英文原作（譯）者：tank?Archives的Peter,2019/3/30星期六

https://www.tankarchives.ca/2019/03/modernization-on-paper.html

俄文原作者：Yuri Pasholok,2018/6/11

https://warspot.ru/12111-modernizatsiya-na-bumage

個(gè)人授權(quán)翻譯

這位老兄【指英文作（譯）者】寫了很多二戰(zhàn)坦克的文章，還出了書，確定不去看看嗎？

Modernization on Paper?活在圖紙中的現(xiàn)代化改造案

Technical progress moves in giant leaps during large wars. This rule applied to nearly all types of weapons and armament during WWII, including tanks. Every year of war raised the bar of requirements, and even the newest fighting machines quickly became outdated.

大戰(zhàn)總是會(huì)導(dǎo)致技術(shù)進(jìn)步，這條適用于包括坦克在內(nèi)的幾乎所有二戰(zhàn)中的武器。年復(fù)一年的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在不斷提高對(duì)裝備的要求，即使是最新式的武器也往往會(huì)在不久后變得過(guò)時(shí)。

The heavy IS-1 tank was created as a response to the Tiger, but was obsolete by the time it entered production. The IS-2 that came to replace it had a much more powerful gun, but it too would need to be replaced soon. Today let us remember the tanks that were supposed to replace the IS-2 in 1944. Not a single one was ever built in metal, but work on these projects resulted in the creation of the IS-2 with straight upper front hull armour and the IS-3.

IS-1重型坦克是作為對(duì)虎式坦克的回應(yīng)而誕生的，但它早在投產(chǎn)之時(shí)便已經(jīng)落伍了。結(jié)果，鳥槍換炮的IS-2出現(xiàn)了，但它遲早也會(huì)淪落到需要被替換的一天。今天，讓我們來(lái)康康那些計(jì)劃在1944年取代IS-2的方案。這些方案全部都頂多只有木制模型，但這些方案最終催生了擁有一體式首上的IS-2以及IS-3。

Grassroots initiative基層之聲

The first battles of the IS-1 tank showed that the armour of new Soviet heavy tanks does not entirely meet the modern requirements for battle. On February 19th, 1944, tanks of the 13th Guards Heavy tank Regiment came under fire from Panther tanks. The front armour of the IS-1, built to withstand fire of the 88 mm KwK 36, could be penetrated by the 75 mm KwK 42. Two tanks burned up and three more were knocked out.

IS-1坦克的首戰(zhàn)表明，這種蘇聯(lián)新重型坦克的裝甲并不能很好的適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境的需要。在1944年2月19日，第13近衛(wèi)重型坦克團(tuán)的IS-1遭到了黑豹坦克的攻擊。本應(yīng)能承受Kwk 36 88mm炮攻擊的IS-1正面裝甲居然被Kwk 42 75mm炮輕易洞穿，導(dǎo)致2輛坦克起火，另有3輛坦克被擊毀。

Casting defects played a role in this result, but the main reason was that the armour was simply insufficient. This was the conclusion reached by Engineer-Major A.I. Shamin, senior assistant to the Chief of the NIBT Proving Grounds Experimental Department, who was attached to the 13th Guards Heavy tank Regiment. He critiqued the shape of the front hull. The "step" in the armour and driver's vision port weakened the armour. Shamin's conclusions were included in the general conclusions to NIBT trials of IS-1 and IS-2 tanks built in January-February 1941. The first point in the summary was "the armour protection of the turret and front hull does not match the power of the tank's armament".

這個(gè)結(jié)果的部分原因應(yīng)“歸功”于鑄造裝甲的缺陷，但最大的問(wèn)題還是單純的厚度不夠。該結(jié)論由少校工程師A·I·沙明得出（他還是NIBT試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)部主任的高級(jí)助理，并隸屬于第13近衛(wèi)重型坦克團(tuán)）。他抨擊了階梯型的首上，認(rèn)為這樣的首上形狀和駕駛員窗口嚴(yán)重削弱了防護(hù)。沙明的建議被放進(jìn)了NIBT對(duì)于1944年【譯注：俄語(yǔ)原文是1944年，英版翻譯有誤】1月至2月間生產(chǎn)的IS-1和IS-2坦克的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論中。報(bào)告總結(jié)的第一條便是：“該車的防護(hù)水平完全不能于其強(qiáng)大的火力相匹配”。

