The rose that grows in many different forms in gardens all over the world today is an evolution of rose-like plants that lived in the northern hemisphere between 33 million and 23 million years ago. Traces of them have been found in the fossil record of the Oligocene epoch in Europe, Asia, and western North America.

? ? ? ? ? 今天在世界各地花園中以各種不同形態(tài)生長的玫瑰，是由 3,300 萬年前至 2,300 萬年前生活在北半球的類玫瑰植物演變而來的。在歐洲、亞洲和北美西部的漸新世（地質時代中古近紀的最后一個主要分期，大約開始于3400萬年前，終于2300萬年前，介于始新世（Eocene）與新近紀的中新世（Miocene）之間）化石記錄中都發(fā)現了它們的蹤跡。

The climate in those times was largely temperate with plentiful insect life, conditions that are still favoured by roses today. Five-petaled flowers, distinctive oval serrated leaves and colourful hips – characteristics that can be found in wild rose species today – differentiated them from other plant remains when the fossils were examined.

? ? ? ? ? 當時的氣候基本上是溫和的，昆蟲種類繁多，這些條件今天仍然有利于玫瑰的生長。五瓣花朵、獨特的橢圓形鋸齒狀葉子和五顏六色的花果，這些特征在今天的野生玫瑰品種中也能找到；在化石檢驗時，它們與其他植物遺骸容易區(qū)分開來。

神話起源與象征意義

According to Greek mythology, the goddess of flowers, Chloris, created a new flower by breathing life into a woodland nymph who had died. Dionysus, the god of wine and plant life gave it a beautiful perfume, and Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty and pleasure, gave the rose its name by rearranging the letters of Eros, her son and the god of love and desire. Eros later gave a rose to Harpocrates, the god of silence, as a bribe to ensure he kept the indiscretions of the gods to himself. Hence, the rose became symbolic of secrecy, silence, and love. This story was carried on into Roman mythology, with the protagonists replaced by their gods, Flora, Venus, Cupid, and Bacchus, although Harpocrates retained his Greek name.

? ? ? ? ? 希臘神話中，花之女神克洛里斯（Chloris）為一位死去的林中仙女注入生命，創(chuàng)造了一朵新花。酒神和植物之神狄俄尼索斯（狄俄尼索斯 (Dionysus) 是奧林匹斯山上的酒神、植物之神、歡樂之神、節(jié)日之神、瘋狂之神和狂野之神）賦予它美妙的香味，而美麗和快樂女神阿佛洛狄忒通過重新排列她的兒子、愛神和欲望之神厄洛斯的字母，為玫瑰命名。后來，厄洛斯將一朵玫瑰送給了沉默之神哈波克拉底，作為賄賂，以確保他對眾神的不軌行為守口如瓶。因此，玫瑰成為秘密、沉默和愛的象征。這個故事一直延續(xù)到羅馬神話中，雖然哈波克拉底保留了他的希臘名字，但故事的主人公卻換成了他們的神——芙勞拉（或譯佛洛拉、福羅拉，拉丁文：Flora）、維納斯、丘比特和巴克斯（羅馬神話中的酒神和植物神）。

The association with secrecy led to the rose becoming a visual symbol of the need for discretion. Roses were carved into the ceilings and walls of public rooms in grand houses, courtrooms, and Catholic confessionals as a reminder that all conversations should be kept confidential. From the Middle Ages, a rose was often suspended from the ceiling of a government council chamber to ensure the secrecy of proceedings. Therefore, sub rosa ("under the rose") became a quasi-legal term still in use to denote something that is best kept under wraps.

