地中海東部希臘海的大抹香鯨（氣孔鯨屬·大型頭顱種）的飲食習(xí)性
Feeding habits of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Greek Seas, Eastern Mediterranean
【2016年/3月 著】



資料來(lái)源：https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304933445



埃里亞斯·福斯科洛斯/Elias Foskolos、阿瑪莉亞·阿爾貝里尼/Amalia Alberini、帕拉斯科維·亞歷克夏杜/Paraskevi Alexiadou、亞歷山德羅斯·弗蘭茲/Alexandros Frantzis 著

引言/Introduction

我們對(duì)來(lái)自地中海的大抹香鯨的死因的信息僅來(lái)自對(duì)兩個(gè)胃內(nèi)容物的分析（Roberts，2003; Garibaldi ＆ Podestà，2014）。該研究是基于對(duì)來(lái)自希臘海岸的六種胃內(nèi)容物的分析。

Our knowledge regarding the diet of Mediterranean sperm whales comes from the analysis of only two stomach contents (Roberts, 2003 ; Garibaldi & Podestà, 2014). This study is base don the analysis of six stomach contents from animals stranded along the Greekc oasts



取樣方式/Methods

在2005年至2014年之間，共收集了五種胃內(nèi)容物和一部分（由于撞船事故）。對(duì)胃容物中的魷魚(yú)尸骸的具體物種鑒定主要以下部喙特征來(lái)辨別，并對(duì)這些魷魚(yú)下喙長(zhǎng)度（LRL）以使用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量過(guò)，精確準(zhǔn)度到0.05毫米。在胃內(nèi)容物的聚類分析研究顯示出每種獵物的數(shù)量多樣性，同樣也借用兩本相關(guān)出版論文的數(shù)據(jù)（Roberts，2003； Garibaldi ＆ Podestà，2014）。

Between 2005 and 2014, five entire stomach contents and one partial(due to a ships trike) were collected. Squid remains were identified to the species level, mainly via their lower beaks. Lower Rostral Length (LRL) was measured to the nearest 0.05 mm with a Vernier caliper. Numerical abundance of each prey was used for Cluster analysis of stomach contents. Data from both relevant publications (Roberts, 2003; Garibaldi & Podestà, 2014) were also used.



結(jié)果/Results

目前已知大抹香鯨胃內(nèi)容物的食物（圖2）僅由頭足類動(dòng)物殘骸組成：主要是喙部，但也有"眼鏡"、胴體、冠部和整個(gè)動(dòng)物全身。在3具大抹香鯨尸骸的胃容物中還發(fā)現(xiàn)了塑料碎片案例（袋子，漁網(wǎng)，繩索等）（圖2），并確認(rèn)一只鯨魚(yú)的死因是胃容物含有85個(gè)以下塑料物品。從地中海這些大抹香鯨尸骸的胃容物中總共發(fā)現(xiàn)23501個(gè)上喙和18430個(gè)下喙（表1），由于這些頭足綱的喙部被大抹香鯨的胃酸消化給破壞，估計(jì)有13.02％魷魚(yú)下喙已遺失。從這些頭足綱的上喙殘骸和下喙殘骸鑒定出來(lái)自9個(gè)不同科的11種物種（十腕型超目/Decapodiformes有10種，八腕型超目/Octopodiformes則有1種）（圖3）。就數(shù)量而言，迄今為止，Histioteuthis bonnellii和Histioteuthis reversa是上述大抹香鯨尸骸胃容物中，占據(jù)比例最豐富的獵物物種（圖3）。在上述所有的大抹香鯨尸骸的胃容物中發(fā)現(xiàn)都有Histioteuthis bonnellii、Histioteuthis reversa and Octopoteuthis sicula的尸骸。在其中一個(gè)大抹香鯨尸骸胃容物被發(fā)現(xiàn)其他尸骸個(gè)體沒(méi)有的"獨(dú)家"三種獵物物種（Chtenopteryx sicula、Ommastrephes bartramii和Octopus vulgaris）。關(guān)于Histioteuthis bonnellii體型測(cè)量，最大個(gè)體的下喙長(zhǎng)度（LRL）是最小個(gè)體的十倍。對(duì)于所有比較常見(jiàn)的獵物物種，下喙長(zhǎng)度（LRL）和估算的胴體長(zhǎng)度（ML）都有很大的數(shù)值差異（表2）。這些大抹香鯨根據(jù)生前食性而被分類成三個(gè)不同群體（圖4），并測(cè)量出不同個(gè)體之間的身長(zhǎng)差異：成年/亞成年的雄性個(gè)體（身長(zhǎng)9.67~12.8m）、成年/亞成年雌性個(gè)體（長(zhǎng)7.9m）和幼獸個(gè)體（長(zhǎng)5.35-5.93m）。

