Journal of Labor Economics 2023年第1期

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——更多動(dòng)態(tài)，請(qǐng)持續(xù)關(guān)注gzh：理想主義的百年孤獨(dú)

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1.School Finance Equalization Increases Intergenerational Mobility

學(xué)校財(cái)政均等化增加了代際流動(dòng)性

Barbara?Biasi

This paper estimates the causal effect of equalizing revenues across school districts on students’ intergenerational mobility. I exploit cohort differences in exposure to equalization generated by state-level reforms. To address the endogeneity of postreform revenues due to household sorting after a reform, I use a simulated-instruments approach that uses newly collected data on states’ funding formulas to simulate revenues without sorting. I find that equalization has a large effect on the mobility of low-income students. Reductions in input gaps between low-income and high-income districts are likely channels behind this effect.

本文估計(jì)了學(xué)區(qū)收入均等對(duì)學(xué)生代際流動(dòng)性的因果影響。我利用了州一級(jí)改革所產(chǎn)生的平等接觸的群體差異。為了解決改革后由于家庭分類(lèi)而導(dǎo)致的改革后收入的內(nèi)生性問(wèn)題，我使用了一種模擬工具變量方法，該方法使用新收集的各州資金公式數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)模擬收入，而不進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。我發(fā)現(xiàn)均等化對(duì)低收入學(xué)生的流動(dòng)性有很大影響。低收入和高收入地區(qū)之間投入差距的縮小可能是這種效應(yīng)背后的渠道。

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2.Understanding the Effects of Workfare Policies on Child Human Capital

Jorge?Rodríguez

Workfare can impact child development by inducing parents to spend less time at home. I study the mechanisms by which workfare policies affect children using the New Hope workfare experiment. The program randomly assigned individuals to a policy bundle including income and childcare subsidies conditional on full-time work. For families with young children, the program had positive effects on child academic performance and classroom behavior. Counterfactual experiments from a dynamic discrete choice model indicate that most of the effect of New Hope on young children is explained by parents enrolling their children in center-based childcare.

工作福利可以通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)父母減少在家的時(shí)間來(lái)影響兒童的發(fā)展。我利用新希望工作福利實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了工作福利政策對(duì)兒童的影響機(jī)制。該計(jì)劃將個(gè)人隨機(jī)分配到一個(gè)以全職工作為條件的政策包，包括收入和兒童保育補(bǔ)貼。對(duì)于有年幼子女的家庭，該計(jì)劃對(duì)孩子的學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)和課堂行為有積極的影響。來(lái)自動(dòng)態(tài)離散選擇模型的反事實(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，新希望對(duì)年幼兒童的大部分影響可以通過(guò)父母將他們的孩子納入以中心為基礎(chǔ)的兒童保育來(lái)解釋。

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3.A Different Land of Opportunity: The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the Early Twentieth-Century United States

不同的機(jī)遇之地:二十世紀(jì)早期美國(guó)代際流動(dòng)的地理分布

Hui Ren?Tan

Has the geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States changed over time? Constructing a large historical linked sample, I show that upward mobility in the early twentieth century was greater for those who grew up in the coastal and industrial regions, in contrast to more recent times, where mobility is higher among persons who were raised in the middle of the country. The historical patterns are not driven by imperfections in record linkage or measurement error in economic status.

隨著時(shí)間的推移，美國(guó)代際流動(dòng)的地理位置是否發(fā)生了變化?通過(guò)構(gòu)建一個(gè)龐大的歷史關(guān)聯(lián)樣本，我發(fā)現(xiàn)，在20世紀(jì)早期，在沿海地區(qū)和工業(yè)地區(qū)長(zhǎng)大的人的向上流動(dòng)性更大，而在更近的時(shí)期，在中部地區(qū)長(zhǎng)大的人的向上流動(dòng)性更高。歷史模式不是由記錄聯(lián)系的不完善或經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的測(cè)量誤差驅(qū)動(dòng)的。

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4.The Minimum Wage, Self-Employment, and the Online Gig Economy

最低工資、自營(yíng)職業(yè)和在線零工經(jīng)濟(jì)

Benjamin?Glasner

This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage increases on work that is not covered by minimum wage laws. I find that minimum wage increases in the early 2000s resulted in small reductions in engagement in traditional self-employment. Following the development of the online gig economy in the 2010s, a 10% increase in the minimum wage increased the number of nonemployer establishments classified as transportation and warehousing services by approximately 2.7%. The counties most likely to exhibit a positive relationship between the minimum wage and participation in uncovered work are those with low labor market concentration and active Uber marketplaces.

本文估計(jì)了提高最低工資對(duì)不屬于最低工資范圍的工作的影響。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，21世紀(jì)初最低工資的提高導(dǎo)致了傳統(tǒng)自營(yíng)職業(yè)參與度的小幅下降。隨著2010年代在線零工經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，最低工資增加10%，被歸類(lèi)為運(yùn)輸和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)服務(wù)的非雇主機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)量增加了約2.7%。最低工資與未覆蓋工作參與之間最可能表現(xiàn)出正相關(guān)關(guān)系的縣是那些勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)集中度較低和優(yōu)步市場(chǎng)活躍的縣。

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5.Education Transmission and Network Formation

Vincent?Boucher,Carlo L.?Del Bello,Fabrizio?Panebianco,Thierry?Verdier, and Yves?Zenou

We propose a model of intergenerational transmission of education wherein children belong to either highly educated or low-educated families. Children choose the intensity of their social activities, while parents decide how much educational effort to exert. Using Add Health data, we find that, on average, children’s homophily acts as a complement to the educational effort of highly educated parents but as a substitute for the educational effort of low-educated parents. We also find that policies that subsidize kids’ socialization efforts can backfire for low-educated students because they tend to increase their interactions with other low-educated students.

