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【簡(jiǎn)譯】海盜的黃金時(shí)代（Golden Age of Piracy）

2022-08-23 13:22 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

什么被認(rèn)為是海盜的黃金時(shí)期？

? ? ? ? ??歷史學(xué)家們觀點(diǎn)各異，但最常見(jiàn)的海盜黃金時(shí)代的日期范圍是1690年至1730年。

誰(shuí)開(kāi)創(chuàng)了海盜的黃金時(shí)代？

? ? ? ? ? 沒(méi)有人開(kāi)創(chuàng)了海盜的黃金時(shí)代，相反，那是一個(gè)殖民當(dāng)局沒(méi)有資金、人員或船只來(lái)有效維持公海治安的時(shí)代，特別是在加勒比海。新殖民地的商人們很容易成為海盜船的目標(biāo)。

誰(shuí)是歷史上最壞的海盜？

? ? ? ? ? 關(guān)于誰(shuí)是歷史上最壞的海盜，有很多人選。黑胡子是最可怕的，基德船長(zhǎng)讓當(dāng)局很惱火，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為基德埋藏了秘密寶藏，而查爾斯-范恩對(duì)俘虜非常殘忍。巴塞洛繆-羅伯茨是迄今為止俘獲船只最多的 "最壞"海盜。

海盜的黃金時(shí)代為什么會(huì)結(jié)束？

? ? ? ? ? 海盜的黃金時(shí)代結(jié)束了，因?yàn)橹趁癞?dāng)局開(kāi)始使用更多的人員和船只來(lái)追捕海盜。懲罰比以前更加嚴(yán)厲，許多最臭名昭著的海盜被絞死。

The Golden Age of Piracy (1690-1730) refers to a period when robbery on the high seas and at colonial ports reached an unprecedented level. Although not all historians agree on the precise time frame, it is generally applied to those pirates who operated in the Caribbean, the east coast of America, the eastern Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean.

? ? ? ? ? 海盜的黃金時(shí)代（1690-1730年）指的是公海上與殖民地港口的搶劫達(dá)到了前所未有的水平的時(shí)期。雖然不是所有的歷史學(xué)家都同意準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間框架，但一般適用于那些在加勒比海、美洲東海岸、大西洋東部和印度洋活動(dòng)的海盜。

Infamous names associated with the period include Captain Kidd (d. 1701), Blackbeard (d. 1718), and Bartholomew Roberts (d. 1722). These men, and some women like Anne Bonny and Mary Read, targetted merchant shipping and, much more rarely, well-armed treasure ships. The period ended when the Royal Navy, the British East India Company, and colonial governors took a much more active and aggressive stance against piracy, resulting in the capture and public hanging of hundreds of pirates from London to the Carolinas.

? ? ? ? ? 與這一時(shí)期有關(guān)的臭名昭著的名字，包括基德船長(zhǎng)（1701年去世）、黑胡子（1718年去世）和巴塞洛繆·羅伯茨（1722年去世）。這些人和一些女海盜，如安妮·邦尼和瑪麗·雷德，以商船為目標(biāo)，更罕見(jiàn)的是以武裝良好的運(yùn)寶船為目標(biāo)。這一時(shí)期結(jié)束時(shí)，皇家海軍、英國(guó)東印度公司和殖民地總督對(duì)海盜行為采取了更加積極和主動(dòng)的行動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致從倫敦到卡羅萊納州的數(shù)百名海盜被捕獲并被公開(kāi)絞死。

界定一個(gè) 時(shí) 代

The 'Golden Age of Piracy' is rather an odd name to attach to a period when crime was rife, but this is of secondary concern to the problem of defining what exactly this period covers. Most historians would not include the period of the buccaneers who targetted the Spanish Main and treasure ships earlier in the 17th century (c. 1650-1680). The close of that century is the most common starting point of the Golden Age for scholars, but some would restrict it to the first two or three decades, or even only the second decade of the 18th century. Here, then, in order not to omit certain points of interest pertinent to the subject of piracy, we will adopt a wider view and treat the 'Golden Age' as being approximately 1690 to 1730. It is also important to note that piracy has been conducted since antiquity and is still ongoing in many parts of the world so that an insistence on specific time frames is inherently problematic: piracy, it seems, has neither a starting nor a finishing point.

