第二十六課時????句子的類型（一）

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教學(xué)重點

句子的類型：陳述句

陳述句（包括肯定的或否定的）用來敘述一項事實。陳述句的結(jié)構(gòu)分為肯定結(jié)構(gòu)和否定結(jié)構(gòu)兩種。

1、陳述句的肯定結(jié)構(gòu)

（1）主語與謂語的一致，句子中的謂語動詞和主語在人稱和數(shù)上必須一致。如：

I was having dinner when he came in.

He is now working at a bank.

①謂語只跟主語的中心詞保持一致，修飾詞不影響主語的數(shù)：

The quality of this kind of bike is poor.

There be結(jié)構(gòu)和其他倒裝句中，謂語通常放在主語的前面，這時謂語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，要依后面的主語而定，如：

There is no milk in the bottle.

There are no students iin the classroom.

②“one of ……”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。如：

One of the students is absent.

Making things is a good activity.

What hurt her most is his words.

③由and連接兩個或兩個以上的名詞，由“both…and…”連接的兩個成分作主語，其謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：

Susan and Sally like pop music.

The worker and the peasant are going to give us a talk.

④單數(shù)名詞后面有下面詞語修飾時，主語不受這些詞或詞組的影響

with….?like…?as well as…?together with…

He, as well as his classmates, likes popular songs.

Mr Li, together with his wife and two songs, is on holiday these days.

⑤由連詞“either…or…”,“neither…nor…”,“not only…but also…”,also, nor, or連接兩個名詞或代詞，謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)與最近的主語保持一致

Neither I nor my brother is good at maths.

Either you or I’m wrong.

注意：表示數(shù)量、時間、距離、金錢等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。用于數(shù)學(xué)運算的數(shù)字作主語，謂語通常也用單數(shù)形式。如：

Ten pounds is enough.?Two hours is a long time.

2、陳述句的否定形式

（1）帶有系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞的肯定句，只要把not, never加在這些動詞后面，就能把肯定句變?yōu)榉穸?，no通常否定名詞或動名詞

I’m not a doctor.?I haven’t got a camera.

I have never met him before.

（2）若謂語是行為動詞，前面又沒有助動詞和情態(tài)動詞，只要在謂語動詞之前加助動詞do( does, did ) not就行。

I didn’t go to the concert yesterday.

He doesn’t speak English

（3）no修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。如果no修飾單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。如：

No men are admitted?No man is admitted.

（4）表示部分否定的詞有：not all, not everything, not everybody, not everywhere, not both, not always.

Not everybody enjoys fishing.

Not everything goes well.

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第二十七課時????句子的類型（二）

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教學(xué)重點

句子的類型：疑問句

疑問句是用來提出疑問的句子，疑問句末尾用問號“？”。疑問句一般分為：一般疑問句；特殊疑問句；選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。

1、一般疑問句

(1) 含有系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞的陳述句改為疑問句：要把這些動詞提到主語的前面，句末用問號。

Are you a policeman??Must I go now?

(2) 如果謂語是行為動詞，它前面又沒有任何助動詞、情態(tài)動詞，這時就要用助動詞do ( does, did )來構(gòu)成疑問句。

Does he often write to you ?

Did you enjoy yourself last Sunday?

2、特殊疑問句

(1) 特殊疑問句由“疑問詞+一般疑問句”構(gòu)成，其中一般疑問句又采取倒裝或部分倒裝的形式。

(2) 特殊疑問句的疑問詞通常分為疑問代詞和疑問副詞兩種。

3、選擇疑問句

它的結(jié)構(gòu)是“一般疑問句 + or + 一般疑問句“，回答這類問題時要選擇其中一種具體進(jìn)行回答。

Is her brother a doctor or a teacher?

Her brother a doctor.

4、反意疑問句

反意疑問句由一個陳述句和一個簡略形式的疑問句構(gòu)成，中間用逗號隔開。通常有兩種形式：

①?陳述句謂語用肯定形式?+ 疑問句謂語用否定形式；

He is stupid, isn’t he?

