專業(yè)詞匯還挺多的.以下是我翻譯時(shí),查到幫助理解的定義.希望幫助大家理解, 感謝 chatgpt省了不少查專業(yè)詞匯的功夫.

第一部分

探究行為 exploration/exploratory behavior -> Exploration or exploratory behavior refers to an individual's actions and activities aimed at discovering new information about their environment or unfamiliar situations. This type of behavior is common across various species, including humans, and is often driven by curiosity, a need to learn, or a desire to gain a better understanding of surroundings or situations.

自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) autonomic nervous system -> a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate,blood pressure,respiration,digestion,and sexual arousal

自主神經(jīng)激發(fā) Autonomic arousal -> Palpitations or pounding heart,or accelerated heart rate. Sweating. Trembling or shaking. Dry mouth (not due to medication or dehydration).

本能反應(yīng) Autonomic response -> 不知道翻譯的對(duì)不對(duì). 應(yīng)該就是處于自主神經(jīng)激發(fā)狀態(tài)下的反應(yīng)吧.

營(yíng)養(yǎng)機(jī)能 Vegetative function -> Vegetative functions are those bodily processes most directly concerned with maintenance of life. This category encompasses nutritional,metabolic,and endocrine functions including eating,sleeping,menstruation,bowel function,bladder activity,and sexual performance.

mechanical signaling -> Mechanical signaling refers to a process where a signal is triggered by a mechanical force such as shear stress or a pull/push applied to biomolecules. Usually,application of such force would induce a conformational change in the protein/receptor,thus exposing functional domains to the environment.

副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)/交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) parasympathetic/sympathetic -> The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two branches of the autonomic nervous system, which controls the body's unconscious actions. It's sometimes referred to as the "rest and digest" system, because it slows down the heart rate, increases digestive activity, and stimulates the release of digestive juices. The parasympathetic system works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. The two systems work together to maintain a balance between the body's energy-expending and energy-conserving actions.

背外側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -> The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found to be involved in superordinate control functions for various cognitive tasks such as decision making,novelty detection,working memory,conflict management,mood regulation,theory of mind processing,and timing

額葉皮質(zhì) frontal cortex -> The frontal cortex is a region of the brain located in the frontal lobe. It is responsible for a wide range of functions, including voluntary movement, decision making, planning, and executive functions such as working memory, attention, and problem solving. The frontal cortex is also involved in regulating emotions and social behavior, and is essential for many of the cognitive and behavioral processes that define human consciousness and personality.

背外側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì) 和 額葉皮質(zhì) 區(qū)別 -> The prefrontal cortex and frontal cortex are both regions of the brain located in the frontal lobe, but they have different functions. The prefrontal cortex is a more recently evolved part of the brain and is responsible for higher-level cognitive processes such as decision making, planning, and executive functions like working memory, attention, and problem solving. The frontal cortex, on the other hand, is a broader region that includes the prefrontal cortex and is involved in a wider range of functions including voluntary movement, emotional regulation, and social behavior. In other words, the prefrontal cortex is a subregion of the frontal cortex that is specialized for executive functions, while the frontal cortex has a more general role in motor control, emotion regulation, and other functions.

運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層 Motor Cortex -> The motor cortex is a region of the brain located in the frontal lobe that is responsible for controlling voluntary movement. It consists of neurons that are responsible for sending signals to the muscles to initiate movement. The motor cortex is organized in a somatotopic manner, meaning that specific areas of the cortex are responsible for controlling specific parts of the body. For example, the hand area of the motor cortex is responsible for controlling the movements of the hand, while the leg area of the motor cortex is responsible for controlling the movements of the legs. Damage to the motor cortex can result in motor deficits, such as paralysis or weakness in the affected body part. Understanding the function of the motor cortex is important for many areas of research, including the study of movement disorders, rehabilitation after injury, and the development of new treatments for motor deficits.

運(yùn)動(dòng)反應(yīng) Motor Response -> A motor response refers to an action performed by the muscles as a result of a nerve signal from the brain. It can be voluntary, such as a conscious movement of a limb, or involuntary, such as a reflex reaction. The motor response is a part of the body's motor system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.

腦島 insula -> The insula, also known as the insular cortex, is a region of the brain located deep within the cerebral cortex.The insula has connections to various other brain regions and plays a role in diverse functions,interoception,emotion processing,pain perception,cognitive function,etc.Due to its involvement in a wide range of functions, the insula is considered an essential part of the brain's "salience network," which helps prioritize and integrate various sensory inputs and cognitive processes.

前島 anterior insula -> while the insula as a whole is involved in various cognitive and emotional functions, the anterior insula has specific duties related to emotion processing, salience detection, cognitive control, and risk and uncertainty processing, which distinguish it from the rest of the insula.

后島 posterior insula -> The posterior insula, on the other hand, is more involved in processing sensory information and interoceptive awareness. It plays a critical role in integrating information from the body's internal states, such as temperature, pain, and touch, to generate a coherent representation of the body's physiological condition. The posterior insula also contributes to the perception of pain and has been linked to the processing of vestibular (balance) and auditory information.