? ? ? ? ? “海盜的黃金時(shí)代”是一個(gè)相當(dāng)奇怪的名字，它被附加到一個(gè)犯罪猖獗的時(shí)期，但這是次要的，因?yàn)橐x這個(gè)時(shí)期到底包括什么。大多數(shù)歷史學(xué)家不會(huì)把17世紀(jì)早期（約1650-1680年）以西班牙主力船和運(yùn)寶船為目標(biāo)的海盜時(shí)期包括在內(nèi)。該世紀(jì)末是學(xué)者們最常見(jiàn)的黃金時(shí)代的起點(diǎn)，但有些人會(huì)將其限制在前20或30年，甚至只有18世紀(jì)的第二個(gè)十年。那么，在這里，為了不遺漏與海盜問(wèn)題有關(guān)的某些興趣點(diǎn)，我們將采用更廣泛的觀點(diǎn)，將“黃金時(shí)代”視為大約1690年至1730年。同樣重要的是要注意到，海盜行為自古以來(lái)就有，而且在世界許多地方仍在進(jìn)行，因此堅(jiān)持特定的時(shí)間框架本身就有問(wèn)題：海盜行為似乎既沒(méi)有起點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有終點(diǎn)。

Finally, there is, too, a question of geography. While piracy in our period was rife in many other parts of the world, the term 'Golden Age' in this context is usually restricted to those pirates who operated on either side of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Indian Ocean. and off the coast of West Africa. Pirates such as those on the Barbary Coast and in East Asia are usually treated separately. The majority of the pirates in the Golden Age, therefore, are British or American, but there were significant numbers of other nationalities involved, notably Dutch and French, and pirate crews could, in fact, include anyone from just about anywhere, including former African slaves and indigenous peoples.

? ? ? ? ? 最后，還有一個(gè)地理的問(wèn)題。雖然這一時(shí)期的海盜行為在世界其他許多地方都很猖獗，但在這種情況下，"黃金時(shí)代"一詞通常只限于那些在大西洋兩岸、印度洋和西非沿?；顒?dòng)的海盜。諸如巴巴里海岸和東亞的海盜通常另算。因此，黃金時(shí)代的大多數(shù)海盜都是英國(guó)人或美國(guó)人，但也有大量其他國(guó)籍的人參與其中，特別是荷蘭人和法國(guó)人，事實(shí)上，海盜船員幾乎可以是任何地方的人，包括前非洲奴隸和土著人。

The question remains why piracy flourished in this particular period. Men and some women were tempted into a life of piracy by the harshness of life at sea on a merchant or naval vessel - the vast majority of pirates were experienced seamen - or because they could not find meaningful employment following the end of the wars between England and France. Following the Age of Exploration, the European colonies beyond the Mediterranean were now blossoming. These were communities growing in size and wealth and with a corresponding increase in merchant shipping to serve them. There was still, though, a lack of firm governance and military protection so far from the home nation so that many ports and ships were easy targets for pirates who cared not for the consequences of their crimes.

? ? ? ? ? 問(wèn)題是，為什么海盜行為在這個(gè)特定時(shí)期會(huì)興起？男人女人們因商船或軍艦上艱苦的海上生活，被富裕生活誘惑從而從事海盜活動(dòng)，絕大多數(shù)海盜都是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的海員，或者是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谟⒎☉?zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后找不到有意義的工作。在探索時(shí)代（大航海時(shí)代）之后，地中海以外的歐洲殖民地現(xiàn)在正在開(kāi)花結(jié)果。這些殖民地的規(guī)模和財(cái)富都在增長(zhǎng)，為其服務(wù)的商船也相應(yīng)增加。但是，在遠(yuǎn)離母國(guó)的地方，仍然缺乏穩(wěn)固的管理和軍事保護(hù)，因此，許多港口和船只很容易成為海盜的目標(biāo)，他們對(duì)自己犯罪的后果毫不在意。

1718 年，安妮女王的復(fù)仇號(hào)在試圖進(jìn)入北卡羅來(lái)納州博福特港時(shí)在沙洲擱淺。這艘船在沉沒(méi)前被黑胡子遺棄。該沉船于 1996 年被發(fā)現(xiàn)，但其存在于 2004 年被正式披露。

船? ? ?長(zhǎng)

While some pirate crew members have gained fame (or infamy) in their own right, the names most strongly attached to the period are those of captains. While most pirates wore the clothing that any other type of mariner wore, the captains were more wont to make a fashion statement and wear the flashy apparel the gentry of the period sported. Bartholomew Roberts (aka 'Black Bart' Roberts) was famous for wearing a scarlet silk coat, a matching damask waistcoat, and a diamond necklace. Blackbeard (aka Edward Teach) wore black ribbons in his beard, carried six pistols, and had lit fuses under his hat whenever he went into battle. Doubtless, these pirate captains were keen to create a legend about themselves that helped make sure a target vessel surrendered immediately and their own crews remained loyal.