②?陳述句謂語用否定形式?+ 疑問句謂語用肯定形式；

He doesn’t like sports, does he?

(5) 如果陳述部分是主從復(fù)合句，那么疑問部分的謂語應(yīng)該跟主語的謂語所用形式一樣。

You never told us you are the headmaster, did you?

注意：

① used to用在句中時，也可用usen’t 或usedn’t來引起反意疑問句。He used to swim in winter, didn’t he? =?

He used to swim in winter, usen’t he?

② 當(dāng)陳述句中的主語為everybody, everyone, anyone, nobody, none, no one時，疑問部分通常要用they來代替。

????Everybody admires him, don’t they?

③ 如果陳述句部分已經(jīng)用了表示否定意義的詞，如never, nothing, hardly,那么疑問部分應(yīng)該使用肯定形式。

He never speaks loudly, does he?

④ 當(dāng)陳述句部分的主語為everything, nothing, anything, something時，疑問部分的主語要用it.

Something is wrong with the machine, isn’t it?

Everything is in good order, isn’t it?

⑤ 祈使句的反意疑問句部分要用shall, will。

Let’s表示第一人稱的祈使句，所以反意疑問句為“shall we?”, let me 和let us表示第二人稱的祈使句，反意疑問句為“will you?”，其他行為動詞引起的祈使句，反意疑問句都為“will you?”。祈使句的反意疑問句通常只有肯定形式。

Let’s go for a walk, shall we?

Let’s stop for a rest, will you?

⑥ 感嘆句的反意疑問句要用“be”的現(xiàn)在時，對人的感嘆，用“he”“you”等，對事物的感嘆，用“it”，而且疑問部分必須用否定式。

What a clever boy, isn’t he?

What a wonderful lecture, isn’t it?

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第二十八課時????句子的類型（三）

教學(xué)重點

句子的類型：祈使句??感嘆句

祈使句表示請求、命令、建議等等，謂語動詞一律用原形。句中通常不用主語，句末用驚嘆號或者句號。

1、肯定的祈使句

(1) 句型：動詞原形……（省略主語）。如：

Look at these holes!?Please keep the classroom quiet.

(2) 有時，為了加強(qiáng)語氣，可以在動詞之前加do。

Do be quiet.?Do study hard.

(3) 祈使句中如果有呼語，一定要用逗號“，”隔開。放在句首或句尾。Come here, Li Ming.

2、否定的祈使句

(1) 句型：Don’g + 動詞原形……

Don’t make the same mistake.

Don’t look out of the windows.

(2) 祈使句與陳述句的改寫

祈使句=You must ……

Be quiet. = you must be quiet.

Don’t make any noise = You mustn’t make any noise.

Please + 祈使句 = Will you please ……？

Please read after me = Will you please read after me?

3、祈使句Let…句型

Let作為動詞常常用于祈使句，但表達(dá)意義不相同

Let表示“建議”后面跟第一人稱代詞作賓語。

Let’s go to school together!?Let me try again.

Let表示“間接命令或愿望”，后面接第三人稱代詞作賓語。

Let him work out the problem by himself.

Let Li Ping be monitor.

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感嘆句表示說話時的驚訝、喜悅、氣憤等情緒，帶有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩。感嘆句主要有兩種：

What + 名詞詞組；

What a beautiful day it is!

How + 形容詞或副詞

How well they have learned English!

How well he swims!

注意：

What 修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時，如果這一名詞有形容詞修飾，也可以用how來引導(dǎo)感嘆句，但是不定冠詞a, an要放在形容詞的后面。

What a beautiful park!

How beautiful a park it is!

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補(bǔ)充練習(xí)

按要求進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換

1.?We have many cakes for supper （變?yōu)榉穸ㄒ蓡柧洌?/p>

2.?I would like a cup of tea, please. （變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧洌?/p>

3.?He is a teacher, (a student) （改為選擇疑問句）

4.?It is a nice box. （改為感嘆句）

5.?The workers are working hard. （改為感嘆句）

6.?Tom is sitting on the desk. （改為否定的祈使句）

7.?Everything is ready, ___________ ? ?（以下改為反意疑問句）

8.?This isn’t your book, _____________ ?