A proposal was made to improve protection of the hull and turret by improving the slope and quality of the armour. The T-34's hull shape was taken as a starting point. The NIBT proving grounds proposed changing the upper front hull armour. The thickness would remain at 120 mm, but the armour would be rolled, and the angle would be 30 degrees from horizontal. This would offer reliable protection from the 88 mm Pak 43 L/71 gun used on the Ferdinand tank destroyer. The designers considered the trials of this tank and another trophy from the Battle of Kursk, the Panther. Its 80 mm plate angled at 35 degrees from horizontal offered better protection than the IS-2's "step". The 85 mm gun couldn't penetrate this armour at point blank range, and the Panther itself could penetrate it at only 200 meters.

一個(gè)通過(guò)改善裝甲質(zhì)量和增大傾斜角度來(lái)提升車體和炮塔的防護(hù)的方案被提出。NIBT提出要參考T-34首上的形狀，在厚度保持為120mm不變的情況下將水平角度降至30°，這樣便可以在面對(duì)斐迪南坦克殲擊車上的Pak 43 88mm火炮時(shí)有效保護(hù)坦克。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)師還參考了另一個(gè)庫(kù)爾斯克戰(zhàn)役中繳獲的戰(zhàn)利品——豹式D型坦克，其80mm厚的裝甲與水平面成35度角【譯注：應(yīng)為垂直面而非水平面，而且參加庫(kù)爾斯克戰(zhàn)役的豹式D型首上只有60mm厚，80mm是后續(xù)的豹A和豹G的厚度，因此該黑豹可能既不是繳獲自庫(kù)爾斯克戰(zhàn)役，又不是D型】，提供的防護(hù)效果遠(yuǎn)好于IS-2的階梯式首上。85mm炮即使在近距離也無(wú)法擊穿，而就算是黑豹自身也需要靠近到200m以內(nèi)才能將其擊穿。

The results of firing on the Panther with a Pak 43 installed in a Hornisse SPG were also interesting. At a range of 600 meters the shell knocked out a 300x250 mm fragment and ricocheted.

用犀牛上的Pak 43射擊豹式D型的測(cè)試結(jié)果也很有趣。在600m距離上，炮彈打出了一塊300x250mm的破片并跳彈了。

The NIBT proving grounds specialists also proposed improving the side armour. The thickness was reduced from 90 to 75 mm, but rolled plates installed at 45 degrees would be used. The proposal also included increasing the front turret armour to 200 mm and the sides of the turret to 150 mm. The list of improvements also included replacing the 122 mm D-25 gun with a 100 mm gun that had a higher rate of fire. All of these proposals were grassroots initiatives.

NIBT試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)的專家還建議將側(cè)裝甲從90mm削減至75mm，但把傾斜角度改為45°并使用軋制鋼板。此外他們還建議將炮塔正側(cè)面裝甲分別增至200mm和150mm厚，以及用射速更高的100mm炮取代122mm炮。所有的這些建議均來(lái)自基層。

From each according to ability各顯神通

Precursor work to modernizing the IS series of tanks began in the summer-fall of 1943. Initially, the armament was the only thing that was improved. Work was aimed in three directions:

對(duì)IS系列坦克現(xiàn)代化改造的前期工作始于1943年的夏秋之交。最初，該項(xiàng)目只包括武備的更換，有三條發(fā)展路線：

1.?Improving the firepower of the 85 mm gun提升85mm炮的火力

2.?Improving the firepower of the 122 mm gun提升122mm炮的火力

3.?Creating tank and SPG 100 mm guns新建使用100mm炮的坦克和自行火炮

In the first and third case, the work reached the prototype stage.

其中的第一項(xiàng)和第三項(xiàng)進(jìn)度到了原型車階段。

More radical improvements to the tank's characteristics were also suggested. A draft report by Major-General Fedorenko to Stalin dated September 5th, 1943, contained a suggestion to increase protection of the IS-2 tank at the cost of raising the weight to 55-60 tons. This proposal was crossed out, but nature abhors a vacuum.?

