有的時(shí)候我們會(huì)收到老師關(guān)于我們寫作的內(nèi)容的反饋，像是“your essay is too descriptive你的內(nèi)容描述性太強(qiáng)”或者是“you need to show more critical analysis 你需要展示出更多的批判性分析”等。

雖然有些描述信息可能是必須的——例如你提供相關(guān)的背景信息——但大多數(shù)的學(xué)術(shù)作業(yè)要求你寫出分析性和批判性強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容。

你的導(dǎo)師想知道“你”是怎么想的

你的寫作需要展示你對(duì)證據(jù)和參考文獻(xiàn)的解釋，你是如何用那些信息證明你的論點(diǎn)，以及你在這個(gè)主題上的后續(xù)立場(chǎng)。在你的寫作中持批評(píng)態(tài)度意味著參與到你的課題領(lǐng)域的學(xué)術(shù)辯論以及研究當(dāng)中。

你選擇的資料來源，展示他們是如何同意或者不同意其他證據(jù)的方式，以及構(gòu)造你的論點(diǎn)的方式都將體現(xiàn)你的思維過程和你對(duì)讀到的信息的理解。

利用證據(jù)來加強(qiáng)你的地位

試著預(yù)測(cè)你的讀者會(huì)問什么樣的問題。你可以用證據(jù)來幫助你鞏固自己的立場(chǎng)，回答讀者的問題，并“中和”相反的觀點(diǎn)。

記住盡量少用描述性語句——不需要提供大量的背景或歷史信息。

確保你從描述轉(zhuǎn)到分析和評(píng)估——給出你對(duì)事實(shí)的解釋，解釋你所做的陳述的意義、結(jié)果和影響。

描述性寫作Descriptive VS 批判性寫作Critical writing 對(duì)比分析

描述說明發(fā)生的 VS 確定其重要性

Descriptive

"The data shows that the incidence (new cases) of asthma rates in children under 15 years old increased rapidly from 1977, peaking in 1993 and then declining, though rates still remain significantly higher than pre-1976 levels."

Critical

"The trend, from 1977 until 1993, of a rapid rise in rates of asthma diagnosis in children under 15 years, suggests that one of the causal factors was particularly prevalent during this time, but has since declined in importance or effect."

解釋理論 VS 表明相關(guān)性

Descriptive

"Carl Rogers' theory of a person-centred approach focuses on the freedom of the individual to determine what values should be used to measure successful personal outcomes or benefit, and is particularly relevant for social workers when wanting to take into account the diverse needs of the client group."

Critical

"Carl Rogers' theory of a person-centred approach is particularly suitable for social workers wanting to work with a client group with diverse needs because it allows the client to determine what values should be used to measure successful outcomes, rather than those externally determined by, for example, the service, state or dominant culture in society."

記錄使用的方法 VS 表明方法的適當(dāng)性

Descriptive

"In addition to competency-based questions, the candidates were asked to complete an in-tray exercise, which required them to allocate different priority levels to tasks, as an appropriate method to measure their likely performance in the actual job."

Critical

"In addition to competency-based questions, candidates were asked to complete an in-tray task prioritisation exercise. This was because it was considered a more effective way to measure likely performance in the actual role as the majority of the job would involve similar tasks, with little interaction with customers and therefore less requirement for highly developed communication skills."

以上就是關(guān)于Critical Thinking的介紹以及應(yīng)用，再多的理論介紹也比不上實(shí)際中的應(yīng)用，希望大家能夠在學(xué)習(xí)和工作當(dāng)中多多的應(yīng)用批判性思維，更快的適應(yīng)國(guó)外的學(xué)習(xí)和工作模式，F(xiàn)ighting！