? ? ? ? ? 與秘密的聯系使玫瑰成為需要謹慎的視覺象征。玫瑰被雕刻在大宅、法庭和天主教懺悔室等公共場所的天花板和墻壁上，以提醒人們所有談話都應保密。從中世紀開始，政府議事廳的天花板上經常懸掛一朵玫瑰，以確保議事過程的保密性。因此，“sub rosa” （“玫瑰之下”）成為一個準法律術語，至今仍在使用，用來表示最好保密的事情。（完整的說法是：“ sint vera vel ficta, taceantur sub rosa dicta ”：無論所說的是真話還是謊言，玫瑰花下所說的一切都必須保密）

最早發(fā)現的玫瑰

The first rose species to be described for science came from the Florissant Fossil Beds in Teller County, Colorado USA. In 1883, paleobotanist Charles Leo Lesquereux wrote a scientific paper Contribution to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories in which he described and named Rosa hilliae, the simple rose-like specimen he had received amongst samples collected by Hayden's US Geological Survey and the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877.

? ? ? ? ? ?第一個被科學描述的玫瑰品種來自美國科羅拉多州特勒郡的弗洛里?；?。1883 年，古植物學家查爾斯·萊奧·萊斯克勒（Charles Léo Lesquereux，出生于瑞士的苔蘚學家，也是美國古植物學的先驅，研究泥炭沼澤的形成）撰寫了一篇科學論文《對西部地區(qū)化石植物區(qū)系的貢獻》（Contribution to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories），其中描述并命名了玫瑰葉化石（Rosa hilliae），這是他從美國海登的地質調查局和 1877 年普林斯頓科學考察隊采集的樣本中獲得的簡單的玫瑰狀標本。

His choice of name was to honour the amateur palaeontologist Charlotte Hill, who first brought the Florissant Fossil Beds to science's attention. She lived with her family on a homestead, the Petrified Stump Ranch, c. 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of the town of Florissant. Charlotte began collecting fossils of plants and insects that she found when digging the land around their property and became fascinated by them, eventually building up a small museum and hosting many renowned geologists and palaeontologists to whom she gave parts of her collection.

? ? ? ? ? 他選擇這個名字是為了紀念業(yè)余古生物學家夏洛特·希爾（Charlotte Hill，1849-1930 年，一位出生于印第安納州的自耕農，通過在弗洛里森化石床中發(fā)現了幾塊重要的化石，為古生物學做出了貢獻。夏洛特的發(fā)現引起了人們對弗洛里森特作為化石重要產地的關注，她的發(fā)現推動了將化石床認定為美國國家紀念碑，玫瑰化石Rosa hilliae于 1883 年以夏洛特·希爾 (Charlotte Hill) 的名字命名），是她首先讓科學界注意到弗洛里?；骸Ｋ图胰俗≡诟ヂ謇锷ｆ?zhèn)以南約 3 公里（2 英里）處的石化樹樁牧場。夏洛特開始收集她在挖掘莊園周圍土地時發(fā)現的植物和昆蟲化石，并為之著迷，最終建立了一個小型博物館，接待了許多著名的地質學家和古生物學家，并向他們贈送了部分藏品。

玫瑰的演變

Nowadays, the genus Rosa encompasses around 150 species of erect, climbing, or trailing perennial shrubs with thousands of varieties. These stem from a very small number of original roses from Asia that were crossbred over the centuries with native European and American wild species.

? ? ? ? ? 如今，薔薇屬（玫瑰是薔薇科薔薇屬的多年生木本開花植物）包括約 150 種直立、攀援或蔓生多年生灌木，品種數以千計。這些玫瑰來自極少數原產于亞洲的玫瑰，這些玫瑰與原產于歐洲和美洲的野生品種雜交了幾個世紀。

Roses are classified into three types:

1、species – the familiar 'wild rose'

2、Old World roses – introduced before 1867

3、modern roses

玫瑰分為三種：

1、種玫瑰——我們熟悉的“野玫瑰”

2、老式花園玫瑰——1867 年前引入

3、現代玫瑰

The first species roses had five single petals as seen on the flowers of Rosa hilliae. These are the species that formed the genetic building blocks for our modern-day roses. They include the dog rose, Rosa canina, which is commonly found in hedging. There is also the Scotch rose, Rosa pimpinellifolia, a tough, bushy rose that survives well in exposed or seaside locations, Rosa gallica, which comes from warmer southern Europe, Rosa carolina from the eastern US and Rosa blanda that toughs it out on the American prairies.