他們還建議徹底更新坦克的特性。費(fèi)多連科少將在1943年9月5日給斯大林提交了一份報(bào)告，建議將IS-2坦克的噸位增至55至60噸以大幅增強(qiáng)其防護(hù)能力。該方案被槍斃，但這一“生態(tài)真空”不可能永遠(yuǎn)持續(xù)下去。

On September 28th, 1943, factory #627 proposed the TET heavy tank project with an electric transmission. The first variant weighed 50-52 tons, its front armour reached 150 mm, and its top speed was 35 kph. The A-19 gun (meaning the D-25) would be its main armament. The second variant was even more monstrous: its mass was 64-66 tons and it had 180 mm of front armour.

1943年9月28日，627號(hào)廠提出了電傳動(dòng)的TET重型坦克方案。第一版重52至54噸，正面裝甲厚150mm，最高速度35km/h，主炮采用A-19火炮（也就是后來(lái)的D-25）；第二版甚至更離譜：重64至66噸，正面裝甲180mm。

The GBTU composed requirements for a new heavy tank in late November of 1944. The mass would be 55 tons. Its crew would consist of 5 men. The front of the hull armour would be 200 mm, front of the turret would be 160 mm. The tank would either be armed with a 122 mm gun or 152 mm gun-howitzer. An 800-1000 hp engine would propel this monster. The transmission would be in the front. A planetary gearbox would be used. An electrical transmission was considered, but work never progressed past the draft stage.

裝甲兵總局（GBTU）在1943年11月下旬【譯注：從下文來(lái)看，該指標(biāo)應(yīng)該是在1943年11月提出的，而俄語(yǔ)原文也寫的是1943年，英語(yǔ)作者寫44年是筆誤】提出了新重型坦克的技術(shù)指標(biāo)：總重55噸，5人車組，車體正面厚200mm、炮塔160mm，配備一門122mm炮或152mm榴彈炮，引擎動(dòng)力為800至1000馬力，前驅(qū)、考慮使用電傳動(dòng)。這一怪物最終沒有活過(guò)草案階段。

A tendency to split work evolved out of the escalating rivalry between factory #100 and ChKZ. ChKZ's SKB-2 design bureau began working on a new heavy tank in the summer of 1943, which in many ways matched the aforementioned requirements for a heavy tank. unlike the KV-85 modernization, for which Zaltsmann and Makhonin received a dressing down from Malyshev, the People's Commissar of tank Production approved this initiative. The 56 ton "K tank" turned into the Object 701. This defined two different approaches: replacement of the IS-2 and its modernization.

隨著100號(hào)廠和車?yán)镅刨e斯克廠【譯注：Челябинский Кировский Завод?或ChKZ，即車?yán)镅刨e斯克基洛夫工廠】之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)趨于白熱化，兩家開始趨向于各搞各的，車?yán)镅刨e斯克廠的SKB-2設(shè)計(jì)局于1943年夏開始研究一款新型重型坦克，它在許多方面都符合上一段中對(duì)新重型坦克的要求。與KV-85的現(xiàn)代化不同，薩爾茨曼和馬霍寧都遭到了馬雷舍夫的批評(píng)，而坦克生產(chǎn)人民委員會(huì)則批準(zhǔn)了這一舉措。這樣一來(lái)，56噸的“K坦克”搖身一變成了701工程。因此，出現(xiàn)了兩條路線：搞一個(gè)取代IS-2的坦克以及對(duì)IS-2進(jìn)行現(xiàn)代化改造。

This split was one of a few strange occurrences that took place in 1944 in Chelyabinsk. GKO decree #5582ss "On the production of a new heavy tank at the Kirov factory" signed on April 8th signalled an escalation of the situation. It describes the production of two experimental Object 701 tanks, but the third item of the document mentions a completely different vehicle.

