首先，我們要了解什么是排除?

視角或事實(shí)在文中通過(guò)否定的方式做排除，加強(qiáng)自己的觀點(diǎn)、給出新的解釋。

比如：“小明學(xué)習(xí)不好，不是因?yàn)樗浚且驗(yàn)樗慌?。?/p>

句子中排除了小明學(xué)習(xí)不好的其中一個(gè)原因【笨】，其次給出了不同的解釋。這種類型，屬于排除之后給出新的解釋，目的是為了解釋句間內(nèi)部、上下文中的被解釋的對(duì)象。

再比如：

“s1小明學(xué)習(xí)不好，是因?yàn)樗麖匾沟耐媸謾C(jī)導(dǎo)致他沒(méi)有精力復(fù)習(xí)”

?“s2 如果能把時(shí)間放在復(fù)習(xí)上，那么小明也不會(huì)每次考試都倒數(shù)”

? S2給出了一個(gè)虛擬語(yǔ)氣，虛擬的條件恰恰和事實(shí)相反。因此，通過(guò)虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)排除s1中的【沒(méi)有精力學(xué)習(xí)】，同時(shí)也通過(guò)虛擬假設(shè)的方式來(lái)加強(qiáng)了【小明徹夜玩手機(jī)導(dǎo)致的倒數(shù)】。

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那么有哪些關(guān)鍵詞表明句子中出現(xiàn)了排除的邏輯？

常見的有rather than、exclude、not a but b、may not、other than、cannot be、rule out、nothing to do with、either...or、never more than、to…too、rare、little等表示排除邏輯關(guān)鍵詞。

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下面，我們一起看幾個(gè)原句測(cè)試一下你是否掌握了這種形式

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1. The idea of pristine wilderness is historically inaccurate, argue scholars of Native American history, who have demonstrated that Native Americans shaped their environments with their agricultural practices and residential patterns.

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2. A critical consensus has emerged that Mary McCarthy will be remembered primarily as an essayist rather than as a novelist.

3. On Newfoundland, population pressure did not result from a steadily growing resident population but, rather, from the arrival and lingering presence of new and significantly different populations

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4. Southeast-facing nests contain larger egg clutches, a fact that cannot be completely explained by differences in nest stone sizes

我們一起來(lái)分析一下這幾個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)的排除形式:

1. The idea of pristine wilderness is historically inaccurate, argue scholars of Native American history, who have demonstrated that Native Americans shaped their environments with their agricultural practices and residential patterns.

   第一個(gè)句子中，scholars of Native American發(fā)出了負(fù)面的評(píng)價(jià)【inaccurate】。這波學(xué)者通否定形式排除了pristine wilderness ，之后的句子中，給出了新的解釋：“Native Americans”用各種方式改變了環(huán)境。那么句子中的重心是？排除之后，給出的新解釋。

2. ?A critical consensus has emerged that Mary McCarthy will be remembered primarily as an essayist rather than as a novelist.

   看到標(biāo)志詞【rather than】我們要很快的意識(shí)到，這是一個(gè)排除邏輯的形式。rather than在閱讀中高頻，意思為“是a，不是b”。所以，句子中視角排除了Mary McCarthy的小說(shuō)家的身份，并留下了視角認(rèn)為的散文家的身份，因此在形式上視角加強(qiáng)了自己的觀點(diǎn)。

3. On Newfoundland, population pressure did not result from a steadily growing resident population but, rather, from the arrival and lingering presence of new and significantly different populations

   看到了標(biāo)志詞【did not】否定形式的表示排除的關(guān)鍵詞。視角排除了人口壓力增長(zhǎng)來(lái)自居民。排除之后給出了自己的解釋“from the arrival and lingering presence of new and significantly different populations”。因此，我們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)是排除之后給出的新解釋。

4. Southeast-facing nests contain larger egg clutches, a fact that cannot be completely explained by differences in nest stone sizes

   看到【a fact】表明整句話為事實(shí)。同時(shí)，看到了【cannot be】表示否定形式的排除。事實(shí)在句子排除了一個(gè)解釋，通過(guò)排除自己不認(rèn)同的信息{completely explained by differences in nest stone sizes}，從而加強(qiáng)自己的認(rèn)同的信息【Southeast-facing nests contain larger egg clutches,】。

   
   

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