9.?Don’t look out of the window, _____________ ?

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第二十九課時????句子的分類（一）

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教學(xué)重點

簡單句及簡單句的五種基本句型

1、SVC結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+系動詞+表語）

在這種句型中，動詞必須是系動詞，在動詞之后跟有表語。表語可以是名詞（詞組），形容詞（詞組），副詞（詞組）等。如：

The teacher is kind.?She looks fine.

My son became a doctor at last.

系動詞除be外，常見的還有keep, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, grow, get, go, turn

2、SV結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+不及物動詞）

(1) 在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞是不及物動詞，動詞后邊沒有賓語，如：

My head aches.?He is singing.

(2) 有些動詞后邊必須帶有狀語，否則意思就不明確。如：

The professor lives in Beijing.

We stayed in China for a few days.

常見的不及物動詞有：sleep, walk, swim, happen, take place, go, come, work, laugh, stay.

3、SVO結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+及物動詞+賓語）

在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞必須是及物動詞，在動詞后邊跟有賓語。

He can drive a car.?They speak English.

有些不及物動詞后面加上介詞或副詞可以把它看成一個及物動詞，這時后邊可接賓語。

Please listen to me carefully.

4、SVOO結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語）

(1) 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu) ??在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞是帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的及物動詞。直接賓語多指物，間接賓語多指人。常用的帶有雙賓語的動詞有：give, send, tell, bring, lend, buy, teach, get, call, do, ask, wish, offer等。

He gave the inspector his passport.

My father taught us English.

(2) 賓語的位置

間接賓語一般放在直接賓語之前，但是，如果為了強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語或者由于間接賓語較長，常把間接賓語放在直接賓語之后，這時要在間接賓語的前面加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如：

The old man bought his daughter a nice scarf.

The old man bought a nice scarf for his daughter.

Give the teacher this book.=Give this book to the teacher.

5、SVOC結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）

在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補(bǔ)足語是用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的。

(1) 在某些及物動詞后，需要一個賓語再加上一個賓語補(bǔ)足語才能表達(dá)完整的意思，這樣的賓語和賓補(bǔ)稱為復(fù)合賓語。名詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、副詞都可以作賓補(bǔ)。

(2) 常跟復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep等。如：

His mother finds him a clever boy.

Please keep the room clean.

(3) 在see, watch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, let, make（使）, have（使）等這些詞后的賓補(bǔ)，如果是不定式擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)?，則省去“to”，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時“to”要還原。如：

I heard a man knock at the door three times.

A man was heard to knock at the door three times.

第三十課時????句子的分類（二）

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教學(xué)重點

并列句??there be結(jié)構(gòu) ?復(fù)合句

1、并列句：由連詞連接兩個分句組成的句子叫并列句。這些分句平等并列，而且同等重要，能夠獨立成句。連接分句的有并列連詞和主叢連詞。

并列連詞有：and, but, or, nor, for, while, either…or…, neither…now, not only… but also…

主從連詞有：so, however, still, yet, then

并列句中的前后兩句可以根據(jù)意思劃分為四種關(guān)系。

(1) 同等關(guān)系：and / not only…but also / neither…nor…

He could neither read nor write.

He not only studies hard, but also likes sports.

(2) 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but / yet / still / while / when

Tom was not there but his brother was ( there )

(3) 選擇關(guān)系：or / either… or…

Either you didn’t understand this, or you were not careful enough.

(4) 因果關(guān)系：for / so

He hurried, for it was getting dark.

He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him.

2、there be結(jié)構(gòu)

英語中“there + be + sb. /sth.+ 地點”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“某處有某人或某物”。There是引導(dǎo)詞，本身沒有意思，be是謂語動詞，be后面是主語，be必須和主語的數(shù)保持一致。如：

There is a garden behind the house.

There are two books on the desk.

如果主語部分是兩個以上的并列主語時，be一般和鄰近的主語的數(shù)保持一致。如：

There is a cup and two books on the desk.