? ? ? ? ? 雖然一些海盜成員以自己的身份獲得了名聲（或惡名），但與這一時(shí)期聯(lián)系最緊密的是那些船長(zhǎng)的名字。雖然大多數(shù)海盜都穿著其他類型水手所穿的衣服，但船長(zhǎng)們更愿意穿著當(dāng)時(shí)的貴族們所穿的華麗服裝。巴塞洛繆·羅伯茨（又名‘黑巴特’·羅伯茨）因穿著一件猩紅的絲綢大衣、一件配套的大馬士革背心、戴著一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈而聞名。黑胡子（又名愛(ài)德華·蒂奇）的胡子上系著黑絲帶，帶著六把手槍，每次上戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)都在帽子下點(diǎn)燃導(dǎo)火索。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這些海盜船長(zhǎng)熱衷于為自己創(chuàng)造一個(gè)傳奇，以幫助確保目標(biāo)船只看見(jiàn)他就立即投降，而自己的船員則保持忠誠(chéng)。

Other captains went for a more brutal approach to gaining notoriety. Charles Vane (hanged 1721) once fired his cannons at the ship of the governor of the Bahamas, while Edward Low amassed a long list of heinous crimes such as mutilating, burning, and hanging his victims between 1721 and 1724. Captain Stede Bonnet (hanged 1718), the 'Gentleman Pirate', was unusual because he chose a life of piracy as a change of pace from running his own plantation in Barbados. Piracy, it seems, attracted all sorts.

? ? ? ? ? 其他船長(zhǎng)則以更殘酷的方式來(lái)獲得惡名。查爾斯·范（1721年被絞死）曾向巴哈馬群島總督的船只開(kāi)炮，而愛(ài)德華·洛在1721年至1724年間犯下了一長(zhǎng)串令人發(fā)指的罪行，如肢解、焚燒和絞死被俘者。斯特德·博內(nèi)特船長(zhǎng)（1718年被絞死），"紳士海盜"，很不尋常，因?yàn)樗x擇了海盜的生活，以改變他在巴巴多斯經(jīng)營(yíng)自己的種植園的生活。海盜活動(dòng)似乎吸引了各式各樣的人。

Finally, there are those pirates who were not particularly famous in their day but who have since grabbed the public’s imagination for one reason or another. Captain John Rackham (aka 'Calico Jack', hanged 1720) was a small-time pirate now famous for his crew members of Anne Bonny and Mary Read, as well as his Jolly Roger with its crossed cutlasses. Captain Benjamin Hornigold (d. 1719) was notable for giving up piracy and becoming, instead, a pirate hunter for the governor of the Bahamas. Captain Samuel Bellamy died in relative anonymity in 1717 when his ship Whydah was sunk in a storm off Cape Cod, but his name has been revived following the underwater exploration of this wreck and its invaluable contribution to our knowledge of Golden Age pirates, their loot, and their ships.

? ? ? ? ? 最后，還有那些在他們那個(gè)時(shí)代并不特別出名的海盜，但后來(lái)卻因?yàn)檫@樣或那樣的原因吸引了公眾的想象力。約翰·拉克姆船長(zhǎng)（又名 "卡里科·杰克"，1720年被絞死）是一個(gè)小海盜，因?yàn)樗拇瑔T安妮·邦尼和瑪麗·雷德，以及帶有十字形彎刀的快樂(lè)羅杰而聞名。本杰明·霍尼戈?duì)柕麓L(zhǎng)（卒于1719年）因放棄海盜行為而成為巴哈馬總督的海盜獵人而備受矚目。1717年，塞繆爾·貝拉米船長(zhǎng)在科德角附近的一場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴中沉沒(méi)，死得比較隱蔽，但在對(duì)這艘沉船進(jìn)行水下勘探后，他的名字又被重新提起，這對(duì)我們了解黃金時(shí)代的海盜、他們的戰(zhàn)利品和他們的船只做出了寶貴的貢獻(xiàn)。

海盜船

Although novels and films often have pirates sailing large galleon-type ships, the reality during the Golden Age was rather different. The vast majority of pirates preferred something like a sloop, which was fast, highly manoeuvrable, and capable of sailing through shallows where larger naval ships could not follow. In addition, pirates typically went after easy targets such as merchant vessels armed with no more than a handful of cannons. However, there were some notable exceptions as some pirates preferred a larger ship capable of matching a lower-rated naval vessel in firepower. Prestige was also a factor, and it is significant that the more notorious and successful pirates did possess the largest ships.