這次分裂可以說(shuō)是1944年車?yán)镅刨e斯克廠少有的怪事之一。國(guó)防部在4月28日簽署了5582ss號(hào)“關(guān)于在基洛夫工廠生產(chǎn)新型重型坦克”的法令標(biāo)志著事件的進(jìn)一步升級(jí)。它描述了兩輛701工程的實(shí)驗(yàn)型號(hào)的生產(chǎn)，但文件的第三項(xiàng)還提到了一款完全不同的坦克。

"The NKTP (comrade Malyshev), director of the Kirov factory (comrade Zaltsmann), and chief engineer comrade Kotin must concentrate their attention on the improvement of the design and quality of the IS tanks and SPGs.

Within 3 months, perform the necessary work on increasing the IS tanks' armour protection, improvement of the transmission and suspension, using experience from new heavy tanks for modernization of the IS. "

“重工業(yè)人民委員部（馬雷舍夫同志）、基洛夫工廠廠長(zhǎng)（薩爾茨曼同志）、總工程師科京同志必須專注于改進(jìn)IS坦克和自行火炮的設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量問(wèn)題。

在3個(gè)月內(nèi)，通過(guò)必要的工作，增厚IS坦克的防護(hù)，改進(jìn)其傳動(dòng)和懸掛系統(tǒng)，用在設(shè)計(jì)新坦克時(shí)獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)改進(jìn)IS坦克。”

This decree morphed into NKTP order #226ss signed on April 13th, 1944. The requirements for a deep modernization of the IS-2 were finally formed by May 19th, 1944. The list of improvements numbered 20 items. Some of them were based on the Object 701. The radiators, cooling system linkage, turret traverse mechanism, and turret ring design were taken from this tank.?The front hull, 90 mm rolled armour or 100 mm cast, was based on the front armour of the Object 701. The turret design was also based on this tank: the commander's cupola and mechanism for extracting the gun through a hatch in the roof were the same. The exhaust pipes were moved to the rear plate, like on the T-34. This solution fully prevented exhaust fumes from entering the air intakes.

該法令最終演變?yōu)橹毓I(yè)人民委員部在1944年4月13日簽發(fā)的226ss號(hào)命令。對(duì)IS-2進(jìn)行深度現(xiàn)代化改造的指標(biāo)最終在同年5月19日被確定下來(lái)。改進(jìn)清單多達(dá)20項(xiàng)，其中一些來(lái)自701工程：散熱器、冷卻系統(tǒng)連桿、炮塔旋轉(zhuǎn)系統(tǒng)、炮塔座圈。車體正面（90mm軋制裝甲或100mm鑄造裝甲）也基于701工程。還有炮塔：車長(zhǎng)指揮塔和通過(guò)炮塔頂部艙口取出火炮的機(jī)構(gòu)是相同的。排氣管如T-34一般被移到了車尾，以杜絕廢氣涌入進(jìn)氣口。

Interestingly enough, the design of this modernization was expedited not by ChKZ, but by factory #100. A draft project of the modernization of the IS-2 designed at this factory was presented on April 18th. The modernized tank weighed 46-47 tons. The hull was completely redone. Its shape was more reminiscent of a flying saucer. The hatch in the front of the hull was removed. The front and side armour was 120 mm thick. The turret, whose front was now 150 mm thick, was also radically redesigned.

有趣的是，這種現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程卻是由100號(hào)廠，而非車?yán)镅刨e斯克廠來(lái)推動(dòng)的。該廠設(shè)計(jì)的IS-2現(xiàn)代化改造方案遞交于4月18日。改造后的坦克全重46至47噸，車體被完全重做且看起來(lái)更像飛碟。車體正側(cè)面的裝甲厚達(dá)120mm，前部的艙口也被移除。炮塔則進(jìn)行了全面的重新設(shè)計(jì)，正面厚達(dá)150mm。

The suspension was also altered. The tank was supposed to receive large diameter road wheels. The armament consisted of either a D-25T or a D-10T gun. A coaxial GVG (future SG-43) machinegun was used instead of a DT. No details on the engine or transmission are known, but two types of planetary transmissions were tested in early 1944: one designed at the Bauman Technical University, one desigend at factory #100. The engine is not known, but the fact that the tank's top speed was 50 kph hints at the fact that it would not have been a V-2-IS.