There are five students and a teacher in the classroom.

3、復(fù)合句

復(fù)合句中包括兩個或更多的分句，其中一個分句是主句，其余的分句是從句。從句就是一個分鐘在主句中充當(dāng)一個成分，如主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等。從句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么從句。

1、主語從句

用作主語的從句叫作主語從句，主語從句一般都是作謂語動詞的主語，偶爾也可以作分詞的主語。

(1) 由what, that引導(dǎo)的主語從句

What she likes is watching the children play.

It is right that you told him the truth.

(2) 由連接副詞whether, when, how, where, why引導(dǎo)主語從句。

Why the fire broke out at night remains a mystery.

Whether we can help you is a difficult question.

When the meeting will be held has not been decided.

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2、表語從句

通常由that, what, where, why, how等連接詞引導(dǎo)。

(1) if, whether, that引導(dǎo)表語從句。

The question is that we must be good at learning from others.

(2) what, which, who等連接代詞

That is what I want to tell you.

The question is which of the classes we choose to be the excellent one.

(3) how, when, where, why等連接副詞。

The question is how we can help him.

That is why he has been late.

第三十一課時????賓語從句

知識概述

賓語從句就是一個句子中另一個主句中作賓語，即賓語從句是用句子作賓語。賓語從句的位置與陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語相同，它可作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。常用的連詞有that, if, whether, what, which, who, whom, when, where, how, why等。

教學(xué)重點

1、賓語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)

(1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接主句和從句的作用。that不用翻譯出來，在口語中常常省略，這種賓語從句常是陳述句。

The trouble is that we are short of money.

(2) 由連詞“if”或“whether”引導(dǎo)。

Whether或if在句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用，但不能省略。翻譯為“是否”。

Do you know if Mr Smith is at home?

(3) 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, which, what或連接副詞when, where, how, why等引導(dǎo)。連接代詞或連接副詞位于從句的前面，起連接主句和從句的作用，從句用陳述句語序。

Do you know who broke the window?

I don’t know when I shall finish.

I wonder if the news is true.

(4) 在某些形容詞之后的從句有時也被看作賓語從句。如afraid, sure, sorry, glad, worried, aware, confident, angry等。

They were angry that they had lost the chance.

Can you tell me where the library is?

I’m sorry that I’m late.

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2、賓語從句的時態(tài)一致

(1) 主句是過去時，賓語從句要用過去時態(tài)；主句是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，賓語從句則該用什么時態(tài)就用什么時態(tài)。

He told me that it would rain tomorrow.

No one knows if he will come at all.

第三十二課時????動詞的時態(tài)（一）

教學(xué)重點

一般現(xiàn)在時

在英語中，不同時間里以不同方式發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，要用不同的動詞形式來表示，動詞的這種不同形式稱為動詞的時態(tài)。

時態(tài)從時間上劃分，可分為四大類：現(xiàn)在時；過去時；將來時；過去將來時。從行為上，每一類可以分為四種形式：一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式；完成進(jìn)行式。這樣英語的動詞合起來，總共有十六種時態(tài)，初中只需掌握其中的八種時態(tài)。

1、一般現(xiàn)在時

（1）一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、習(xí)慣性的動作或主語所具備的性格和能力等。

①?當(dāng)動詞是be時，第一人稱用am,第二人稱用is,其他人稱用are.

②?當(dāng)動詞是實義動詞時，一般用動詞原形，但如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，動詞必須用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，其變化規(guī)則如下：

助動詞do（第三人稱單數(shù)用does）構(gòu)成否定句、疑問句及答語，但要注意助動詞后原來的謂語動詞要恢復(fù)原形。例如：

I like music.?I don’t like music.

Do you like music??Yes, I do?No, I don’t

（2）一般現(xiàn)在時的用法

①?表示經(jīng)常、習(xí)慣性動作，常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等時間狀語連用。如：

He goes to school by bus every day.

They often play football

②?表示能力、職業(yè)、特征。如：

Miss Gao teaches English.

Do you speak Japanese?

③?表示客觀存在。如：

The earth moves round the sun.

