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【簡譯】霍奇卡爾科（Xochicalco）

2023-11-03 12:10 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

Xochicalco in central Mexico was an important hilltop centre from the 8th century CE and was a rival and successor of Teotihuacán. Architecture at the site is closely connected to that of the Classic Maya, Teotihuacan, and Veracruz, and contact was also established with the Mixtec Oaxaca and Zapotec civilizations. Blending these various cultural elements to create their own idiosyncratic art and architecture, the Xochicalco culture probably went on to influence the later Toltec and all subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations. The site, like many contemporary hilltop centres, was abandoned at the end of the Epiclassic period, around 900 CE. Xochicalco is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

? ? ? ? ? 從公元 8 世紀(jì)起，位于墨西哥中部的霍奇卡爾科就是一個重要的山頂中心，是特奧蒂瓦坎的競爭對手與繼承者。該遺址的建筑與古典瑪雅、特奧蒂瓦坎和韋拉克魯斯的建筑密切相關(guān)，同時還與米斯特克、瓦哈卡和薩波特克文明建立了聯(lián)系?；羝婵柨莆幕诤狭诉@些不同的文化元素，創(chuàng)造出自己獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)和建筑，很可能對后來的托爾特克文明和所有隨后中美洲文明都產(chǎn)生了影響。該遺址與許多當(dāng)代山頂中心一樣，在古典時期末期（約公元 900 年）被遺棄?；羝婵柨票宦?lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)。

早期定居點(diǎn)

Founded c. 700 CE or even before, Xochicalco, 130 km southwest of Cacaxtla and perched above the Cuernavaca Valley, was built on a hill which was re-shaped by levelling and terracing certain areas to create an acropolis of four concentric terraces. A straight path on the southern side gives access from the valley floor. Although early pottery shares many similarities to that found elsewhere in central Mexico, there seems to have been very little outside contact in later times. Any links to the Maya seem to have been via the coast settlements, and the iconography in many relief carvings at Xochicalco has a strong Mayan and Teotihuacan influence.

? ? ? ? ? 霍奇卡爾科 (Xochicalco) 建于公元 700 年左右或更早，位于卡卡克斯特拉 (Cacaxtla) 西南 130 公里處，坐落在庫埃納瓦卡山谷 (Cuernavaca Valley) 上方的一座小山上，通過平整和修筑梯田將某些區(qū)域重新塑造，形成了由四個同心梯田組成的衛(wèi)城。南側(cè)有一條筆直的小路可以從谷底進(jìn)入。雖然早期的陶器與墨西哥中部其他地方的陶器有許多相似之處，但后來似乎很少與外界接觸。與瑪雅人的任何聯(lián)系似乎都是通過沿海定居點(diǎn)進(jìn)行的，而在霍奇卡爾科的許多浮雕中，都有強(qiáng)烈的瑪雅和特奧蒂瓦坎風(fēng)格。

Xochicalco was eventually fortified and contained three distinct areas containing regular plazas, sacred precincts, paved causeways, a large pyramidal platform, and an I-shaped ball-court, all oriented along the cardinal points. The large slanted wall ball-court is located in the centre of the site, and it may be the oldest such structure in central Mexico, whilst the western platform contains a sweat-bath consisting of several rooms with benches. Another feature of the site is the presence of caves in the hillsides which were used for storage and, in one case, as an underground observatory. This latter cave has a man-made shaft to the sky, through which, on just two days in the year, the sun shines directly down into the cave.

? ? ? ? ? 霍奇卡爾科最終被筑成了防御工事，包含三個不同的區(qū)域，其中有規(guī)則廣場、圣地、鋪設(shè)的便道、一個大型金字塔平臺和一個工字形球場，所有這些都根據(jù)基點(diǎn)定向。大型斜墻球場位于遺址中心，可能是墨西哥中部最古老的此類建筑，而西部平臺上則有一個汗蒸房，由幾個帶長凳的房間組成。遺址的另一個特點(diǎn)是山坡上的洞穴，這些洞穴用于儲藏物品，其中一個洞穴還被用作地下天文站。后一個洞穴有一個人工豎井通向天空，一年中僅有兩天，陽光可以通過這個豎井直接照射到洞穴中。