? ? ? ? ? 盡管小說(shuō)和電影中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)海盜駕駛大型帆船的情節(jié)，但黃金時(shí)代的現(xiàn)實(shí)卻截然不同。絕大多數(shù)海盜都喜歡單桅帆船，這種船速度快，機(jī)動(dòng)性強(qiáng)，能夠在大型軍艦無(wú)法跟隨的淺灘上航行。此外，海盜們通常會(huì)選擇一些簡(jiǎn)單的目標(biāo)，如只配備了少量大炮的商船。然而，也有一些明顯的例外，一些海盜更喜歡能夠在火力上與低級(jí)別的海軍船只相匹敵的大船。聲望也是一個(gè)因素，重要的是，更臭名昭著和成功的海盜確實(shí)擁有最大的船只。

Captain Kidd sailed the purpose-built Adventure Galley. This was a 287-ton three-masted ship, which could pursue a target in all conditions thanks to its mix of square-rigged sails, lateen sail (triangular), and banks of oars (46 in total). The Adventure Galley was crewed by over 150 men and was well-armed with 34 cannons. Edward England captured a fine ship off Madagascar in 1720, which he renamed the Fancy. This vessel also boasted 34 cannons and had a crew of around 180 men.

? ? ? ? ? 基德船長(zhǎng)駕駛的是專門(mén)建造的 "冒險(xiǎn)號(hào)"。這是一艘重達(dá)287噸的三桅船，它可以在任何情況下追擊目標(biāo)，這要?dú)w功于它的方帆、三角帆和兩岸的船槳（共46只）的組合。冒險(xiǎn)號(hào)上有150多名船員，裝備有34門(mén)大炮。1720年，愛(ài)德華·英格蘭在馬達(dá)加斯加附近捕獲了一艘好船，他將其重新命名為 " Fancy "。這艘船也擁有34門(mén)大炮，船員大約有180人。

Perhaps the most famous of pirate ships is Blackbeard’s Queen Anne’s Revenge, another captured vessel, this time a French slaver. The Queen Anne’s Revenge had a crew of at least 300 men, necessary to man the 40 cannons on board. The most powerful pirate ship of all in this period was Bartholomew Roberts’ Royal Fortune. The former French warship bristled with at least 42 cannons, and Roberts used it well, adapting it for speed and becoming the most successful of all Golden Age pirates in terms of ships captured, well over 400.

? ? ? ? ? 也許最著名的海盜船是黑胡子的 "安妮女王復(fù)仇號(hào)"，這是另一艘被俘的船只，是一艘法國(guó)奴隸船。安妮女王復(fù)仇號(hào)上至少有300名船員，這對(duì)船上的40門(mén)大炮來(lái)說(shuō)是必要的。這一時(shí)期最強(qiáng)大的海盜船是巴塞洛繆·羅伯茨的皇家財(cái)富號(hào)。這艘前法國(guó)軍艦上至少有42門(mén)大炮，羅伯茨很好地利用了這艘船，利用其出類拔萃的速度，成為黃金時(shí)代所有海盜中最成功的船只，他俘獲的船只超過(guò)400艘。

攻擊方式

Pirates typically targeted lone merchant vessels, usually when they were negotiating a narrow straight or were near shallows and islands so that a pirate ship could seemingly arrive out of nowhere. A pirate vessel might also get close to a target by flying a certain friendly national flag. Approaching from the stern was always a good idea since ships of the period had far fewer cannons there.

? ? ? ? ? 海盜通常以孤獨(dú)的商船為目標(biāo)，通常是在狹窄的直道上伏擊，或者在淺灘和島嶼附近，這樣海盜船就會(huì)好像突然出現(xiàn)在這里。海盜船也可能通過(guò)懸掛某種友好國(guó)旗來(lái)接近目標(biāo)。從船尾接近總是一個(gè)好主意，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的船只在那里的大炮要少得多。

The first weapon pirates used was terror, and this took the form of the Jolly Roger flag. When this flag was hoisted - usually black with human skull and crossbones, although many variations existed - a merchant vessel was being warned that pirates were approaching, and the sensible thing to do was not to put up any resistance. A red flag might also be hoisted, which signalled that no quarter would be given if an attack began. As most pirate victims were poorly-armed, the pirates usually boarded their target with ease.