我們提出了一個(gè)教育代際傳遞的模型，其中兒童既屬于高學(xué)歷家庭，也屬于低學(xué)歷家庭。孩子們選擇他們社會(huì)活動(dòng)的強(qiáng)度，而父母決定學(xué)習(xí)的努力程度。利用Add健康數(shù)據(jù)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，平均而言，兒童的同質(zhì)性對(duì)受教育程度高的父母的教育努力起到補(bǔ)充作用，但對(duì)受教育程度低的父母的教育努力起到替代作用。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，補(bǔ)貼兒童社交努力的政策可能會(huì)適得其反，因?yàn)樗鼈儍A向于增加與其他低教育學(xué)生的互動(dòng)。

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6.Explaining Recent Trends in US School Segregation

解釋了最近美國(guó)學(xué)校隔離的趨勢(shì)

Gregorio?Caetano?and Vikram?Maheshri

From 2002 to 2018, the fraction of minority-segregated public schools in the United States roughly doubled, but the fraction of White-segregated schools decreased at an even faster rate. Endogenous segregation fueled by parents choosing schools on the basis of their racial compositions can in principle dwarf all other determinants of segregation over time because of social multiplier effects. However, we find that demographic change from Hispanic immigration has been the biggest driver of these trends. These findings are particularly pronounced in urban areas, which experienced the largest changes in segregation and are where policy makers are most concerned about the pernicious effects of segregation.

從2002年到2018年，美國(guó)少數(shù)族裔種族隔離公立學(xué)校的比例大約翻了一番，但白人種族隔離學(xué)校的比例下降得更快。由于社會(huì)乘數(shù)效應(yīng)，由父母根據(jù)種族組成選擇學(xué)校所推動(dòng)的內(nèi)生性隔離，在原則上可以使所有其他決定隔離的因素相形見(jiàn)絀。然而，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)自西班牙裔移民的人口變化是這些趨勢(shì)的最大驅(qū)動(dòng)因素。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)在城市地區(qū)尤其明顯，這些地區(qū)經(jīng)歷了種族隔離的最大變化，也是政策制定者最擔(dān)心種族隔離的有害影響的地區(qū)。

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7.Borrowing Constraints and the Dynamics of Return and Repeat Migration

借款限制和返回遷移與重復(fù)遷移的動(dòng)態(tài)

Joseph-Simon?G?rlach

As wages in migrant-sending countries catch up with those in destinations, migrants adjust on several margins, including their duration of stay, the number of migrations they undertake, and the amount saved while abroad. This paper combines Mexican and US data to estimate a dynamic model of consumption, emigration, and remigration, accounting for financial constraints. An increase in Mexican household earnings shortens migration duration but raises the number of trips per migrant. For lower-income migrants, a rise in Mexican wages leads to a more than proportional effect on consumption expenditure in Mexico, arising from repatriated savings.

隨著移徙者輸出國(guó)的工資趕上目的地國(guó)的工資，移徙者會(huì)在幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行調(diào)整，包括他們的停留時(shí)間、他們進(jìn)行的移徙次數(shù)以及在國(guó)外的儲(chǔ)蓄金額。本文結(jié)合墨西哥和美國(guó)的數(shù)據(jù)，在考慮金融約束的情況下，估計(jì)了一個(gè)消費(fèi)、移民和移民的動(dòng)態(tài)模型。墨西哥家庭收入的增加縮短了移民的時(shí)間，但增加了每個(gè)移民的旅行次數(shù)。對(duì)于低收入移民來(lái)說(shuō)，墨西哥工資的上漲對(duì)墨西哥國(guó)內(nèi)的消費(fèi)支出產(chǎn)生了不成比例的影響，這是由匯回國(guó)內(nèi)的儲(chǔ)蓄引起的。

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8.Putting the Husband Through: The Role of Credit Constraints in the Timing of Marriage and Spousal Education

讓丈夫經(jīng)歷:信貸約束在結(jié)婚時(shí)機(jī)和配偶教育中的作用

Murat?Iyigun?and Jeanne?Lafortune

In the United States, age at first marriage was lowest and the education gap between husbands and wives was highest during the 1950s. The conventional explanation for such a negative correlation is that early marriage leads to earlier and higher fertility, which in turn prevents women from acquiring education. Here, we propose that early marriages enabled couples to overcome credit constraints in education. A model that includes this motive and mechanism can replicate not only the marriage and education patterns observed in the middle of the century in the United States but also the overall trends over the twentieth century.

20世紀(jì)50年代，美國(guó)第一次結(jié)婚的年齡最低，夫妻之間的教育差距最大。對(duì)這種負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系的傳統(tǒng)解釋是，早婚導(dǎo)致更早和更高的生育率，這反過(guò)來(lái)又阻止了婦女接受教育。在這里，我們提出，早婚使夫婦能夠克服教育中的信貸限制。一個(gè)包含這種動(dòng)機(jī)和機(jī)制的模型不僅可以復(fù)制本世紀(jì)中葉在美國(guó)觀察到的婚姻和教育模式，還可以復(fù)制20世紀(jì)的總體趨勢(shì)。

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——更多動(dòng)態(tài)，請(qǐng)持續(xù)關(guān)注gzh：理想主義的百年孤獨(dú)

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