? ? ? ? ? 最早的玫瑰品種有五個單瓣，如玫瑰化石Rosa hilliae的花朵。這些品種構成了現代玫瑰的基因基礎。它們包括犬（玫瑰）薔薇（Rosa canina），常見于綠籬中。還有刺薔薇（蘇格蘭玫瑰）（地榆玫瑰(Rosa spinosissima)），一種堅韌、茂盛的薔薇，在暴露或海邊的地方也能很好地存活；高盧玫瑰（Rosa gallica，法國玫瑰，或普羅萬玫瑰），來自溫暖的南歐；卡羅萊納薔薇（Rosa carolina，俗稱卡羅萊納玫瑰、牧草玫瑰或草原玫瑰），來自北美洲東部；布蘭達薔薇（Rosa blanda，俗稱光滑玫瑰、草甸/野玫瑰或草原玫瑰），在北美大草原上頑強生長。

The process of turning the wild rose into a garden plant of infinite variety began a long time ago. The first domesticated roses may have been deliberately cultivated as early as 3,000 BCE in China. They were used in the making of rosewater and in perfumed oils, for medicinal purposes and as confetti for celebrations. The philosopher Confucius recorded that roses were growing in the gardens of the Imperial Palace in 500 BCE and the Chinese emperor's library contained a large number of books on the subject. China was the sole source of yellow roses and all their present-day descendants, as there are no wild roses in Europe with that colouration.

? ? ? ? ? 將野生玫瑰變成種類繁多的園林植物的過程很久以前就開始了。最早的馴化玫瑰可能早在公元前 3000 年的中國就開始有意栽培。人們用它們來制作玫瑰水、香油、藥用植物和慶典上的彩紙。據哲學家孔子的記載，公元前 500 年，皇宮的花園里就種植了玫瑰，中國皇帝的圖書館里藏有大量有關這方面的書籍。中國是黃玫瑰及其所有后代的唯一產地，因為歐洲沒有這種顏色的野生玫瑰。

The ancient Egyptians bathed in rosewater and scattered rose petals to make their rooms sweet-smelling. The Romans grew roses extensively in large public gardens, and Rosa alba could be found in the gardens of nobles and monks in medieval Europe, widely thought to have been spread there by visiting Romans. Every medieval monastery had its botanist monk, cultivating roses alongside other plants and herbs to be used in religious ceremonies.

? ? ? ? ? 古埃及人用玫瑰水沐浴，并撒上玫瑰花瓣，讓房間芳香四溢。羅馬人在大型公共花園中廣泛種植玫瑰，在中世紀歐洲貴族和修士的花園中也能找到白玫瑰，人們普遍認為它是由來訪的羅馬人傳播到歐洲的。中世紀的每座修道院都有植物學家修士，他們將玫瑰與其他植物和草藥一起栽培，用于宗教儀式。

Also grown by medieval gardeners was Rosa damascena, or the damask rose, with its luxuriant double, deeply scented flowers. As its name 'from Damascus' suggests it was probably brought back to Europe from Syria by merchants in the 12th century or Crusaders in the 13th century, along with Rosa oficinalis, known as 'the apothecary's rose'.

? ? ? ? ? 中世紀的園藝家們還種植了突厥薔薇（拉丁語：damascene rose，學名：Rosa × damascena）或大馬士革玫瑰（英語：Damask rose），其繁茂的重瓣花朵，香氣濃郁。正如它的名字“來自大馬士革”所示，它很可能是由 12 世紀的商人或 13 世紀的十字軍從敘利亞帶回歐洲的，同時帶回的還有被稱為“藥劑師”的玫瑰（深紅色大馬士革玫瑰或蘭開斯特紅玫瑰）。

It has been the continuing intervention of botanists and plant breeders that has transformed the wild rose into a consistent garden plant. Roses raised from seed do not retain the characteristics of their parents. Cuttings have to be taken to maintain a variety. So an old rose today can be said to be a living link with a rose that once grew in a medieval garden. Old roses often do not bloom for as long as their cultivated descendants, and their colours are more pastel and less showy. However, they are hardy and do not require the same degree of attention and maintenance as a modern hybrid. They also still exude the strong fragrances that come from their wild ancestors.

