「釋義」

在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和金融學(xué)中，邊際成本指的是每增產(chǎn)一單位的產(chǎn)品（或多購買一單位的產(chǎn)品）所造成的總成本的增量。

這個概念表明每一單位的產(chǎn)品的成本與總產(chǎn)品量有關(guān)。比如，僅生產(chǎn)一輛汽車的成本是極其巨大的，而生產(chǎn)第101輛汽車的成本就低得多，而生產(chǎn)第10000汽車的成本就更低了（這是因為規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)）。

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「應(yīng)用場景」

如今大多數(shù)計算設(shè)備都可以通過內(nèi)置網(wǎng)絡(luò)彼此連接?，F(xiàn)代數(shù)字技術(shù)幾乎無須任何邊際成本就能分享信息，數(shù)字網(wǎng)絡(luò)的覆蓋速度很快。梅特卡夫法則認(rèn)為，網(wǎng)絡(luò)價值隨著節(jié)點(diǎn)（連接點(diǎn)）或用戶的增多而增加，這種動態(tài)變化就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)效應(yīng)。也就是說，數(shù)字技術(shù)帶來了普遍的跨越式價值增長。特別是開放式網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)品融合。例如螞蟻金服提供的，從支付工具到金融保險服務(wù)的拓展。

The second principle involves connectivity. Most computing devices today have built-in network connectivity that allows them to communicate with one another. Modern digital technology enables the sharing of information at near-zero marginal cost, and digital networks are spreading rapidly. Metcalfe’s law states that a network’s value increases with the number of nodes (connection points) or users—the dynamic we think of as network effects. This means that digital technology is enabling significant growth in value across our economy, particularly as open-network connections allow for the recombination of business offerings, such as the migration from payment tools to the broader financial services and insurance that we’ve seen at Ant Financial.

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但是，盡管創(chuàng)造出的價值屬于每個人，但價值獲取卻越來越不公和集中。因為流量具有馬太效應(yīng)，某些網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)使用率更高，能吸引到更多流量，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化其重要性。

But while value is being created for everyone, value capture is getting more skewed and concentrated. This is because in networks, traffic begets more traffic, and as certain nodes become more heavily used, they attract additional attachments, which further increases their importance.

以上文字選自《哈佛商業(yè)評論》中文版2017年10月刊《管理樞紐經(jīng)濟(jì)》

馬爾科·揚(yáng)西蒂（Marco Iansiti）卡里姆·拉哈寧（Karim R. Lakhani）丨文

馬冰侖?丨編輯?