Food items of sperm whale stomach contents(Fig.2) consisted exclusively of cephalopod remains : mainly beaks, but also eye lenses, mantles, crowns and one entire animal. Plasticdebris(bags, fishingnets, ropesetc.) was presentin three cases(Fig.2) and was identifiedas cause of death in one whale(>85 plastic items). In total, 23501 upper beaks and 18430 lower beaks were found(Table1). 2399 lower beaks(13.02%) remained unidentified due to morphological damage. Eleven cephalopod species (10 squid and one octopod species) from nine different families were identified(Fig.3). Histioteuthis bonnellii and Histioteuthis reversa were by far the most abundant prey species in terms of numbers(Fig.3). Only Histioteuthis bonnellii, Histioteuthis reversa and Octopoteuthis sicula were found in all stomachs. Three species were found in one stomach each(Chtenopteryx sicula, Ommastrephes bartramii and Octopus vulgaris).For Histioteuthis bonnellii, maximum LRL was almost ten times larger than minimum. Both LRL and estimated mantle length(ML) varied greatly for all common species(Table2). Adult/sub adult males(length9.67-12.8m), adult/subadult female(length 7.9m) and calves(length 5.35-5.93m) were classified as three different groups according to Cluster analysis of their diet(Fig.4).



圖1. A為在希臘發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)的大抹香鯨擱淺地點(diǎn)，小地圖上顯示了含有胃容物信息的地中海抹香鯨尸體樣本。B為編號(hào)為Hf1的大抹香鯨尸骸。

Figure 1. A: Stranding sites of analyzed whales in Greece.The small map shows all the Mediterranean specimens for which stomach contents are available. B Whale with code Hf1.

圖2. 圖中顯示了來(lái)自于大抹香鯨編號(hào)Hf2原本的胃容物，包括一個(gè)塑料袋、魷魚(yú)肉、喙和"眼鏡"。

Figure 2. Stomach content of whale Hf2. One plasticbag, squid flesh, beaks and eye lenses are shown.

圖3. 來(lái)自不同六具擱淺大抹香鯨尸骸的胃容物中的每種獵物比例數(shù)字的豐度餅圖，以百分比表示。

Figure 3. Pie charts of numerical abundance for each preys pecies in the six stomach contents as %.

圖4. 所有八具擱淺大抹香鯨尸骸的胃容物中的獵物種類的數(shù)量樹(shù)狀圖。編號(hào)顯示這些大抹香鯨們生前滯留過(guò)的區(qū)域（L：利古里亞海，H：希臘海溝，A：愛(ài)琴海）和大抹香鯨的性別（m：雄性，f：雌性）。

Figure 4. Dendrogram of prey species' numerical abundance in all eight stomachs. Sample code refers to stranding area (L: Ligurian Sea, H: Hellenic Trench, A: AegeanS ea) and to thewhale's gender (m: male , f: female).

表1：來(lái)自于不同6具的擱淺大抹香鯨尸骸的各個(gè)胃內(nèi)容物中，獵物種類（Nsp）的數(shù)量以及獵物的下喙（NL）和上喙的數(shù)量（NU）。

Table 1: Number of prey species(Nsp) and number of lower(NL) and upper beaks(NU) inall six stomach contents.



表2：所有獵物的LRL(下喙長(zhǎng)度)和ML(胴長(zhǎng))范圍（以下長(zhǎng)度以mm計(jì)算）。

Table 2: LRL and ML range(mm) for all prey species.