Time and tide wait for no man.

④?表示已經(jīng)安排好或計劃好的事。如

The plane takes off at 7:30.

Classes begin at 8:00

⑤?在時間狀語和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：

If I see him, I’ll tell him to give you a call.

We’ll wait until he comes back.

注意：

a. 一般現(xiàn)在時的一些常見的時間狀語有：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to time

b. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時有時用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時，表示一個經(jīng)常性的重復(fù)的動作或狀態(tài)。這時句中常帶always, forever以表示說話人的某種感情，如贊嘆、厭煩等。如：

He is always thinking of others.

He is always talking big.

?

第三十三課時????動詞的時態(tài)（二）

教學(xué)重點

一般過去時??

一般過去時

（1）一般過去時表示過去某一時間所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

①?當(dāng)動詞為be動詞時，應(yīng)該用相應(yīng)的過去式：

am is ---- was?are ---- were

否定形式為：was not ---- wasn’t ???were not ---- weren’t

疑問句是將was, were 置于主語之前。

I was in Grade Three last term.

I wasn’t in Grade Two last term.

Which grade were you in?

②?當(dāng)動詞為實義動詞時，用動詞的過去式，過去式的變化有規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化。規(guī)則變化如下：

動詞過去式的不規(guī)則變化需要逐個記憶。見初三教材后的不規(guī)則動詞變化形式表。

go ---- went?begin ---- began?sleep ---- slept?run ---- ran

I heard the good news just now.

The twins didn’t go to school last week

Did you see the film yesterday ?

（2）一般過去時的用法

①?表示過去某一時間或一段時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示過去的狀語連用：yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days等。例如：

They had a baby last month.

My mother was ill yesterday.

He went out just now.

②?用于since引導(dǎo)的從句，主句的謂語動詞如果用現(xiàn)在完成時，since引導(dǎo)的從句一般要用一般過去時。如：

He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.

You haven’t changed much since we last met.

注意：

a. 表示過去的時間狀語常見的有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由after, before, when, while引導(dǎo)的的表示過去的時間狀語。

b. 一般過去時可以用來表示現(xiàn)在的時間， 這主要用于日常會話，使用的語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣。如：

I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.

第三十四課時????動詞的時態(tài)（三）

教學(xué)重點

一般將來時???過去將來時

一般將來時

（1）一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與表示將來的時間狀語連用：tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如

I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday.

I’ll be there in half an hour.

We’ll arrive tomorrow.

（2）一般將來時的構(gòu)成

①?be going to + 動詞原形。Be隨主語人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化，否定句在be后面加not, 疑問句是將be放到主語之后。例如：

It’s going to be fine tomorrow.

He isn’t going to speak at the meeting.

What are you going to do next?

②?will +動詞原形。Will可以和各種人稱及數(shù)的主語連用。否定句在will后加not,縮寫成won’t，疑問句需將will提至主語之前。例如：

We will have a basketball match next week.

Will you come to the party?

I son’t lend it to you.

③?shall + 動詞原形。此結(jié)構(gòu)常用于主語為第人稱I / we的句中，疑問句表示提建議或征求意見。如：

When and where shall we meet ?

Shall I turn on the TV ?

（3） 一般將來時的基本用法。

①?“be going to +動詞原形”表示“意圖”，即打算、計劃要做某事。如：

Are you going to post the letter ?

How long is he going to stay here ?

②?“be going to + 動詞原形”還可以表示“預(yù)見”，即現(xiàn)在已有跡象表明將要發(fā)生的事。如：

There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain.

It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late.

③?“will + 動詞原形”表示客觀上要發(fā)生的事或表示“帶意愿色彩的將來”。如：

He will help you if you ask him.

They will come back tomorrow.

?

過去將來時

過去將來時表示在過去將來的某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語從句中。其結(jié)構(gòu)與一般將來時類似，只需將助動詞改為過去式。

am/ is/ are going to + 動詞原形→was/ were going to + 動詞原形

will + 動詞原形→ would + 動詞原形

should + 動詞原形 → should + 動詞原形

例如：

You knew I would come.