建筑設(shè)計

The large open plaza with three temples is accessed by a short flight of stairs. Dominating the space is the large platform temple of Xochicalco known as the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent which was constructed sometime prior to 900 CE. It measures 19.6 m x 21 m, is aligned on an east-west access, and consists of sloping walls which create a square, roofless courtyard. There is a stepped entrance on the west side which has balustrades with carved serpents. The outer walls carry impressive decorative relief sculpture divided into rectangular scenes - larger scenes at the lower level and smaller rectangles above. All of these reliefs were originally brightly painted in red, green, yellow, blue, black and white, traces of which still remain. In the lower sections there are six writhing feathered rattle-snakes, early depictions of the creature which would appear in all forms of Mesoamerican art and be identified with the god Kukulkán or Quetzalcoatl. Between the curves of the snake sit men, each wearing an animal headdress. Each of the smaller scenes depicts glyphs and a seated warrior. Above all of these is another, smaller frieze with pairs of seated men in Maya dress separated by calendar signs which may represent a succession of Xochicalco rulers, or the figures may represent either priests or gods and each holds a sort of fan - probably an indication of their rank - and is wearing a headdress.

? ? ? ? ? 穿過一段短短的樓梯，就可以到達(dá)擁有三座神廟的大型露天廣場?；羝婵柨疲╔ochicalco）的大型平臺神廟（又稱羽蛇金字塔）占據(jù)了廣場的主要位置，該神廟建于公元 900 年之前。它占地為 19.6 米 x 21 米，東西走向，由傾斜的墻壁組成，形成一個方形的無屋頂庭院。西側(cè)有一個階梯式入口，入口處的欄桿上雕刻著蛇。外墻上的裝飾性浮雕給人留下了深刻的印象，這些浮雕分為長方形場景，下層為較大的場景，上層為較小的長方形。這些浮雕最初都用紅色、綠色、黃色、藍(lán)色、黑色和白色繪制而成，至今仍留有痕跡。下部有六條蠕動的帶羽毛的響尾蛇，這是中美洲各種藝術(shù)形式中出現(xiàn)的生物的早期形象，被認(rèn)為是庫庫爾坎神（Kukulkán）或羽蛇神（Quetzalcoatl）。蛇的曲線之間坐著人，每個人都戴著動物頭飾。每個較小的場景都描繪了石刻和一個坐著的戰(zhàn)士。在所有這些圖案的上方是另一個較小的楣飾，上面有幾對身著瑪雅服飾的男子坐著，中間用日歷符號隔開，這可能代表著霍奇卡爾科的歷代統(tǒng)治者，也可能代表著祭司或神，每個人手執(zhí)一把扇子（可能表示他們的等級）并戴著頭飾。

霍奇卡爾科的書寫系統(tǒng)

The glyphs or signs depicted on the monument, often of unidentified place names but also parts of speech, are a strange and unique combination of Aztec day signs and symbols within a Maya cartouche, whilst the numerals are similar to those used by the Zapotec. Indeed the scribes of Xochicalco may have been the first experimenters of a writing system, elements of which would become standard from the 13th century CE in Mesoamerica. The places referred to in the friezes may indicate a political association between sites or indicate places which offered tribute to Xochicalco. The glyphs also appear on three stelae found at the site. These large stone monuments are between 1.4 and 1.5 m tall, and they also carry familiar central Mexican imagery such as a jaguar-snake mask, sky bands, and the goggle-eyed and fanged rain god Tlaloc. The stelae now reside in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City.

? ? ? ? ? 紀(jì)念碑上描繪的字形或符號通常是不明地名，但也有語音部分，是阿茲特克日標(biāo)和符號在瑪雅圖案中奇特而獨(dú)特的組合，而數(shù)字則與薩波特克人使用的數(shù)字相似。事實上，霍奇卡爾科的文士們可能是最早嘗試書寫系統(tǒng)的人，從公元 13 世紀(jì)起，這種書寫系統(tǒng)的元素就成為了中美洲的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。楣板上提到的地方可能表示遺址之間的政治聯(lián)系，或者表示向霍奇卡爾科進(jìn)貢的地方。這些石刻還出現(xiàn)在該遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)的三塊石碑上。這些大型石碑高 1.4 至 1.5 米，上面也有墨西哥中部常見的圖案，如美洲豹蛇面具、天空帶和瞪大眼睛、獠牙密布的雨神特拉洛克。這些石碑現(xiàn)存于墨西哥城國家人類學(xué)博物館。