no man but has his faults.

主語 + be + the last + n. + 不定式/從句 絕對(duì)不會(huì)……

Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.

had（would）rather…than… 寧愿……也不……

I would rather die with my head high，with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country，than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me.

if only 只要……就……

If only we work with might and main，the difficulties will be overcome.

only if 只有……才……

You could know your own language only if you compared it with other language.

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