閱讀理解基本理論

一、備考

1.體裁

考研的議論文一般都存在鮮明的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，作者的寫作目的就是為了陳述觀點(diǎn)，或表明態(tài)度。論點(diǎn)的特征是其爭(zhēng)議性，內(nèi)容包括支持或反對(duì)某一觀點(diǎn)，提倡某一思想或就某一話題表示明確的態(tài)度。文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯性強(qiáng)，段落內(nèi)部句子之間聯(lián)系緊密，段與段之間意思緊密相連，整篇文章圍繞一個(gè)中心展開，各個(gè)段落和中心意思存在某種聯(lián)系。文章內(nèi)容抽象，并且有充足的證據(jù)。

說明文大部分屬于新聞報(bào)道。其特點(diǎn)是以事實(shí)為主，觀點(diǎn)為輔，從不同方面論文某一話題。

出題者不會(huì)考慮你愛不愛讀他所選的文章，他關(guān)心的是文章的語言難度、背景難度、適不適合出題，因此所選的文章大都較枯燥，即使不枯燥，由于語言難度大，也會(huì)使你感到乏味，尤其是碰到平時(shí)不甚了解的主題。考生在閱讀心理上要自我調(diào)節(jié)，當(dāng)文章讀著費(fèi)勁，感到煩躁時(shí)，告誡自己：我在考試，文章乏味是正常的。

2.題材

主要包括廣泛關(guān)注的社會(huì)話題(注意：這里所說的社會(huì)主要不是中國(guó)，而是西方國(guó)家尤其是美、英、加、日等國(guó))，如社會(huì)生活、文化、教育等的發(fā)展問題，科技新進(jìn)展和商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)等題材。

3.語言

考研閱讀文章最明顯的特征是句子的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而且較長(zhǎng)。我們采用語言難度測(cè)試軟件對(duì)英文書刊文章進(jìn)行了分析：一篇文章的閱讀舒適度在0~100之間，難度與舒適度成反比，該數(shù)值越大文章越容易讀，越小則閱讀難度越大。教研英語文章大部分的閱讀舒適程度在10~50之間，平均為40左右，總體來說讀著費(fèi)勁，很不舒服。根據(jù)可讀性可把文章按難度分12個(gè)級(jí)別，即1~12級(jí)：1級(jí)最容易，12級(jí)最難。大多數(shù)教研閱讀文章的難度級(jí)別在7~12之間。可見如果考生能把教研文章非常順利地讀懂，再注意擴(kuò)充單詞，你的英語閱讀就有相當(dāng)?shù)乃搅?。為?jiǎn)化起見，我們用可讀性發(fā)表示閱讀舒適程度。本書所選的每個(gè)段落或每篇文章都注明這兩個(gè)指數(shù)，供考生參考。

4.與本書同時(shí)閱讀或先于本書閱讀的書籍：

報(bào)刊選讀

商業(yè)類：Business Week(商業(yè)周刊)，Economists(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家雜志)。

時(shí)事/社會(huì)問題類：Newsweek(新聞周刊)，Times(時(shí)代周刊)，The Washington Post(華成頓郵報(bào))，USA Today(今日美國(guó))，The Times(泰晤士報(bào))，The Guardian(衛(wèi)報(bào))。

科普類：National Geographic(國(guó)家地理雜志)，Scientific American(科學(xué)美國(guó)人)，Science(科學(xué)雜志)，New Scientists(新科學(xué)家)，Discovery(發(fā)現(xiàn)雜志)。