He asked me when he would see me again.

Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.

第三十五課時????動詞的時態(tài)（四）

教學(xué)重點

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時??過去進(jìn)行時

1、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時

（1）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動作。它是由“be + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。其否定句是在be之后加not。疑問句則將be提到主語之前。

（3）?現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成

（3）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的用法。

①?表示說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作。如：

What are you doing ??Who are you waiting for ?

I’m cooking

②?表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動作，但說話時不一定在進(jìn)行。如：

He is working in a factory.?She is translating look now.

③?表示不斷重復(fù)的動作。如：

The boy is always asking some strange questions.

The children are singing and dancing.

④?表示位置移動的動詞，可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示將要發(fā)生的事。如go, come, leave, fly, start等。如：

When are you starting ??I’m leaving tomorrow.

2、過去進(jìn)行時

過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作。

過去進(jìn)行時常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night等。其構(gòu)成和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時類似，只需將be變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的過去式：was/ were + 動詞-ing。如：

What were you doing this time yesterday ?

When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.

I was watching TV.

I was writing while my mother was cooking.

教學(xué)難點：

①?過去進(jìn)行時表示一個過去的動作發(fā)生時或發(fā)生之后，另一個過去的動作正在進(jìn)行。過去進(jìn)行時也可用來表示過去一段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)發(fā)生的動作。如：

When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.

當(dāng)我在花園澆水時，突然下雨了。

While we were having a party, the lights went out.

②?過去進(jìn)行時還可以表示兩個過去的動作同時進(jìn)行，這時可用連接詞while引導(dǎo)。如：

George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio.

③?“was going + 不定式”表示過去打算。如

He was going to be our team leader. 他原打算當(dāng)我們的領(lǐng)隊。

④?過去進(jìn)行時與一般過去的區(qū)別

過去進(jìn)行時表示在過去一段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作，而一般過去時表示一個完成的動作。如：

I was typing letters last night.

I typed some letters last night.

第三十六課時????動詞的時態(tài)（五）

教學(xué)重點

現(xiàn)在完成時（一）??

現(xiàn)在完成時

（1）現(xiàn)在完成時表示某個動作發(fā)生在過去，但對現(xiàn)在有影響（或結(jié)果），這個動作或狀態(tài)可能已經(jīng)結(jié)束，也可能還要持續(xù)下去。

其構(gòu)成形式是：?have/ has + 動詞過去分詞

否定句在have/ has 后加not→haven’t/ hasn’t

疑問句要將have/ has放到主語之前。

（2）現(xiàn)在完成時的用法。

①?表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。常用的時間狀語有：already, yet, ever, never, just等。如：

I have already finished the work.

Have you ever been to Beijing?

He has never seen such a nice car.

②?表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。往往和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：

for + 時間段；

since + 時間點（表時間段）；時間段+ago；一般過去時態(tài)。如：

I have taught in this school for ten years.

I have taught in this school since ten years ago.

③?for和since引導(dǎo)的短語都表示“一段時間”，所以謂語動詞應(yīng)該用延續(xù)性動詞，不能用非延續(xù)性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞表示該動詞可以延續(xù)一段時間，如：live, work, study, teach, stay等，非延續(xù)性動詞是指該動詞所表示的動作不能持續(xù)，是短暫的、瞬間完成的，如：borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。

許多非延續(xù)性動詞可以用意思相同或相近的延續(xù)性動詞來表示：

leave ---- be away from?arrive ---- be in

go ---- be away?come ---- be in / at?finish ---- be over

buy ---- have?borrow ---- keep?die ---- be dead

join ---- be in/be a member of?begin ---- be on

如：He has gone?He has been away for an hour

I have bought a watch?I have had the watch for several days

④?have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to?

have/ has been to ：曾去過

have/ has gone to ：已去，去了（不在說話現(xiàn)場，在途中或已經(jīng)到達(dá)）

My mother has been to America. 我媽媽曾經(jīng)去過美國

My mother has gone to America. 我媽媽已經(jīng)去了美國

（3）現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的用法比較

①??一般過去時只單純表示過去，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系，它可以和確定的表示過去的時間狀語連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時表示某一完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以不能和確定的過去的時間狀語連用。如：

We have visited the farm（現(xiàn)在對農(nóng)場有所了解）

We visited the farm last week（說明上周參觀農(nóng)場這件事）

②?如果詢問某事發(fā)生的時間、地點只能用一般過去時。如：

When did you lose your cat ?