? ? ? ? ? 海盜使用的第一件武器是“恐嚇”，其形式是 "歡樂(lè)羅杰"旗。當(dāng)這面旗幟升起時(shí)——通常是黑色的人頭骨和十字骨，盡管有許多變化——警告商船，海盜正在接近，明智的做法是不要進(jìn)行任何抵抗。還可能掛起一面紅旗，表示如果開(kāi)始攻擊，將不給對(duì)方任何機(jī)會(huì)。由于大多數(shù)海盜受害者的武器裝備很差，海盜通常很容易登上他們的目標(biāo)。

For those ships that resisted, the pirates had an array of weaponry to choose from. Pirate ships, as we have seen, carried many cannons of various sizes, and the pirates themselves carried grenades, muskets, pistols, cutlasses, axes, and clubs. Firing cannons was not so common since pirates did not want to damage the target ship or its cargo, both of which might be useful to them. For this reason, when cannons were fired, it was typically as warning shots or to fire chain shot (two bars or balls connected by a short chain) which was designed to destroy rigging and masts and so temporarily disable the target vessel. Some pirate captains were tempted into attacking well-armed treasure ships, especially if they commanded a fleet of pirate ships and so enjoyed a great numerical advantage in cannons and men. As naval vessels almost always outgunned a pirate ship, these were avoided by pirates.

? ? ? ? ? 對(duì)于那些抵抗的船只，海盜們有一系列的武器裝備可以選擇。正如我們所看到的，海盜船攜帶了許多不同尺寸的大炮，而海盜自己也攜帶了手榴彈、火槍、手槍、彎刀、斧頭和棍棒。開(kāi)炮并不常見(jiàn)，因?yàn)楹１I們不想損壞目標(biāo)船只或其貨物，而這兩樣?xùn)|西都可能對(duì)他們有用。因此，當(dāng)大炮被發(fā)射時(shí)，通常是作為警告射擊或發(fā)射鏈彈（由一條短鏈連接的兩根棒或球），旨在破壞索具和桅桿，從而使目標(biāo)船只暫時(shí)失去能力。一些海盜船長(zhǎng)被引誘去攻擊裝備精良的運(yùn)寶船，特別是當(dāng)他們指揮一支海盜船隊(duì)，從而在大炮和人員方面享有巨大的數(shù)量?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)。由于海軍艦艇的火力幾乎總是超過(guò)海盜船，所以海盜們會(huì)避開(kāi)這些船只。

海盜的戰(zhàn) 利品

Pirates were first and foremost after portable loot, preferably gold, silver, and gems. Coins were the most easily disposed of and so a treasure chest of Spanish silver pesos (aka pieces of eight) or gold doubloons was most desirable. The next best thing was a valuable cargo. Items that could be easily sold included rolls of silk, spices, indigo, tobacco, rum, furs, hides, sugar, and other foodstuffs. The crew and any passengers were stripped of any valuables and fancy clothing. Weapons, navigational instruments, and medicines were always useful. Even humdrum nautical items like ropes, sails, and anchors were taken to replenish the pirates’ own equipment. Finally, the attacked ship could itself become the prize. Pirates were loath to spend time and effort repairing their own ship and so swapping for a more seaworthy vessel was quite common, as was upgrading to a bigger and better ship capable of carrying more cannons.

? ? ? ? ? 海盜的首要目標(biāo)是便攜式戰(zhàn)利品，最好是金、銀和寶石。硬幣是最容易處理的，因此一個(gè)裝著西班牙銀比索（又稱八塊錢(qián)）或金幣的寶箱是最理想的。次好的東西是有價(jià)值的貨物。易于出售的物品包括成卷的絲綢、香料、靛藍(lán)、煙草、朗姆酒、毛皮、獸皮、糖和其他食品。船員和任何乘客都會(huì)被剝奪了任何貴重物品和華麗的衣服。武器、導(dǎo)航儀器和藥品總是有用的。即使是像繩索、船帆和錨這樣平淡無(wú)奇的航海物品也會(huì)被拿走，以補(bǔ)充海盜自己的設(shè)備。最后，被攻擊的船只本身也可能成為戰(zhàn)利品。海盜們不愿意花時(shí)間和精力去修理自己的船，因此，換一艘更適航的船是很常見(jiàn)的，就像升級(jí)到一艘能夠攜帶更多大炮的更好的船一樣。

While most captures brought only dry goods or liquor and perhaps a few coins, there were some truly staggering captures in the Golden Age. The English pirate Henry Every (b. 1653) captured the Ganij-i-Sawai in 1695, a merchant ship of the Mughal emperor, which was carrying cargo worth over $95 million today. The share for each crew member was more than a lifetime’s wages. Wisely, Captain Every sailed over the horizon with his loot and was never seen or heard of again.