準(zhǔn)備詞匯的書

《傻哥考研詞頻歸類記憶》：傻哥編編著。

《碩士研究生入學(xué)考試星火詞匯巧記速記》：“星火考研系列”體系，青島海洋出版社出版。

準(zhǔn)備長(zhǎng)難句的書

《碩士研究生入學(xué)考試閱讀基本功——難句過關(guān)》：“考試蟲”體系，航空工業(yè)出版社出版。

二、閱讀的順序——先讀文章還是先讀題？

這個(gè)問題可以說因人而異，各有利弊。常見的有三種閱讀方法：

1) 先讀問題，讀完一題然后去文章相應(yīng)的地方找答案，看一題做一題。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：針對(duì)性強(qiáng)，閱讀時(shí)無關(guān)內(nèi)容可略過，閱讀速度快，省時(shí)間。教研閱讀題總體來看，題目的先后順序與其對(duì)應(yīng)于文章中的先后順序大致相同。但肯定有少數(shù)題目不按原文的順序出現(xiàn)。這種情況往往出現(xiàn)在下列題目上：段落大意題、個(gè)別句子題、詞匯題。缺點(diǎn)是：對(duì)文章的整體把握差。對(duì)于下列題型可能會(huì)感到無從下手：主旨題、上下文邏輯關(guān)系題、作者觀點(diǎn)/態(tài)度題、判斷推理題。

2) 通讀文章后看題，然后再回來讀有關(guān)段落。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：對(duì)文章有一個(gè)總的概念和印象。對(duì)于下列題型有利：文章主旨題、上下文邏輯關(guān)系題、作者觀點(diǎn)/態(tài)度題、判斷推理題。缺點(diǎn)是費(fèi)時(shí)間，對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)記不清楚。

3) 讀一層意思做幾道題，閱讀和做題交叉進(jìn)行。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：速度適中，對(duì)于剛讀完的內(nèi)容印象深，記憶效果好。特別當(dāng)考題集中在前面的段落時(shí)，優(yōu)越性最明顯。缺點(diǎn)是：對(duì)文章的整體理解不如第二種方法強(qiáng)。如果出題者不按文章內(nèi)容順序出題，此方法就行不通了。請(qǐng)大家試用上述三種方法做下面的的閱讀理解題。

It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.

Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”.

While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state of federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.

Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. [390 words 閱讀舒適度：46.5(非常不舒服) 難度：11.5(較難)]

1. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?

[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.

[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.

[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.

[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.

2. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to

[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products.

[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products.

[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability.

[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern.

3. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that

[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law.

[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries.

[C] product labels would eventually be discarded.

[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes.

4. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be

[A] biased. [B] indifferent. [C] puzzling. [D] objective.

答案和解析

注意：為簡(jiǎn)明起見，在本書中規(guī)定第一段用 <1 >表示，第二段用 <2 >表示，依此類推；某段中的第一句用①表示，第三句用②表示，依此類推。

1. [B]。細(xì)節(jié)題。 <1 >④⑤“幸運(yùn)的是，假如門口的擦鞋棕墊或爐灶上沒有警示語告訴你可能遭受的危害，那么就可以提起訴訟，官司打贏就可獲得賠償，以彌補(bǔ)你所遭受的損害。自20世紀(jì)80年代初以來，陪審團(tuán)成員開始認(rèn)為更多的公司應(yīng)對(duì)其顧客所遭受的不幸負(fù)法律責(zé)任?！笨梢姟笆軅南M(fèi)者可望得到法律制度的保護(hù)”正確。[A]不對(duì)，因?yàn)槲恼聸]有說“通過法律訴訟可以減輕他們所受的災(zāi)難”，災(zāi)難是無法減輕的。[C]、[D]均與文章明顯不符。

2. [C]。細(xì)節(jié)題。 <2 >①“公司感覺受到了威脅，便作出了反應(yīng)，其做法是寫出越來越長(zhǎng)的警示標(biāo)識(shí)語，力圖將種種可能發(fā)生的事故預(yù)先標(biāo)明?！笨梢姡S多廠商往往“利用標(biāo)簽避免法律方面的責(zé)任”，故[C]正確；寫標(biāo)簽并非為了“讓顧客滿意”，故[A]錯(cuò)。、[D]均與文章不符。

3. [A]。邏輯細(xì)節(jié)題。問作者在文中援引Schutt頭盔案例是何用意。作者舉這樣一個(gè)例子，肯定是為了證明自己所要表達(dá)的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。在相關(guān)的上下文中，即 <4 >①②“現(xiàn)在看來這種潮流正在轉(zhuǎn)變。盡管人身傷害索賠一如既往，但有些法庭已開始站到被告一方，特別是在那些有警示標(biāo)語可能也改變不了什么的案件中。”可見下文所舉Schutt頭盔安案例是為了表明“某些受傷索賠已得不到法律的支持”，故[A]正確。、[C]、[D]皆錯(cuò)。