坦克的懸掛也進(jìn)行了修改，他們準(zhǔn)備為其換上更大直徑的負(fù)重輪。武備方面則同時(shí)考慮了D-25和D-10火炮，同軸機(jī)槍則為GVG機(jī)槍（即后來(lái)的SG-43），以取代DT機(jī)槍。對(duì)于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或變速器的改進(jìn)則語(yǔ)焉不詳，但已知在1944年年初測(cè)試了兩種行星變速器：一種來(lái)自鮑曼技術(shù)大學(xué)，另一種則來(lái)自100號(hào)廠。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào)未知，但從其最高時(shí)速50km的表現(xiàn)來(lái)看，這絕不可能是V2-I-S。

This project was not the only modernization developed at factory #100. Requirements for a heavy tank approved in November of 1943 were not forgotten. Revised requirements were introduced on March 22nd, 1944, which set the mass at 55-56 tons. The numbers for armour thickness were gone: the requirement was now only to protect the tank from the guns of the Tiger, Panther, and Ferdinand. The side armour would have to be immune at a range of 500 meters or greater. The tank would be armed with a 122 mm gun with a muzzle velocity of 1000 m/s and carry 30-40 rounds of ammunition. A 1000 hp engine would give the tank a top speed of 40 kph, or 24-26 kph on a dirt road. The tank would be equipped with an electrical or mechanical transmission. In the case of the latter, a 6-speed planetary gearbox with a 2-stage turning mechanism would be used.

該項(xiàng)目并不是100號(hào)廠唯一一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化改進(jìn)項(xiàng)目，他們并沒有忘記1943年11月的那個(gè)重型坦克指標(biāo)。1944年3月22日，指標(biāo)被修改了：車重55至56噸；裝甲厚度不限，但其必須能夠免遭虎式、黑豹或斐迪南擊穿（側(cè)面要做到在500m外免疫這三種火炮的攻擊）；主炮使用一門初速達(dá)到1000m/s的122mm火炮，備彈量30至40發(fā)；引擎動(dòng)力為1000馬力，最大速度為40km/h，最大越野速度為24至26km/h；傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)既可選用機(jī)傳，也可使用電傳，如果要用機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的話，將搭配上帶二級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)的六速行星齒輪變速箱。

These requirements were realized in the draft project designed under the direction of N.F. Shashmurin. The tank had a turret in the rear. The hull housed the driver and radio operator. The design of the turret, suspension, and partially the hull were used as starting points for the development of a less radical modernization of the IS-2.

這些需求在N·F·沙什姆林的主持下在設(shè)計(jì)圖上成真了。坦克的炮塔后置把杠二玩明白了屬實(shí)是，駕駛員和機(jī)電員位于車體。該方案的炮塔、懸掛和部分車體的設(shè)計(jì)被用作不那么激進(jìn)的IS-2現(xiàn)代化改造方案的起點(diǎn)。

The draft project that is sometimes called IS-2M was proposed in early April of 1944. It was forgotten quite quickly, but the 46 ton IS-2 modernization reached the wooden scale model stage. The development of the modernization ended here.

這一方案（有時(shí)被稱作IS-2M）于1944年四月初被提出【譯注：不要跟50年代末的IS-2M搞混】，并被迅速遺忘，但46噸級(jí)的IS-2現(xiàn)代化改造方案已經(jīng)進(jìn)到了木制模型階段，并且將永遠(yuǎn)的止步于此。

In April of 1944 factory #100 also began working on a new heavy tank project known as the IS-6. It was done in strict secrecy, and even some members of the factory management were unaware of its existence. The military representative at factory #100 even sent an official complaint to the GBTU. Work on the IS-6 incorporated elements of the modernized IS-2 project, and spelled doom for both the 46 ton IS-2 and Shashmurin's tank.