? ? ? ? ? 正是由于植物學家和植物育種家的不斷干預，才使野生玫瑰變成了一種穩(wěn)定的花園植物。用種子培育的玫瑰并不能保留其親本的特性。要想保持一個品種，就必須進行扦插。因此，可以說今天的老玫瑰與曾經生長在中世紀花園中的玫瑰是有生命聯系的。老玫瑰的花期通常沒有它們的栽培后代長，顏色也更加柔和，不那么艷麗。不過，它們很耐寒，不需要像現代雜交品種那樣的護理和保養(yǎng)，它們仍然散發(fā)著來自野生祖先的濃郁芳香。

玫瑰的政治屬性

From being purely decorative, roses gradually took on a more symbolic significance when they started to appear in the emblems of nobility. In the 13th century, the white Rosa alba was the badge of Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III of England. Her son Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, adopted the red Rosa gallica from his wife Blanche of Artois when they married. This established the red rose as the mark of the House of Lancaster.

? ? ? ? ? 當玫瑰開始出現在貴族的徽章中時，它從純粹的裝飾品逐漸具有了更多的象征意義。13 世紀，約克白玫瑰（Rosa × alba）是英格蘭亨利三世之妻普羅旺斯的埃莉諾的徽章。她的兒子蘭開斯特伯爵埃德蒙，在與妻子布蘭卡·德·阿圖瓦 (Blanca de Artois)?結婚時采用了紅色的高盧玫瑰（Rosa gallica）。紅玫瑰由此成為蘭開斯特家族的標志。

More than 200 years later, Richard, Duke of York, chose the white rose as his badge. When the right to the crown of England was disputed by the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1487, the conflict became known as the War of the Roses. The resolution of that civil war resulted in the Lancastrian Henry Tudor being crowned King Henry VII of England. He married Elizabeth of York and united the symbolic white and red roses to form the Tudor rose. The form of this double rose can be seen carved extensively into Tudor buildings and furniture and painted into portraits of the time, symbolising for all time a united country.

? ? ? ? ? 200 多年后，約克公爵理查德選擇了白玫瑰作為自己的徽章。1455 年至 1487 年間，蘭開斯特家族和約克家族對英格蘭王位的繼承權產生了爭議，這場沖突被稱為玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭。內戰(zhàn)結束后，蘭開斯特家族的亨利·都鐸加冕為英格蘭國王亨利七世。他迎娶了約克家族的伊麗莎白，并將象征性的白玫瑰和紅玫瑰結合在一起，形成了都鐸玫瑰。都鐸王朝的建筑和家具上廣泛雕刻著這朵雙色玫瑰，當時的肖像畫上也繪有這朵雙色玫瑰，象征著一個統一的國家。

As recently as 1986, the rose was chosen as the US's official national flower by popular vote. In a special ceremony, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the joint resolution issued by the Senate and the House of Representatives with the words:

? ? ?More often than any other flower, we hold the rose dear as the symbol of life and love and devotion, of beauty and eternity… We see proofs of this everywhere. The study of fossils reveals that the rose has existed in America for age upon age. We have always cultivated roses in our gardens. Our first President, George Washington, bred roses, and a variety he named after his mother is still grown today. The White House itself boasts a beautiful Rose Garden. We grow roses in all our fifty States. We find roses throughout our art, music and literature. We decorate our celebrations and parades with roses. Most of all, we present roses to those we love, and we lavish them on our altars, our civil shrines, and the final resting places of our honored dead. (Proclamation 5574)

? ? ? ? ? 就在 1986 年，玫瑰被民眾投票選為美國的官方國花。在一個特殊的儀式上，羅納德·里根總統簽署了由參眾兩院聯合發(fā)布的決議，使之成為法律：