? ? ? ? ? 雖然大多數(shù)俘虜只帶來(lái)了干貨或酒，也許還有一些硬幣，但在黃金時(shí)代也有一些真正令人吃驚的俘虜。英國(guó)海盜亨利·埃弗里（生于1653年）在1695年捕獲了莫臥兒皇帝的商船Ganij-i-Sawai號(hào)，該船所載貨物今天價(jià)值超過(guò)9500萬(wàn)美元。每個(gè)船員的份額超過(guò)了一生的工資。明智的是，埃弗里船長(zhǎng)帶著他的戰(zhàn)利品駛過(guò)了地平線，再也沒(méi)有人看到或聽(tīng)到他的消息。

In 1721, the biggest ever single prize was captured by John Taylor and Olivier La Bouche. Together, the two pirate ships boarded the Portuguese treasure ship Nostra Senhora de Cabo at Réunion Island. There was ￡500,000 in diamonds, gold, and other valuables, and a general cargo worth ￡375,000 (a total of over $250 million today).

? ? ? ? ? 1721年，約翰·泰勒和奧利維爾·拉布什捕獲了有史以來(lái)最有價(jià)值的一筆戰(zhàn)利品。兩艘海盜船在留尼汪島共同登上了葡萄牙的寶船Nostra Senhora de Cabo號(hào)。其中有50萬(wàn)英鎊的鉆石、黃金和其他貴重物品，以及價(jià)值37.5萬(wàn)英鎊的普通貨物（今天總價(jià)值超過(guò)2.5億美元）。

Booty was supervised by the quartermaster until such time as it could be shared out or sold and the proceeds divided. Crew members typically got one share each, the quartermaster and captain received two shares each, and the various 'officers' or more experienced seamen and skilled workers like the carpenter and gunner got something in between one and two shares. Crew members were also compensated for any injuries they had sustained during an attack. Few pirates ever kept hold of their ill-gotten gains long enough to think about hiding it away somewhere. Tales of buried treasure may appear frequently in pirate fiction, but there are few historical records of such behaviour. Captain Kidd did bury treasure, perhaps on Long Island, but treasure-seekers have remained frustrated at their lack of success in finding any of it.

? ? ? ? ? 戰(zhàn)利品由軍需官監(jiān)管，直到分享或出售時(shí)，分贓收益。船員通常每人分得一份，軍需官和船長(zhǎng)每人分得兩份，而各種 "軍官"或更有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的海員和技術(shù)工人，如木匠和炮手，則分得一份和兩份之間的東西。船員們?cè)谝u擊中受到的任何傷害也會(huì)得到補(bǔ)償。很少有海盜把他們的不義之財(cái)保留足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來(lái)考慮把它藏在什么地方。埋藏財(cái)寶的故事可能經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在海盜小說(shuō)中，但關(guān)于這種行為的歷史記錄卻很少。基德船長(zhǎng)確實(shí)埋藏了寶藏，也許是在長(zhǎng)島，但尋寶者一直對(duì)沒(méi)有成功找到任何寶藏而感到沮喪。

海盜港灣

Once loaded up with booty, pirates retreated to their haven. The main havens were Port Royal (Jamaica), Tortuga (Hispaniola), New Providence (Bahamas), and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Havens were chosen for their secluded and safe harbours and easy access to freshwater, fruit, meat, and timber in the island’s interior. Being close to the main shipping routes but not too close to the colonial authorities were distinct advantages, too.

? ? ? ? ? 一旦裝滿了戰(zhàn)利品，海盜們就撤退到他們的避難所。主要的避難所是皇家港（牙買(mǎi)加）、托爾圖加（伊斯帕尼奧拉）、新普羅維登斯（巴哈馬）和印度洋的馬達(dá)加斯加。選擇避風(fēng)港的原因是其有隱蔽和安全的港口，以及在島嶼內(nèi)部容易獲得淡水、水果、肉類和木材?？拷饕降赖惶拷趁癞?dāng)局也是明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

Traders to buy looted cargo were essential, and they were attracted to havens because they could buy goods cheaply and then smuggle them into legitimate ports at much higher prices. The pirates lost out on the deal, but they got what they wanted: ready cash and plenty of booze. Some pirate captains were more ambitious and tried to deal directly with colonial ports where officials could be bribed and goods sold at better prices. Some of these officials, the most notorious being Charles Eden, governor of North Carolina, and Colonel Benjamin Fletcher in New York, even gave out pardons to pirates.