在1944年4月，100號(hào)廠開始了另一項(xiàng)重型坦克項(xiàng)目，即IS-6。該車的設(shè)計(jì)在高度保密中進(jìn)行，就連一些工程管理層的成員都對(duì)其的存在一無(wú)所知，該廠的軍方代表還為此向裝甲兵總局進(jìn)行了正式的投訴。IS-6的設(shè)計(jì)工作中含有不少IS-2現(xiàn)代化改造方案中的元素，這也為沙什姆林的坦克帶來(lái)了滅頂之災(zāi)。

However, the situation remained odd. ChKZ and its neighbours were working on not only two brand new tanks, but two types of IS-2 modernization: large and small scale.

詭異的情況仍在持續(xù)。車?yán)镅刨e斯克廠及其鄰居不僅在開發(fā)兩種全新的坦克，還在同時(shí)推進(jìn)一大一小兩種IS-2的現(xiàn)代化改造方案。

The situation with the engine is also worth mentioning. An order was given to increase the power of the V-2-IS engine back in 1943. A more powerful engine was also designed for the Object 701. Work in this direction moved far past requirements and draft projects. Three engines were designed based on the V-2: the V-11 by factory #75, V-14 by factory #76, and V-16 by factory #77. Of those, only the V-11 was mass produced, and even then only in 1945. Instead of the required 700 hp, it produced the same 520 hp as the V-2-IS.

引擎的情況也值得一提。早在1943年上面便要求增強(qiáng)V-2-IS引擎的動(dòng)力。一臺(tái)更強(qiáng)大的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)被設(shè)計(jì)給了701工程。該方向的開發(fā)進(jìn)度也將設(shè)計(jì)指標(biāo)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地拋在了后面，并產(chǎn)生了三臺(tái)不同的成果：75號(hào)廠的V-11、76號(hào)廠的V-14和77號(hào)廠的V-16。在其中，只有V-11在1945年這唯一一年被大規(guī)模量產(chǎn)，但其輸出功率與V-2-IS一致，只有520馬力而非要求的700馬力

The Kazakh Agricultural Institute (Alma-Ata) developed another engine for the IS-2, a very unique one. A steam engine, originally meant for the KV, took too long to develop, and was later designed for the IS. This development was discussed several times, and two variants with different dimensions were proposed. The engine was never produced, even though the funds for it were allocated several times.

哈薩克斯坦農(nóng)業(yè)研究所（阿拉木圖）為IS-2研發(fā)了另一種獨(dú)特的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)——一款蒸汽機(jī)，本是為KV坦克設(shè)計(jì)的，但開發(fā)的時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)，便轉(zhuǎn)為IS坦克所用。該方案被一再討論，并提出了兩種尺寸不同的型號(hào)。盡管為其多次注資，但該發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)卻從未投入生產(chǎn)。

Beefing up the archives匿于檔海

While factory #100 had enough time to develop and subsequently abandon its own IS-2 modernization project, ChKZ's SKB-2 had its own issues. For starters, they had to improve the design of the tank while its production was ramping up. Don't forget that the development of the Object 701 also had high priority. GKO decree #5583ss created a special group of 25-30 engineers and 10-15 technologists at the factory, whose job was the support and production of new heavy tanks. It's not surprising that the large scale modernization of the IS-2 was considered secondary. Only three months were allocated to this task.

100號(hào)廠有足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)開發(fā)并放棄其IS-2改造方案，但車?yán)镅刨e斯克廠的SKB-2局卻有著自己的問(wèn)題。首先，他們必須在設(shè)計(jì)新坦克的同時(shí)保證現(xiàn)有坦克的增產(chǎn)——?jiǎng)e忘了701工程的開發(fā)一樣有著很高的優(yōu)先級(jí)。國(guó)防部5583ss號(hào)命令使得工廠組建了一支由25至30名工程師和10至15名技術(shù)人員組成的特殊小組，他們的任務(wù)是支持新重型坦克的生產(chǎn)。而IS-2的改進(jìn)則被認(rèn)為是次要的，這并不奇怪，因?yàn)樯霞?jí)只給了他們3個(gè)月的時(shí)間來(lái)處理此事。

Full fledged work on a large scale modernization of the IS-2 began only in the summer of 1944. This didn't stop the designers from reusing a number of solutions on the production tank. The most important was the introduction of a straight upper front hull section in August of 1944. The minimal distance at which the Pak 43 could penetrate the UZTM production welded hull increased to 575 meters, and the cast 100 mm front could only be penetrated at 255 meters. A downside was the reduced visibility from the driver's station and the weak spot formed by the Object 701 type observation device, but there were more advantages than drawbacks.