? ? ? ? ? 與其他任何花卉相比，我們更珍視玫瑰，將其視為生命、愛與奉獻、美麗與永恒的象征......我們隨處可見這方面的證據。對化石的研究表明，玫瑰在美洲已經存在了很長時間。我們一直在花園里栽培玫瑰。我們的第一任總統喬治·華盛頓培育了玫瑰，他以母親的名字命名的一個品種至今仍在種植。白宮本身就擁有一個美麗的玫瑰園。我們在 50 個州都種植玫瑰。我們在藝術、音樂和文學中都能找到玫瑰。我們用玫瑰裝飾我們的慶典和游行。最重要的是，我們將玫瑰獻給我們所愛的人，在我們的祭壇、民間圣地和我們尊敬的逝者的最后安息之地擺放玫瑰。(第 5574 號公告）

玫瑰的黃金時代

During the 15th and 16th centuries, rose growers began to breed and alter varieties such as R. damascena and its Middle Eastern cousin, Rosa centifolia. The Dutch were early pioneers, and modern research has shown that at least four species of wild roses can be found within the makeup of R. centifolia. The results of roses grown in Holland in the 16th and 17th centuries can be seen in paintings by the Dutch Old Masters. These depicted large double flowers with the distinctive 'cabbage rose' shape of R. centifolia. The flat-faced flowers look as if they have had their petals sliced across by a knife.

? ? ? ? ? 15 世紀和 16 世紀，玫瑰種植者開始培育和改良大馬士革玫瑰及其中東表親千葉玫瑰（Rosa × centifolia，也被稱為“卷心菜玫瑰”或“普羅旺斯玫瑰”）等品種。荷蘭人是先驅者，現代研究表明，在千葉玫瑰的結構中至少可以找到四個野生玫瑰品種。16 世紀和 17 世紀荷蘭種植玫瑰的成果可以在荷蘭古代藝術大師的畫作中看到。這些畫描繪了重瓣花瓣，具有千葉玫瑰特有的“卷心菜”形狀。扁平的花朵看起來就像被刀子劃過的花瓣。

The golden age for roses has to be the early part of the 19th century. It was driven by Joséphine de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. When she bought the Chateau de Malmaison on the outskirts of Paris, Joséphine filled its gardens with all the known roses at the time. They were sent for from suppliers all over Europe. This was the time of the Napoleonic Wars and the Continental System, but it is said that special arrangements were made so that shipments of roses from England could make their way through the English Channel blockades unimpeded.

? ? ? ? ? 玫瑰的黃金時代應該是 19 世紀早期。拿破侖·波拿巴的妻子約瑟芬·德·博阿爾內（Joséphine de Beauharnais）推動了這個時代的到來。當她買下巴黎郊外的馬爾梅松城堡后，約瑟芬在城堡花園里種滿了當時已知的所有玫瑰。這些玫瑰是從歐洲各地的供應商那里運來的。當時正值拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭和大陸封鎖時期，但據說為了讓從英國運來的玫瑰能夠順利通過英吉利海峽的封鎖線，還做出了特殊的安排。

When the collection grew, Joséphine commissioned the painter Pierre-Joseph Redouté to record the roses. His published work, Les Roses, 1817-24, now forms the starting point for much of the modern scientific research into garden roses. The collection helped spark France's enthusiasm for the flowers, and there was a boom in rose breeding. In fact, nearly all the old roses we grow today were bred in France.

? ? ? ? ? 隨著收藏的增加，約瑟芬委托畫家皮埃爾·約瑟夫·雷杜特 (Pierre Joseph Redouté)記錄這些玫瑰。他出版的作品《玫瑰》（1817-24 年）是現代花園玫瑰科學研究的起點。這些作品激發(fā)了法國人對花卉的熱情，并帶動了玫瑰育種的熱潮。事實上，我們今天種植的幾乎所有古老玫瑰都是在法國培育出來的。

Jacques-Louis Descemet was one of four great French rosarians who cultivated roses around Paris at the time of Joséphine. He helped to popularise a variety that had been imported into France from Dutch rose breeders but became known as Rosa gallica (French rose) when it was subsequently sent from France to England. The origins of R. gallica are not clear, but it was known as a species by the Persians in the 12th century, and the Dutch cultivated it to an extent 400 years later, although their preference was for R. centifolia.