? ? ? ? ? 購(gòu)買(mǎi)被掠奪貨物的商人是必不可少的，他們被吸引到避難所，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢粤畠r(jià)購(gòu)買(mǎi)貨物，然后以更高的價(jià)格將它們走私到合法港口。海盜們?cè)诮灰字惺Ю?，但他們得到了他們想要的東西：現(xiàn)成的現(xiàn)金和大量的酒水。一些海盜船長(zhǎng)更有野心，試圖直接與殖民地港口打交道，在那里可以賄賂官員，以更好的價(jià)格出售貨物。其中一些官員，最臭名昭著的是北卡羅來(lái)納州州長(zhǎng)查爾斯·伊登和紐約的本杰明·弗萊徹上校，甚至對(duì)海盜給予了赦免。

Many pirate havens soon grew into large towns with inns, brothels, merchant stalls, and everything else mariners needed and desired when resting their sea legs. New Providence Harbour (Nassau) hosted some 600 pirates at its peak c. 1700, while at the same time, Madagascar had 1,500 pirates using the island as a base. Port Royal was a favourite of the buccaneers, but Golden Age pirates continued to make good use of its 100 taverns and other dubious facilities which gave rise to its nickname as the 'Sodom of the New World'. Port Royal was used in this way until its destruction during an earthquake in 1692.

? ? ? ? ? 許多海盜避風(fēng)港很快就發(fā)展成了大城鎮(zhèn)，里面有旅店、妓院、商販攤位，以及海員們?cè)诤Ｉ闲菹r(shí)需要和渴望的一切。新普羅維登斯港（拿騷）在1700年左右的高峰期接納了約600名海盜，而在同一時(shí)期，馬達(dá)加斯加有1500名海盜以該島為基地。皇家港是海盜們的最愛(ài)，但黃金時(shí)代的海盜繼續(xù)充分利用其100家酒館和其他可疑的設(shè)施，這使其有了 "新世界的索多瑪 "的綽號(hào)?；始腋垡恢币赃@種方式使用，直到1692年的地震中被摧毀。

司法與海盜行為?的?減少

The British government, pressured by legitimate merchants, colonists, and rulers such as the Moghul emperor was eventually obliged to act against piracy. The government was also greatly concerned that piracy was so rife it was driving out honest settlers from its colonies and leaving them so unpopulated they were becoming a great temptation for foreign powers to take over. From 1701, colonies were permitted to try and hang pirates themselves rather than ship them to England. In the 1710s, colonial governors like Woodes Rogers (1679-1732) in the Bahamas were sent out from London specifically to replace the often-corrupt government apparatus in the colonies and wipe out piracy in their jurisdiction. These new governors had both a carrot and stick to achieve their brief. The stick was naval warships and the hangman’s noose, while the carrot was a royal pardon from King George I of Great Britain (r. 1714-1727) and the promise of land and work in the colonies. Many pirates did accept a pardon, and those who did not were eventually hunted down. An additional strategy which worked well was to offer cash rewards for those who informed on and captured pirates; many of these informers were former pirates themselves.

? ? ? ? ? 英國(guó)政府在合法商人、殖民者和莫臥兒皇帝等統(tǒng)治者的壓力下，最終不得不對(duì)海盜行為采取行動(dòng)。政府還非常擔(dān)心，海盜活動(dòng)如此猖獗，將誠(chéng)實(shí)的定居者趕出了殖民地，使這些殖民地人跡罕至，成為外國(guó)勢(shì)力占領(lǐng)的巨大誘惑力。從1701年起，殖民地被允許自己嘗試絞死海盜，而不是把他們運(yùn)到英國(guó)。1710年，巴哈馬群島的伍茲·羅杰斯（1679-1732）等殖民地總督被從倫敦派出，專門(mén)取代殖民地內(nèi)腐敗的政府機(jī)構(gòu)，并在其管轄范圍內(nèi)消滅海盜。這些新總督用胡蘿卜和大棒來(lái)完成他們的任務(wù)。大棒是海軍戰(zhàn)艦和絞刑架，而胡蘿卜則是大不列顛國(guó)王喬治一世（1714-1727年）的皇家赦免，以及在殖民地提供土地和工作的承諾。許多海盜確實(shí)接受了赦免，而那些不接受赦免的海盜最終被追捕絞殺。另一個(gè)行之有效的策略是為那些舉報(bào)和抓獲海盜的人提供現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；這些舉報(bào)人中的許多人前身就是海盜。