對(duì)IS-2的大規(guī)模改進(jìn)工程僅在1944年持續(xù)了一個(gè)夏天，但這并未阻攔設(shè)計(jì)師們?cè)谔箍说纳a(chǎn)上重復(fù)使用許多解決方案，其中最重要的一點(diǎn)是一體式首上。這樣一來(lái)，由烏拉爾廠【譯注：Uralmash或UZTM，即烏拉爾機(jī)械廠】生產(chǎn)的鑄造型首上車體對(duì)Pak 43的免疫距離增至575m，而100mm的軋制首上免疫距離更是達(dá)到了255m，帶來(lái)的缺點(diǎn)是駕駛員視界縮小，且移植自701工程的觀測(cè)設(shè)備依舊是一個(gè)弱點(diǎn)。但無(wú)論如何，這些改動(dòng)無(wú)疑是利大于弊。

The GKO decree proposed that large scale modernization work would be immediately implemented in production. No prototypes would be built. As a result, a very precarious situation formed in the fall of 1944. A special request was made to L.P. Beria asking for authorization to produce IS-2 and ISU-152 prototypes with significant changes of their design. Work on the modernized tank stopped for some time, and was only limited to the creation of a wooden model of the turret. After permission was granted, work began once more, but it was clear that the factory will not meet its deadline. Work on improving the Object 701 had an adverse effect on this work, as the design needed a lot of work. Blueprints for the modernized IS-2 were only ready by the end of August of 1944. Kirov factory received the hull of the modernized tank on the 31st, and assembly was performed in September. The modernized ISU-152 was built in parallel.

國(guó)防部命令將這些改動(dòng)在不建造任何原型車的情況下立刻投產(chǎn)，結(jié)果就是在1944年秋形成了一種非常不穩(wěn)定的局面。L·B·貝利亞收到了一項(xiàng)特殊的請(qǐng)求，要求他授權(quán)制造進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模現(xiàn)代化改造后的IS-2和ISU-152原型車。為此，現(xiàn)代化坦克的項(xiàng)目，除了制造木制炮塔模型外，被暫停了一會(huì)。在得到了許可后，項(xiàng)目繼續(xù)，但很明顯的此時(shí)工廠已經(jīng)無(wú)法將其按時(shí)完成。由于改進(jìn)701工程設(shè)計(jì)的項(xiàng)目占用了大量資源，其顯然應(yīng)該對(duì)此負(fù)部分責(zé)任。改進(jìn)后的IS-2藍(lán)圖直到1944年8月末才準(zhǔn)備就緒，基洛夫工廠直到31日才收到了車體并在9月對(duì)其進(jìn)行了組裝，ISU-152改進(jìn)項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)度則與之相近。

Strangely enough, no photos of the modernized IS-2 or modernized ISU-152 survive to this day. Only scraps of documentation and correspondence are available. The development of this vehicle considered not only the requirements made in April-May of 1944, but also experience in combat and experience with building the modernized IS-2 hull. The large scale modernization of the IS-2 was perfomed with this type of tank as the starting point.

奇怪的是，如今沒有一張改進(jìn)后的IS-2或ISU-152的存世照片，它們只存活于文檔和信件中的只言片語(yǔ)間【譯注：這里大概指的是二者的原型車】。這些車輛不僅考慮到了1944年四五月間的設(shè)計(jì)指標(biāo)，還結(jié)合了戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)和建造改進(jìn)型IS-2車體的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。IS-2的大規(guī)模改進(jìn)正是以此為起點(diǎn)的。

The biggest changes were made to the engine compartment. In addition to a T-34 type exhaust system, the modernized hull also had a significantly different air intake system, inspired by those used on the Object 701 and Panther. The fuel system was radically redesigned. The fuel tanks were moved from the fighting compartment to the engine compartment and became interchangeable. The former location of the fuel tanks was now occupied by new batteries. The total number increased from 2 to 4. The turret was also redesigned. It was now similar to the one designed at factory #100. The gun was removed through a hatch in the turret. This allowed the gun mount to be redesigned to be more robust. The turret front was 130 mm thick, which increased its resilience. The turret ring, commander's cupola, and ventilation fan were also changed.