杏仁核 Amygdala -> The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure located deep within the brain's temporal lobes. It is part of the limbic system, which is involved in the regulation of emotions, memory, and survival-related behaviors. The amygdala has connections with various other brain regions, allowing it to play a central role in many functions, emotional processing, fear conditioning and extinction, social and emotional learning, reward processing, memory consolidation,modulation of attention. Given its involvement in various functions related to emotions, the amygdala is considered a critical component of the brain's emotional circuitry. Dysfunction or damage to the amygdala has been linked to various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social deficits in conditions like autism spectrum disorder.

下丘腦 hypothalamus -> he hypothalamus is a vital brain region responsible for maintaining the body's internal balance and regulating essential physiological processes such as hormone secretion, autonomic nervous system function, temperature regulation, appetite and thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and emotional and stress responses.

內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài) homeostasis -> In biology,homeostasis is the state of steady internal,physical,and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables,such as body temperature and fluid balance,being kept within certain pre-set limits.

可逆失活 Reversible inactivation -> Reversible inactivation techniques solve some of these problems,because they allow a particular brain area to be inactivated during a particular stage,being fully functional during later stages. On the one hand,depending on the behavioral procedure and type of learning studied,a reversible lesion may be able to dissociate learning from sensory and performance processes. On the other hand,the specific contribution of a particular brain site to one stage,but not to another,may be unveiled by selective disruption at a specific time window.10 Moreover,if the same area is required to be functional at different stages,several independent roles may be envisaged. A related issue that may benefit from reversible inactivation techniques is dissociating brain circuits subserving different but temporally overlapping learning processes.11 This is the case of retrieval and extinction,because each retrieval test represents also an extinction session. Reversible inactivation allows us to explore the independent role of a given brain site on extinction by later testing on a functionally intact brain. Similar or different outcomes of the functional inactivation in retrieval and extinction would lead to valuable hypotheses concerning the brain areas involved.

執(zhí)行功能 Executive Function -> Executive function skills are the skills that help us establish structures and strategies for managing projects and determine the actions required to move each project forward. Individuals with executive dysfunction often struggle to analyze,plan,organize,schedule,and complete tasks at all — or on deadline

斯特魯普效應(yīng) Stroop Effect

戰(zhàn)斗或逃跑或僵住反應(yīng) fight-or-flight-or-freeze

海馬體 hippocampus -> hippocampus plays a vital role in regulating learning,memory encoding,memory consolidation,and spatial navigation

迷走神經(jīng) Vagus Nerve -> The vagus nerve,also known as the vagal nerves,are the main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system. This system controls specific body functions such as your digestion,heart rate and immune system. These functions are involuntary,meaning you can't consciously control them.

處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài) The gap -> From a meditation perspective,the gap is the space where the mind is completely present in stillness.

邊緣系統(tǒng) limbic system -> The limbic system is a complex network of brain structures involved in emotions, motivation, and memories. The limbic system is often referred to as the "emotional brain" and it includes structures such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate cortex. These structures work together to process and regulate emotional and motivational responses, including fear, pleasure, hunger, and sex drive. The limbic system is also involved in the formation and recall of memories, especially those that are emotionally charged. By influencing our emotional and motivational states, the limbic system helps us navigate the complex social and physical environments in which we live

神經(jīng)影像 neuroimaging

前扣帶皮層 anterior cingulate cortex -> The anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for a host of cognitive functions,including emotional expression,attention allocation,and mood regulation.

藍(lán)斑核 locus coeruleus -> It is the brain's main source of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline (norepinephrine). This chemical is excitatory and is released in response to pain or stress,stimulating what is referred to as the 'fight-or-flight' mechanism. This means that it activates the sympathetic nervous system.

朝向反射 Orienting Reflex -> The orienting reflex is a term used in psychology and neuroscience to refer to a rapid,automatic response to a new or unexpected stimulus that captures our attention. The orienting reflex helps us to quickly direct our attention to important or potentially dangerous events in our environment. When we encounter a novel or unexpected stimulus,our eyes tend to move towards it,and our attention becomes focused on it. This response is sometimes referred to as a "startle response" or a "surprisal response". The orienting reflex is thought to have evolved as a survival mechanism to help us quickly respond to potential threats in our environment. It is an important aspect of attention and consciousness and is thought to be regulated by the reticular activating system in the brainstem.

橫紋核激活系統(tǒng) Reticular activating system -> The reticular activating system (RAS) is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that plays a key role in regulating arousal,attention,and consciousness. The RAS is responsible for filtering incoming sensory information and determining which information should be processed further and which information should be ignored. It acts as a sort of "gatekeeper" for the brain,allowing us to selectively attend to important stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli. The RAS is also involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness,helping to ensure that we are awake and alert during the day and able to fall asleep and remain asleep at night.