New Providence was shut down as a pirate haven in 1718. The Royal Navy became an ever-more powerful presence in the western Atlantic, and when the colonial governors heard of illegal trade going on in any new havens, they moved in swiftly with their warships. There was also a change of tactic with the navy, like the pirates themselves, opting for fast sloops instead of heavy gunships to pursue these criminals of the high seas. At the same time in the Indian Ocean, the East India Company began to use convoys and more aggressively protect its assets at sea. With their havens under attack and with far fewer possibilities to sell on stolen goods, a life of piracy became a very difficult one. It was also now much more dangerous as capture became more likely and the punishments harsher.

? ? ? ? ? 1718年，新普羅維登斯的海盜港灣被關(guān)閉?；始液＼娫诖笪餮笪鞑孔兊迷絹?lái)越強(qiáng)大，當(dāng)殖民地總督聽(tīng)說(shuō)在任何新的避風(fēng)港進(jìn)行非法貿(mào)易時(shí)，他們就會(huì)帶著戰(zhàn)艦迅速行動(dòng)。海軍的戰(zhàn)術(shù)也發(fā)生了變化，就像海盜一樣，選擇了快速單桅帆船而不是重型炮艇來(lái)追擊這些公海上的罪犯。與此同時(shí)，在印度洋，東印度公司開(kāi)始使用護(hù)航船隊(duì)，更積極地保護(hù)其海上資產(chǎn)。由于海盜的避風(fēng)港受到攻擊，出售贓物的可能性大大減少，海盜的生活變得非常艱難，也變得更加危險(xiǎn)了，因?yàn)楸徊兜目赡苄愿?，懲罰也更嚴(yán)厲。

The old days of letting off most pirate crews with a flogging as a warning and hanging only the captain were over. Now, entire crews were being brought to justice in show trials that ended in mass executions. In 1722 at Cape Coast Castle, Guinea in West Africa, 52 of Bartholomew Roberts’ crew were hanged in one day. At places like Execution Dock in Wapping, London, or Deadman’s Cay near Port Royal, the sight of hanged pirates swaying in the sea breeze became a familiar one to locals and passing ships. The most notorious pirates had their corpses hung in an iron cage, left to rot in the open air for one or two years. Even those who escaped the death sentence often only had their fate delayed as they were either given lengthy sentences in disease-ridden prisons or transported to penal colonies for a short sharp life of hard labour.

? ? ? ? ? 以鞭打作為警告、只吊死船長(zhǎng)的方式來(lái)釋放大多數(shù)海盜的舊時(shí)代已經(jīng)過(guò)去。現(xiàn)在，整艘船的船員都被繩之以法，進(jìn)行以大規(guī)模處決為結(jié)局的展示性審判。1722年，在西非幾內(nèi)亞的海岸角城堡，巴塞洛繆·羅伯茨的52名船員在一天之內(nèi)被絞死。在倫敦瓦坪的處決碼頭或皇家港附近的死人島等地，被絞死的海盜在海風(fēng)中搖曳的景象成為當(dāng)?shù)厝撕瓦^(guò)往船只熟悉的景象。最臭名昭著的海盜的尸體被掛在鐵籠子里，讓他們?cè)趹敉飧癄€一到兩年時(shí)間。即使是那些逃脫了死刑的人，他們的命運(yùn)往往也只是被推遲了，因?yàn)樗麄円丛诩膊±p身的監(jiān)獄中被判處長(zhǎng)期徒刑，要么被運(yùn)往刑罰殖民地，過(guò)著短促的苦役生活。

Piracy was never entirely stamped out, it is, after all, one of those crimes that seems to have always bedevilled humanity. However, as colonies came to establish themselves with more robust institutions of government and justice, so more people had a cause to see the end of piracy. Even the pirates themselves, those who had escaped the hangman’s noose, often settled down to a more respectable living on plantations or operated as honest merchants, the very targets they had once terrorized.

? ? ? ? ? 海盜行為從未完全杜絕，畢竟它是那些似乎一直困擾著人類的罪行之一。然而，隨著殖民地建立起更健全的政府和司法機(jī)構(gòu)，更多的人有理由看到海盜行為的結(jié)束。即使是海盜自己，那些逃過(guò)絞刑架的人，也常常在種植園里過(guò)著更體面的生活，或者作為誠(chéng)實(shí)的商人經(jīng)營(yíng)，而這類人正是他們?cè)?jīng)恐嚇過(guò)的目標(biāo)。