I lost it last night.?I found it in the garden.

第三十七課時????動詞的時態(tài)（六）

教學(xué)重點

現(xiàn)在完成時（二）??過去完成時

現(xiàn)在完成時難點：

①?由since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語，它們的主句通常使用完成時態(tài)。

He has taught English since 1970.

It has been a long time since I last saw you.

②?只有在It is …since…這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句的謂語才可用一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在完成時或一般過去時。如：

It’s ten years since I left school.

It’s a long time since I saw you last.

③?表示短暫性的動詞不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，這類動詞有：

begin, ?borrow, ?buy, ?close, ?come, ?die, ?fall, ?find, ?finish, ?

join, ??kill, ????lend, ?leave, ?sell, ??start, ?stop等，如：

不能說：His father has died for three years.

只能說：His father died three years ago.

不能說：He has left home for two months.

只能說：He left home two months ago.

④?非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以表示狀態(tài)的延續(xù)?？膳cfor, since時間狀語連用。如：

I haven’t seen him for a long time.

I haven’t heard from him since he left.

She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.?

⑤?have(has) been 和have (has) gone的區(qū)別。

Have been to a place意思是“到過、去過”，表示曾到過某處，但現(xiàn)在人不在那兒；have gone to意思是“去了”，表示已經(jīng)去了某地，現(xiàn)在人可能在去的途中或已在那兒。如：

Has she ever been to Nanjing ?

You have never been there before, have you?

I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.?

總之，have been to講的是過去的情況，強(qiáng)調(diào)去過或沒有，著重于到目前為止的一個結(jié)果，而have gone to指現(xiàn)在人在不在，只用于第三人稱，不用于第一、第二人稱，不能用來代替have been to.

?

2、過去完成時

（1）過去完成時表示在過去某一時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：had + 動詞過去分詞。否定、疑問句同現(xiàn)在完成時一樣。

（2）用法

①?表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即“過去的過去”。如：

The meeting had begun when we got there.

He said he had seen the film.

②?表示某一動作在過去某一時間已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。如：

The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.

She said that she had made much progress since she came here.

第三十八課時????動詞時態(tài)的一致

教學(xué)重點

時態(tài)的一致

時態(tài)的一致主要是指在主從復(fù)合句中，主句與從句之間的時態(tài)一致通常主句的時態(tài)決定從句的時態(tài)。原則是：當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時與將來時，從句的謂語根據(jù)具體情況可以使用任何時態(tài)。但是，當(dāng)主句謂語使用過去時，從句必須使用過去時態(tài)。如下表：

教學(xué)難點

1、賓語從句和間接引語與主句的時態(tài)一致，符合上述原則。但如果賓語從句表示客觀事實和真理，即使主句謂語用過去時，從句的謂語也應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時：如：

Our teacher?told?us a little knowledge?is?dangerous

我們老師告訴我們一知半解是危險的。

He?said?that light?travels?faster than sound.

他說光傳播速度比聲音快。

2、有些形容詞后可以跟從句，這種從句?？闯少e語從句，它的主、從句時態(tài)也符合上述原則。這些形容詞有：afraid, glad, sure, sorry, certain, aware, confident, delighted, lucky, surprised, worried。如：

I’m sure?that he will succeed.

3、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句也要與主句的時態(tài)一致。如：

That is why?he was late for school.

?

例題：

1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She _______ to the station to meet Mr Brown.

A. went?B. has gone?C. has been?D. would go

2. ________ a letter from him since he left.