? ? ? ? ? 雅克·路易·德斯梅 (Jacques-Louis Descemet) 是約瑟芬時代巴黎四大玫瑰種植者之一，他在巴黎周圍培育玫瑰。他幫助推廣了一個品種，該品種是從荷蘭玫瑰育種家那里引進法國的，但后來從法國運到英國后被稱為 Rosa gallica（高盧玫瑰）。高盧玫瑰的起源并不清楚，但早在 12 世紀，波斯人就知道它是一個品種，400 年后，荷蘭人也在一定程度上栽培了它，不過他們更喜歡千葉玫瑰。 ?

多種雜交品種

When repeat-flowering China roses first arrived in Europe around 1790, they gave rose breeders a fantastic new characteristic to work with: the ability to flower not once, but throughout the growing season. The next major step in the development of the rose came when hybridisers crossed the ancient China rose, Rosa chinensis, with the European Rosa gigantea. The result had a smell that was said to be reminiscent of a cup of China tea and so it was nicknamed the 'tea rose'.

? ? ? ? ? 當重復開花的中華月季（Rosa chinensis）于 1790 年左右首次抵達歐洲時，它們?yōu)槊倒逵N者提供了一個奇妙的新特性：在整個生長季節(jié)都能開花，而且不是一次。當雜交者將古老的中國月季（Rosa chinensis）與巨玫瑰（Rosa gigantea）雜交時，玫瑰的發(fā)展邁出了重要的下一步。據說雜交的結果會讓人聯想到中國茶的味道，因此被昵稱為“茶玫瑰”。

Another crossing a few years later blended the damask rose with some other species roses that blossomed freely for many years and so were named hybrid perpetuals. The final chapter in this particular rose story was written in the mid-19th century when tea roses were crossed with hybrid perpetuals, and the hybrid tea rose was born. Its large flowers and vigorous long-lived flowering habit have made it the most popular type of rose in the world.

? ? ? ? ? 幾年后的另一次雜交將大馬士革玫瑰與其他一些品種的玫瑰雜交，這些品種的玫瑰可以多年自由開花，因此被命名為雜交永生花。19 世紀中葉，茶玫瑰與雜交永生花雜交，誕生了雜交茶玫瑰。它花朵碩大，花期長，生命力旺盛，是世界上最受歡迎的玫瑰品種。

Bourbon roses arose from natural hybridisation between R. chinensis and a damask rose on the island of Ile Bourbon, better known now as the Island of Reunion, near Mauritius. It was an important port of call for reprovisioning French ships in the days before the Suez Canal. A seedling of the hybrid was taken from there to Paris in the early 19th century and further crossed with R. gallica. The resulting long-blooming roses, with their strong perfume, are still widely grown today.

? ? ? ? ? 波旁玫瑰是由波旁玫瑰和毛里求斯附近的波旁島（Ile Bourbon，即現在的留尼汪島）上的一種大馬士革玫瑰自然雜交而成。在蘇伊士運河開通之前，該島是法國船只補給的重要港口。19 世紀初，該雜交種的一株幼苗被帶到巴黎，并與高盧玫瑰進一步雜交。雜交后的玫瑰花花期長，香氣濃郁，至今仍被廣泛種植。

The first American-bred hybrid group – the 'Noisette roses' – were first grown in the 1800s in South Carolina. A French nurseryman, Louis Noisette, sent a China rose of the variety 'Old Blush' to his brother Philippe, who was living in the States. Philippe passed the rose on to his neighbour John Champneys, who crossed it with a climbing musk rose, Rosa moschata, and the result was named 'Champneys' Pink Climber'. Seeds from that plant were sent back to France which then grew into a new climber they called Noisette Carnée, and further hybrids came about when these Noisettes were crossed with tea roses.