最大的變化在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙。除了使用T-34的排氣系統(tǒng)外，改進(jìn)后的車體還有一個(gè)明顯不同的進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)，其靈感來(lái)自于701工程和黑豹坦克上的同類設(shè)備。燃油系統(tǒng)得到了重做，油箱從戰(zhàn)斗室移到了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙并變得可以進(jìn)行互換。原來(lái)油箱的位置現(xiàn)在被電池占據(jù)，總數(shù)也翻了一倍，達(dá)到了4個(gè)。炮塔也被重新設(shè)計(jì)了，現(xiàn)在其更接近于100號(hào)廠的方案：火炮是通過(guò)炮塔頂部的一個(gè)艙口取出的，這使得炮架得到了重新設(shè)計(jì)，變得更堅(jiān)固了；炮塔正面厚達(dá)130mm，增強(qiáng)了其防彈能力；炮塔座圈、車長(zhǎng)指揮塔和換氣扇也進(jìn)行了更換。

The GBTU prepared a list of 12 changes to the design in October of 1944. However, they were never implemented. ChKZ began working on another variant of modernization in the fall of 1944. It received the index Kirovets-1 and blueprints number 703. The index IS-3 was assigned to it in trials. Additional work at factory #100 began in the fall of 1944. A project internally called IS-2U under the direction of A.S. Yermolayev began in November of 1944. L.E. Sychev was the chief engineer.

裝甲兵總局在1944年10月擬出了一份共計(jì)12項(xiàng)變動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)清單，但它們從未被應(yīng)用。車?yán)镅刨e斯克廠在1944年秋開始了另一項(xiàng)改進(jìn)工作，該方案得名基洛韋茨-1（IS-3），代號(hào)703工程。同時(shí)，100號(hào)廠開啟了另一個(gè)項(xiàng)目。在A·S·葉爾莫拉耶夫的指導(dǎo)下，被稱為IS-2U的項(xiàng)目于1944年11月揭開帷幕，總工程師為L(zhǎng)·E·謝切夫。

The IS-2U looked like a halfway point between the IS-2 with a straight front hull and ChKZ's deep modernization. The turret was also similar, but had weaker armour than the one designed in the spring of 1944. The rear was almost the same as on the IS-2.

IS-2U看起來(lái)像是一體式首上IS-2和車?yán)镅刨e斯克廠的深度改進(jìn)型IS-2的折中。炮塔長(zhǎng)得很像，只是防護(hù)要比1944年春設(shè)計(jì)的那款更弱，車體后部看起來(lái)跟IS-2幾乎一模一樣。

The most interesting part of the project was the front of the hull, developed by chief designer V.I. Tarotko. It had a unique "pike nose" shape. The upper front armour was sloped at 25 degrees to horizontal and consisted of two parts. This shape of the front armour allowed the placement of a driver's hatch in the front of the hull. Unlike the Kirovets-1 or the experimental modernized IS-2, the IS-2U was never built. However, the project had a significant influence on Soviet tank design. The "pike nose" was used on later tanks, the first of which was the mass production IS-3. Tarotko also used it on the reworked Object 252, which evolved into the Object 257.

該項(xiàng)目最有意思的是由總設(shè)計(jì)師V·I·塔羅卡設(shè)計(jì)的首上，其擁有一個(gè)獨(dú)特的“派克鼻子”形狀。首上與水平面呈25°傾斜，包括了兩個(gè)部分，前裝甲的凸出部分允許將駕駛員艙口放在更前的位置駕駛員：WTM。與基洛韋茨-1或IS-2改進(jìn)型的原型車不同，該車從未被制造出來(lái)，但卻對(duì)未來(lái)的蘇聯(lián)坦克產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響，其中的第一個(gè)便是大量生產(chǎn)的IS-3。塔羅卡還將這一設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)用到了重置的252工程上，并最終發(fā)展成了257工程。