??A. haven’t got?B. didn’t receive?C. didn’t have?D. haven’t feel

3. When I came in, they______ games in the room.

??A. were playing?B. are playing?C. played?D. plays

4. Hurry up! The play ________ for ten minutes.

A. has begun?B. had begun?C. has been on?D. began

第三十九課時????被動語態(tài)（一）

教學(xué)重點

被動語態(tài)

在英語中，須通過動詞的某種形式來表明句子的主語是動作的執(zhí)行者還是動作的承受者，前一種句子是主動句，后一種是被動句。

英語的動詞有兩種語態(tài)形式，即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。如果主語是動作是執(zhí)行者，謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)。如果主語是動作的對象，謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)。如：

They build this school.

They school is built by them.

1、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

“助動詞 +（及物動詞的）過去分詞”構(gòu)成動詞被動語態(tài)的形式。助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為系動詞的變化完全一樣。如：

This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.（一般現(xiàn)在時）

The thief was arrested.（一般過去時）

A new road is being built outside my house.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時）

The man was being questioned by the police.（過去進(jìn)行時）

Your wallet has been found.（現(xiàn)在完成時）

By the time we got there. The work had been finished.（過去完成時）

My sister would be taken care of by grandma.（過去將來時）

Your watch will be repaired.（一般將來時）

教學(xué)難點：

在英語里，有一些動詞是不及物動詞，后面不能跟賓語，所以沒有被動語態(tài)。以下動詞只有主動語態(tài)，沒有被動語態(tài)。

appear, die, happen, fall, arrive.

2、五種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)舉例

①?一般現(xiàn)在時

A lot of books are kept in our school library.

Radio is used in everyday life.?

②?一般過去時

A thief was caught last night.

They were asked to speak at the meeting.

③?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時

A new library is being put up in their school now.

The watch is being repaired.

④?一般將來時

The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.

The thieves will be arrested.

⑤?現(xiàn)在完成時

My bag has been stolen.

Many stamps have been collected by me since last year.

3、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)

①?主動結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語。

②?主動結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。

③?主動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，組成介詞短語，放在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動詞之后。在動作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必強(qiáng)調(diào)時，by短語可以省略。

④?主動語態(tài)、被動語態(tài)兩種時態(tài)要保持一致。如：

We repaired the motor.

The motor was repaired by us.

?

?

?

?

?

第四十課時????被動語態(tài)（二）

教學(xué)重點

被動語態(tài)（二）

幾種不同形式的被動語態(tài)

（1）含有直接賓語和間接賓語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)，變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，可以將其中一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般是主動結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語，這樣句子顯得自然一些。如：

He showed me his pictures.

I was shown his pictures by him.

I was sent a birthday present (by him).

A birthday present was sent to me (by him).

（2）含有復(fù)合賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳涞姆椒ā?/p>

①?將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不動。如：

They call her little Li.?She is called little Li.

He left the door open.?The door was left open by him.

②?make, let, hear, watch, see, feel, have, notice, help等動詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式一般不帶to，可是當(dāng)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，后面的不定式必須帶to。如：

My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.

I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I was young.

③?含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，是由“情態(tài)動詞 + be +（及物動詞的）過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：

They can not find him.

He can not be found.

④?短語動詞的被動語態(tài)

一般說來，只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)，因為只有及物動詞才可能有動作的承受者。但有許多由不及物動詞加介詞及其他詞類構(gòu)成的短語動詞，相當(dāng)于及物動詞，可以有賓語，因而也可以有被動語態(tài)。但應(yīng)注意，短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體，在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語動詞的介詞或副詞。如：

They had put out the fire before the fire brigade arrived.

The fire had been put out before the fire brigade arrived.

They will set up a new public school here.

A new public school will be set up here.

You must take good care of these trees.

These trees must be taken good care of.

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被動語態(tài)的基本用法

①?不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。如：

Paper is made from wood.

The house is quite old, it was built in 1950.

He was wounded in the fight.

②?需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時。如：

Calculator can’t be used in the maths exam.

Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away.

He was awarded first prize in that contest.

③?為使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ蕉褂帽粍诱Z態(tài)，或由于修辭的需要使用被動語態(tài)使句子得以更好安排。如：

The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.

Electricity is used to run machines.