4. [D]。態(tài)度題?？v觀全文，作者客觀地?cái)⑹隽藦?0年代初至今美國(guó)法律在這一問題上的態(tài)度變化，并沒有表明自己的主觀意圖，因此，作者的態(tài)度是不偏不倚的是，是“客觀的”，故[D]正確。[A]“有偏見的”；“冷漠的”；[C]“令人迷惑的”，皆不正確。

三、如何在文章中做記號(hào)

善于閱讀的人往往在文章的某些句子或詞語下面劃線，表示重要，以便以后查找方便。實(shí)踐證明，這種方法在考試中是非常有效的。因?yàn)橥ㄟ^標(biāo)出重點(diǎn)，你的閱讀更活躍，思維更積極，注意力集中，減少大腦“走私”?？佳形恼螺^長(zhǎng)(450詞左右)，考生很難記住所有的內(nèi)容，甚至段落大意都可能忘記，而考題只有五個(gè)，不可能所有的句子都重要，都被考到。實(shí)際上看懂大部分句子就可以了。對(duì)主要句子，如表達(dá)中心思想、段落大意的句子，應(yīng)該標(biāo)出并重點(diǎn)閱讀。

1． 文章主旨句

主旨句也就是中心思想句，通常在第一段，可以是第一句，也可能是最后一句，據(jù)有人統(tǒng)計(jì)位于最后一句的幾率高于第一句。主旨句偶爾出現(xiàn)在末段，有的主旨句甚至是文章中間某段中的某句。主旨句的特點(diǎn)是：

1)是作者的觀點(diǎn)(不是他人的觀點(diǎn)，不是描寫/說明，也不是事實(shí))。

2)該觀點(diǎn)可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者對(duì)他人觀點(diǎn)的批駁。

3)作者的觀點(diǎn)只能有一個(gè)，其他的內(nèi)容都起說明/論證作用。

4)主旨句具有歸納性、概括性、抽象性的特點(diǎn)。

5)常常結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜(命題者有意安排所致)。

例1

An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. (可讀性：33 難度：12級(jí))

①是說明句，交代背景“計(jì)算機(jī)走進(jìn)課堂的支持者有兩派，這兩派之間的界限是無形的?！雹谑侵髦季洌f明主題——兩派之間的這種差異說明“計(jì)算機(jī)走進(jìn)課堂的運(yùn)動(dòng)”本質(zhì)上是錯(cuò)誤的。

例2

Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. (可讀性：58.5 難度: 8.7級(jí))

①引出話題“巨型水壩”。②解釋修水壩的原因。③轉(zhuǎn)折。④是主旨句“一些巨型水壩弊大于利。”

例3

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. (可讀性：45 難度：10.9級(jí))

①引出話題“超常兒童”。②是主旨句“為了充分發(fā)展超常兒童的潛力，對(duì)他們的教育必須適應(yīng)他們的特點(diǎn)”。

例4

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of . It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.

And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an srticle consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it claimed for it ,and that it represents good value.

Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.

There is one more point feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.

If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.(360 words 可讀性：49.8 難度：11.5級(jí))

文章話題是廣告。這篇文章主旨句顯然不在第一段，而是在第三段。該段是前兩段的內(nèi)容的總結(jié)：廣告是帶來前所未有的物質(zhì)上的好處的力量。后兩段(4、5段)話題為與他人爭(zhēng)辯廣告的勸說作用，認(rèn)為廣告就是要?jiǎng)窳砣速?gòu)買。

2． 段落主題句(TOPIC SENTENCE)

除了標(biāo)出篇章的主旨句外，標(biāo)出各段的主題句同樣重要。每一段都有一個(gè)段的中心句，也有人叫它段落大意句、段中心思想句等等。主題句是考試重點(diǎn)，很多題目都是圍繞著段中心設(shè)計(jì)的。確定主題句不僅有利于確定文章主旨，還有利讀懂細(xì)節(jié)題，因此主題句的確定是閱讀的關(guān)鍵。