? ? ? ? ? 第一個美國培育的雜交品種“諾瓦塞特玫瑰”最早種植于 19 世紀的南卡羅來納州。法國園藝家路易斯·諾瓦塞特（Louis Noisette）將一株品種為“老胭脂”的中國玫瑰寄給了他住在美國的兄弟菲利普（Philippe）。菲利普把這株玫瑰傳給了他的鄰居約翰·錢普尼斯（John Champneys），后者將其與麝香玫瑰（Rosa moschata）雜交，結果命名為“錢普尼斯粉色攀緣玫瑰”。這株植物的種子被送回法國，后來長成了一種新的攀緣植物，他們稱之為 Noisette Carnée，當這些 Noisette Carnée 與茶玫瑰雜交后，又產生了更多的雜交品種。

進入 20 世紀

Modern roses began with hybrid teas and were soon joined by floribundas and grandifloras. The former were cultivated in the late 19th century by the Dutch Poulsen company, still in existence today. Its hybridisers crossed dwarf China roses with small hybrid teas to produce compact shrubs with multiple clusters of small double flowers.

? ? ? ? ? 現代玫瑰從雜交茶花開始，很快又加入了多花玫瑰和大花玫瑰的行列。前者在 19 世紀晚期由荷蘭的 Poulsen 公司培育，至今仍然存在。該公司的雜交專家將矮小的中國月季與小型雜交茶花雜交，培育出了多簇小重瓣花的緊湊灌木。

Grandiflora roses began life in the 1950s as crosses between hybrid teas and floribundas. These tall, hardy bushes with full-blossomed flowers are the most familiar garden roses today, but they do not produce the same level of fragrance as Old-World roses. They are more standardised in form and more brightly and variously coloured, which is what makes them popular for an expansive garden display.

? ? ? ? ? 大花薔薇起源于 20 世紀 50 年代，是雜交茶花和多花玫瑰的雜交品種。這些高大、耐寒、花朵盛開的灌木叢是今天人們最熟悉的花園玫瑰，但它們不會產生與老花園玫瑰相同的香味。它們的外形更加標準化，顏色也更加鮮艷多樣，這也是它們廣受歡迎的原因。

Nowadays, new hybrids spring up every year from many different growers around the world as the quest for the perfect rose goes on. Meanwhile, species roses keep the original gene pool alive and old roses maintain a loyal following, prized for their natural growth and strong perfume. History is continually being written in the world of rose cultivation.

? ? ? ? ? 如今，隨著人們對完美玫瑰的不斷追求，世界各地不同的種植者每年都會培育出新的雜交品種。與此同時，原種玫瑰保持著原始基因庫的活力，而老玫瑰則因其自然生長和濃郁的香味而備受追捧。玫瑰種植的歷史仍在不斷被書寫。

參考書目：

Anonymous. Old Roses. Southwater (23 May 2013), 1970.

Chapman, Ann & Starosta, Paul. Women in My Rose Garden. Palazzo Editions, 2015.

Elliott, Brent. The Rose?s Favourite Flower in 40 Captivating Roses with Classic Texts and Rare.. Andre Deutsch, 2016.

Geological Exploration of the Territories, 1873Accessed 15 Aug 2023.

Herbert W. Meyer. Fossils of Florissant. Smithsonian Books, 2003.

Morley, Simon. By Any Other Name. Oneworld Publications, 2021.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield & Speir, Francis & Scott, William Berryman. Pal?ontological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877. DigiCat, 2022.

Proclamation 5574—Designation of the Rose as the National Floral Emblem of the United States of AmericaAccessed 15 Aug 2023.

The first Gallicas raised in France 1804-1815 by Fran?ois Joyaux - Historic Roses GroupAccessed 15 Aug 2023.

原文作者：Sheena Harvey

? ? ? ? ? Sheena Harvey 是一名自由撰稿人，曾擔任六本英國國家級雜志的編輯，其中包括《Discover Britain》、《LandScape》和《BBC 野生動物》，并為《英國遺產》和《Countryfile》等雜志撰稿。

原文網址: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2264/a-brief-history-of-the-rose/