經(jīng)顱磁刺激 Transcranial magnetic stimulation -> Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate specific areas of the brain. TMS involves the use of a magnetic coil that is placed against the scalp and generates a magnetic field that passes through the skull and into the brain. When the magnetic field is rapidly turned on and off,it creates an electrical current in the brain that can stimulate specific neurons and modulate brain activity.

動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài) Motivational state -> Motivational state refers to an individual's psychological state that is characterized by their level of motivation to engage in a particular activity. This can include the presence or absence of a desire or drive to perform a task,as well as the level of excitement,enthusiasm,or energy that the individual experiences in relation to that task.

天生動(dòng)機(jī)狀態(tài) Innate Motivational State -> In psychology,"innate motivational states" refers to a person's natural,internal drives or impulses that motivate behavior. These states are thought to be biologically determined and largely independent of external factors such as rewards or punishments. Some examples of innate motivational states include hunger,thirst,and the drive to seek out and interact with others. The concept of innate motivational states is often used to explain why certain behaviors,such as eating or socializing,occur naturally and spontaneously without the need for external incentives.

running plays -> A running play is a type of play in which a player carries the ball by running, as opposed to a passing play where the ball is thrown or kicked. Running plays are a common strategy in many sports, including American football, soccer, rugby, and basketball, among others. In these sports, a running play can be used to gain yards or advance the ball down the field towards the opponent's goal line.

Running plays typically involve one or more ball carriers, who are usually supported by blockers. The blockers' role is to clear a path for the ball carrier and protect him from defenders. The ball carrier must have good speed, agility, and ball-handling skills to be able to navigate through the opposition's defense and avoid tackles.

Future cell -> In game theory, "future cells" may refer to an abstract concept that represents potential outcomes or potential moves in a decision-making game or simulation. The idea is that one can simulate or anticipate the consequences of different actions, in order to make better decisions in the present.

Alfred North Whitehead -> He was an English mathematician and philosopher. He was one of the pioneers of modern logic and made important contributions to mathematics, philosophy, and physics. Whitehead is best known for his work in the foundations of mathematics, in particular his co-authorship of Principia Mathematica with Bertrand Russell. He was also a leading figure in the philosophical movement known as process philosophy, which emphasized the role of change and development in the natural world and human experience.

Inhibitory Component 抑制性組件 -> Inhibitory component refers to a part or aspect of a system that serves to slow down, stop, or prevent a particular activity or process. It acts as a controlling mechanism for the system, balancing or countering the excitatory component. In the context of neural systems, inhibitory components can refer to inhibitory neurons or neurotransmitters that reduce the activity of neurons in a network, helping to regulate the overall activity of the network and maintain stability.

heart rate activation 心率激活 -> Heart rate activation refers to changes in the number of beats per minute (bpm) of the heart. Heart rate activation can be affected by many factors, including physical activity, stress, emotions, and the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls the heart rate and has two branches: the sympathetic nervous system, which increases heart rate, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which slows it down. When a person is experiencing a high level of arousal, such as during physical activity or stress, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, resulting in a faster heartbeat. Conversely, when a person is in a relaxed state, the parasympathetic nervous system slows down the heart rate, resulting in a slower heartbeat.

Gamma wave activity γ波活動(dòng) -> Gamma wave activity in the insula refers to the electrical activity in the insular cortex of the brain that occurs in the gamma frequency range. Gamma waves are brain waves with a frequency of around 30 to 100 Hertz (Hz), and they are associated with high levels of cognitive processing, attention, and consciousness. In the insula, gamma wave activity has been linked to various functions, including sensory processing, interoception (awareness of one's internal bodily state), and emotion regulation. Studies have also found that gamma wave activity in the insula can change in response to different stimuli, such as pain, anxiety, and hunger.

thalamus 丘腦 -> The thalamus is a large, ovoid structure located near the center of the brain and serves as a relay center for incoming sensory information. It receives sensory signals from the body and sends them to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex for further processing. The thalamus also plays a role in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness. It is considered a key structure in the central nervous system and is involved in many aspects of sensory processing and integration.

nucleus reuions 團(tuán)聚核 -> Nucleus reuniens is a part of the thalamus, a structure located in the center of the brain that acts as a relay center for sensory information from the body to the cortex, the outer layer of the brain responsible for processing information from the five senses, among other functions. Nucleus reuniens is involved in the regulation of attention, consciousness, and the integration of information from different regions of the brain. However, its exact function is still not well understood and further research is needed to fully understand the role of nucleus reuniens in the thalamus and the brain as a whole.

psychomotor stimulated effects 精神運(yùn)動(dòng)刺激效應(yīng)-> Psychomotor stimulation refers to an increase in physical and mental activity, as well as a heightened sense of arousal or alertness. It is often associated with the use of certain drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, which are known to increase levels of dopamine in the brain, leading to increased physical activity, increased alertness, and a sense of euphoria. Psychomotor stimulation can also be seen in other conditions, such as anxiety, mania, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).