主題句的特點(diǎn)：1)通常是第一句話，偶爾是最后一句，段中少見。2)是觀點(diǎn)(不是描寫/說明、不是事實(shí))?？赡苁亲髡叩挠^點(diǎn)，也可能是他人的觀點(diǎn)。3)該觀點(diǎn)可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者認(rèn)為其他人的觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的/偏激的等等。4)作者的觀點(diǎn)只能有一個(gè)。主題句只能有一個(gè)，其他的內(nèi)容都起說明/論證作用。5)具有歸納性、概括性、抽象性等特點(diǎn)。

例1

And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. (可讀性：68.6 難度：7.8級(jí))

Q：What is the myth concerning giant dams?

[A] They bring in more fertile soil.

[B] They help defend the country.

[C] They strengthen international ties.

[D] They have universal control of the waters.

解析：主題句為①“控制該河段水域的神話依然繼續(xù)著?！毕旅娴木渥邮莾蓚€(gè)個(gè)體例子說明主題句。所以[D]“他們有對(duì)河流水域的完全控制權(quán)”正確。

例2

You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old ,sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it , to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N.B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of?problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also,the most rare. (可讀性：51.4 難度：11.1級(jí))

1. In the paragraph, the author tells us that

[A] difficulties are part of everyone’s life.

[B] depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life.

[C] everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances.

[D] good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence.

2. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?

[A] Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.

[B] Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.

[C] Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N.B.D.’S.

[D] Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.

分析：①為主題句“知道如何面對(duì)逆境才是真正的聰明人?！雹趡⑦支持主題句：②③④⑤說“對(duì)于所有人來說困難和矛盾是人生的不可避免的一部分”。⑥但有些人成功地避免了不幸，而有些人卻精神崩潰。⑦重申主題句?！澳切┱J(rèn)識(shí)到困難是人生必然存在的事物，不以有無困難來衡量愉快與否，是最聰明的人，也是很罕見的人?！贝鸢福?.[A] 2.[B]

3． 題干與選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞

仔細(xì)讀考題，從考題中找出關(guān)鍵詞，目的是確定考的是什么，考文章中的哪一段、哪一句。常見的關(guān)鍵詞包括題干中重要的普通名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~，形容詞、副詞的最高級(jí)，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中相同、相近詞或者相關(guān)內(nèi)容。在這些關(guān)鍵詞的指引下尋找對(duì)應(yīng)的句子或段落。有的時(shí)候關(guān)鍵詞可以是各種詞類，非常隱蔽，需要非常細(xì)心才能找到。

例1

“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But ,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”(可讀性：57.3 難度：9.6)

Q: The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to

[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade.

[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright.

[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years.

[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered.(實(shí)考試題)

解析：Pasteur是關(guān)鍵詞，在文章中先找到Pasteur很容易，這樣就確定了所考的段落。由于篇幅所限，本文沒有引證所有的段落(請(qǐng)參看1994年全國(guó)統(tǒng)考試題Passage4)?？v讀全文，大家會(huì)進(jìn)一步體會(huì)到這種方法的好處的。正確理解提到Pasteur的相關(guān)句子便可知道：治愈癌癥還要等很多年。所以答案是[D]。

例2

Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and one fourth the greenhouse gases. They take a similar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to global climatic change. (可讀性：47.47 難度：12級(jí))

Q：From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will

[A] consume half of the oil produced in the world.

[B] have serious consequences for the well-being of all nations.

[C] widen the gap between the developed and developing countries.

[D] impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities.

