同學(xué)們都知道論文寫作中銜接是非常重要的，也是教師評(píng)價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。很多留學(xué)生在寫作文的時(shí)候，明顯覺得一切都還好，但還是被老師的評(píng)價(jià)意見搞糊涂了，這其實(shí)與銜接有關(guān)。

如果文章寫作中存在銜接問題如何解決？這是個(gè)老生常談的問題，下面翰思導(dǎo)師給大家分享一下自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

1、不要在開始和結(jié)束時(shí)撒網(wǎng)。

在國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，老師總是強(qiáng)調(diào)問題的開頭和結(jié)尾，最好能把段落的主要部分說清楚；如果根據(jù)漢語寫作的習(xí)慣，很多人喜歡鋪開開頭，回頭看結(jié)尾，這樣就會(huì)有一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，主要段落并不是在開頭和結(jié)尾展開的。

自省中最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一是看出現(xiàn)在開頭和結(jié)尾的人和事是否涉及到主要段落。

案例 In order to complete a creative task, would you prefer to work alone or with others? Use specific reasons or examples to support your answer.

如果我們以：

1. Team work provides additional perspectives that individuals overlooked.
2. Working in team can improve efficiency by distributing the task among a group of people.

為主體段觀點(diǎn)，

下面兩個(gè)引入：

A)Society functions on effective communication, as more and more companies stress the importance of harmony between colleagues as a way to improve working efficiency.
B)Under intense competition,personal career success depends more and more on our ability to deliver high-quality results efficiently.

分析：

B)要明顯好于A)。

因?yàn)?strong>A)中提到的effective communication對(duì)于社會(huì)的意義workplace harmony在后文中都沒有得到呼應(yīng)。

而B)中提到的內(nèi)容，在后文中都得到了進(jìn)一步說明：

1. 為什么要討論這個(gè)題目 –因?yàn)樯婕啊皞€(gè)人職場(chǎng)成功與否”；

2. 什么叫成功？– 工作成果質(zhì)量好且工作效率高；

3. 怎樣提高質(zhì)量和效率？– 團(tuán)隊(duì)合作拓寬思路、團(tuán)隊(duì)合作分工協(xié)作。

2、注意檢查句間指代很多留學(xué)生在寫作Essay時(shí)很容易出現(xiàn)指代不明的問題。

比如：

Being able to express one’s opinion and to accept to other people’s criticism are both essential for improving communication between coworkers and the harmony of office.They allow them to understand each other professionally and personally.

首先第二句用了兩個(gè)“他們”，分別指什么，作者沒說明白。

其次如果仔細(xì)分析，前一句給了兩組復(fù)數(shù)名詞，一組是兩個(gè)abilities（表達(dá)能力+接受批評(píng)的能力）、一組是兩個(gè)結(jié)果（communication+ harmony）；這樣一來第二句“them to understand each other”中的“them”和“each other”都是指誰呢？

實(shí)際上這是缺少指代對(duì)象的語法錯(cuò)誤。

在自我檢查指代問題時(shí)，應(yīng)該注意以下幾個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

• (1) 單復(fù)數(shù)是否一致，上文students下文有沒有誤寫成he/she

• (2) 是否所有代詞在上文都有具體指代的對(duì)象

• (3) 慎重使用value（價(jià)值觀）、character（素質(zhì)）這種比較空洞的字眼，因?yàn)檫@些詞一般要求下文做出具體解釋來縮小文意，很容易導(dǎo)致內(nèi)容跳躍。

3、加入必要的說理解釋Essay寫作中，很多人喜歡用觀點(diǎn)句+例子這種結(jié)構(gòu)作為主體段的內(nèi)容。

這種結(jié)構(gòu)的好處是觀點(diǎn)一目了然、明確具體；
壞處是觀點(diǎn)和例子間容易缺少必要的磨合、例子顯得過于片面。

這時(shí)，就要通過適當(dāng)解釋使段落過渡自然、層次分明。

我們用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單例子說明：

Raising professors’ salary is an effective way to motivate them to spend more time on education. It is well known that private universities in the U.S. pay their professors a higher salary than public universities.At the same time, these universities are also ranked the highest in most academic rankings, because their professors conducted more academic researches,contributed more papers to journals, and, on average, spend more time giving instructions and seminars to students.

這個(gè)例子觀點(diǎn)比較明確、也有相應(yīng)的例子；但是觀點(diǎn)和例子間還是存在一些“落差”：

Why are professors NOT motivated in the first place? How would a high salary help?

因?yàn)檫@些問題沒有解決、后文例子只能被看作一個(gè)泛泛的correlation（相關(guān)）而不是嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)腸ausation（因果）。

那么，什么樣的解釋才能把觀點(diǎn)和解釋有機(jī)聯(lián)系在一起呢？

首先，解釋應(yīng)該把觀點(diǎn)句中的遺留問題解釋清。

Raising professors’ salary is an effective way to motivate them to spend more time on education. → Professorship requires years of investments in higher education.However, compared to other educated professions, professors are relatively lower-paid, which means that some of them take part-time jobs with private firms in their spare time,rather than spend more time on researches.

這樣解釋，觀點(diǎn)-解釋-例子是不是被統(tǒng)一起來了呢？也不完全。

因?yàn)槔訉?shí)際上還是對(duì)段首第一句的解釋說明，而讀者的注意力已經(jīng)被拖著過了幾句話。想讓讀者的注意力自然過渡，

例子應(yīng)該回應(yīng)說理中加入的觀點(diǎn)。

which means that some of them take part-time jobs with private firms in their spare time,rather than spend more time on researches. → It is well known that private universities in the U.S. pay their professors a higher salary than public?http://universities.In?doing so, these universities ensure that professors are paid as much as their equally educated counterparts in large firms such as executives or business owners.
At the same time, these universities are also ranked the highest in most academic rankings, because instead of taking part-time jobs to subsidize their living,Or working overtime in offices, their professors conducted more academic researches, contributed more papers to journals,and, on average,spend more time giving instructions and seminars to students.

這時(shí)我們看到Viewpoint、explanation、example 已經(jīng)成了一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。

最后，翰思導(dǎo)師建議大家寫完后仔細(xì)分析你自己的文章是否檢查了，有沒有按照上述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行省鐸，以及完善你未曾徹底解釋的內(nèi)容。

一篇好的文章定要千錘百煉，不可心急。

英國(guó)翰思教育，是一家知名的留學(xué)文書與留學(xué)論文輔導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu), 多年來幫助一大批來自英國(guó),美國(guó),澳洲,加拿大等國(guó)的留學(xué)生同學(xué)們解決了論文作業(yè)與留學(xué)升學(xué)的難題. 服務(wù)包括: 留學(xué)申請(qǐng)文書, 留學(xué)作業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)論文的檢測(cè)與分析（CV, Reference Letter, Personal Statement, Essay, Assignment, Coursework, Paper, Personal Statement, Dissertation, Research Proposal與Thesis等）,留學(xué)申請(qǐng)文書的寫作輔導(dǎo)與修改建議. 翰思教育迄今已成為英國(guó), 美國(guó), 澳洲, 加拿大等國(guó)最知名的正規(guī)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)與論文輔導(dǎo)品牌。

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