解析：關(guān)鍵詞是increased use of cars, 并且和③中vehicle use continues to increase相呼應(yīng)，確定考點(diǎn)在此句。③“美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家將不得不做出選擇，或者處理這些問題，或者面臨不堪設(shè)想的經(jīng)濟(jì)、健康以及政治后果?！笨梢姶鸢笧閇B]。

四、正確選項(xiàng)和錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

出題者命題碰到的第一個(gè)問題是選材。文章的來源決不可能是學(xué)生學(xué)過的教材，或者市場(chǎng)上出售的教輔和模擬題。他們要從考生不易得到的、不熟悉的、不經(jīng)常讀的材料中選擇。這些材料包括英語國(guó)家的報(bào)刊雜志，以及眾多的普通讀物。命題要考慮到文章要有一定的難度，對(duì)于話題考生不能太陌生，當(dāng)然太熟悉也不行。文章要有一定的完整性，即使是從一篇長(zhǎng)文章摘下來的一部分，其本身也要相對(duì)獨(dú)立，要有中心思想等。然后就是確定題眼(考點(diǎn))，一篇文章只考5道題，不可能所有內(nèi)容都考，這就要確定考什么。總的原則是文章哪里難就考哪。特別是中國(guó)學(xué)生不易理解之處就可能成為考點(diǎn)。?？嫉陌ㄩL(zhǎng)難句的理解、邏輯推測(cè)能力以及段落或文章的中心思想等?？键c(diǎn)確定之后，就是寫解和設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)。兩者的特點(diǎn)如下：

1． 正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

設(shè)置正確選項(xiàng)(解)的一個(gè)常用方法就是同義替換或釋義(paraphrase)，即把文中語言改頭換面，運(yùn)用與原文不同的結(jié)構(gòu)、不同的詞匯，來表達(dá)相同或類似的意思。常見的形式有：

1)正確選項(xiàng)大量使用原文的同義詞或同義結(jié)構(gòu)

例1

Useful as half-sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. (可讀性：56.8 難度：10.1)

Q：While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to

[A] alert themselves to the approaching enemy.

[B] emerge from water now and then to breathe.

[C] be sensitive to the ever-changing environment.

[D] avoid being swept away by rapid currents.(實(shí)考試題)

解析：解是②的改寫，原文和答案詞匯比較如下：

答案中的詞匯實(shí)際上是文中詞匯的英語釋義。答案是[B]。

例2

We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. (可讀性：42.4 難度：12級(jí))

Q：Physical dependence on certain substances results from

[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time.

[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes.

[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases.

[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms.(實(shí)考試題)

解析：解是④的改寫，原文和答案詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)比較如下：

解中詞匯比文中詞匯難而且長(zhǎng)。答案是[A]。

例3

There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. (可讀性：37.8 難度：12級(jí))

Q：The official statistics on productivity growth

[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle.

[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation.

[C] meet the expectation of business people.

[D] fail to reflect the true of economy.

解析：原文和答案詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)比較如下：

答案詞匯比文中詞匯簡(jiǎn)單，主要考查對(duì)原文詞匯是否真正理解了。答案是[B]。

2)正確選項(xiàng)頻繁使用原文的反義詞加上反義結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)與原文相同的意思，如：

He is old. He is no longer young. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)一個(gè)是肯定形式，一個(gè)是否定形式，考查考生對(duì)這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。

例

Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he con speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. (可讀性：73.2 難度：8.0級(jí))

Q：If a child starts to speak later than others, he will

[A] have a high IQ.

[B] be less intelligent.

[C] be insensitive to verbal signals.

[D] not necessarily be backward.(實(shí)考試題)

解析：解是①后半句雙重否定的改寫，原文和答案詞匯比較如下：

答案是[D]?

3)正確選項(xiàng)是原文的總體或局部

總體和局部(或稱一般和特殊)的關(guān)系主要表現(xiàn)為：一般是特殊的總和，特殊為一般的屬性。這種題型考查類比推理能力。

例

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. (可讀性：51.9 難度：11.6級(jí))

Q: A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when

[A] he has given up his smoking habit.

[B] he has made great efforts in his work.

[C] he is keen on learning anything new.

[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey. (實(shí)考試題)

解析：題干中g(shù)enerally是關(guān)鍵詞，與②中g(shù)enerally相對(duì)。②：“人們通常認(rèn)為個(gè)人的成長(zhǎng)是外在的成果或產(chǎn)物，是容易辨別和衡量的”，正確答案必須符合“外在”、“易辨別和衡量”這兩個(gè)一般特征。[A]“當(dāng)一個(gè)人戒了煙”，煙戒了是一種易辨別的、外在的“成果”，與“升職”等相似，屬于特殊的情況。故[A]正確。?