passage3

注解：標(biāo)題為紅色，翻譯為藍(lán)色，分析為綠色。

? ? ? ?Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a Drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term Drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by Drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also Drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse"is often used instead of"Drug abuse"to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.【第19題】

? ? ??We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (Drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.【第20題】 When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of al substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. 【第21題】Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

? ? ?Drugs(substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. 【第22題】These are the substances often called psychedelic(from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifestation") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

? ? ? ? 這是一篇涉及“物質(zhì)濫用”的文章。文章首先通過對Drug（藥物）一詞的界定，指出“物質(zhì)濫用”的來歷。接著論述了“物質(zhì)濫用”的危害，最后介紹了影響人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的三種藥物。

? ? ? ?第一段：首先對Drug一詞做出界定，指出人們對它的誤解。接著指出“物質(zhì)濫用”替代“藥物濫用”的原因。

? ? ? ?第二段：介紹了物質(zhì)（藥物）在醫(yī)療和社交方面的廣泛使用，并分別以firstofall和also為標(biāo)記，解釋了這樣的物質(zhì)變成濫用的原因。

? ? ? ?第三段：介紹了影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的三種精神活性物質(zhì)，并分別表述其特點。

19."Substance abuse"(line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to "Drug abuse"in that.

[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used

[B] "Drug abuse"is only related to a limited number of Drugtakers

[C]alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine

[D]many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous

19.“物質(zhì)濫用”（第一段第五行）比“藥物濫用”更為可取的原因是。

［A］如果非法使用，物質(zhì)會改變我們的生理或心理機(jī)能

［B］“藥物濫用”僅與少數(shù)吸毒者有關(guān)

［C］煙酒同海洛因和可卡因一樣致命

［D］除海洛因和可卡因外，許多其他物質(zhì)也可能有害

20. The word "pervasive"(line 1, paragraph 2)

might mean

[A] widespread

[B] overwhelming

[C] piercing

[D] fashionable

20.“pervasive”一詞（第二段第一行）的意思可能是。

[A]分布廣泛的，普遍的

[B]壓倒一切的、占主流的

[C]尖的、穿透的

[D]時髦的、流行的

21.Physical dependence on certain substances results from a

[A]uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time

[B]exclusive use of them for social purposes

[C]quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases

[D]careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

21.人們對某些物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生依賴性的原因

［A］長時間無節(jié)制地嗜用它們

［B］僅將它們用于社交目的

［C］定量地將它們用于治病

［D］由于不良癥狀而粗心地使用它們

22.From the last paragraph we can infer that.

[A] stimulants function positively on the mind

[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health

[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances

[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups

22.從文章最后第一段我們可以推斷。

［A］興奮劑對心智有積極影響

［B］幻覺劑本身就危害健康

［C］抑制劑是精神活性物質(zhì)中最壞的一種

［D］三種精神活性物質(zhì)經(jīng)常被一起使用

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

(1)addict（n.）入迷的人，上癮的人（v.）使沉溺，使入迷，使上癮；Drug～吸毒者(2)alcohol（n.）酒精

(3)illegal（a.）非法的；il—前綴，表示“非，不”。如：illiterate文盲的，未受教育的(4)neutral（a.）中立的；中性的

(5)heroin（n.）海洛因

(6)constructive（a.）有建設(shè)性的

(7)excess（a.）過量的，額外的；（n.）過量，過剩；in～過量

(8)negative（a.）否定的，消極的，反面的，負(fù)的；（n.）負(fù)數(shù)；（攝影）底片(9)perceptual（a.）感覺的

(10)withdrawal（n.）收回，取回，撤回；戒毒（脫癮）的過程；withdraw（v.）收回，撤回；退出，縮回

(11)nervous（a.）神經(jīng)的；神經(jīng)過敏的，緊張不安的；nerve（n.）神經(jīng)；勇氣，膽量(12)psychoactive（a.）作用于神經(jīng)的，影響或改變心理狀態(tài)的；psycho—：前綴，表示“精神”，“心理”；如：psychoanalysis精神分析；psychobiology精神生物學(xué)(13)hallucination（n.）幻覺；妄想

三、閱讀答案：D A? A?B

四、全文翻譯：

? ? ? ?從專業(yè)角度說，除食品外，任何能改變我們生理和心理機(jī)能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。很多人錯誤地認(rèn)為“藥物”一詞僅僅指某些藥品或是吸毒者服用的違禁化學(xué)品。他們沒有意識到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質(zhì)也是藥物。這就是為什么現(xiàn)在許多內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和心理學(xué)家使用“物質(zhì)”這個更加中性的詞。他們常用“物質(zhì)濫用”而不用“藥物濫用”來清楚表示濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質(zhì)可能如同濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。（長難句①）

? ? ? ?我們生活在一個物質(zhì)（藥物）在醫(yī)療和社交方面使用廣泛的社會里：用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林，用來應(yīng)酬的酒，早晨用來提神的咖啡，還有定神用的香煙。（長難句②）使用這些物質(zhì)得到了社會認(rèn)可，且顯然具有積極的作用，但什么時候就變成濫用了呢？首先，大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過量使用都會產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，如中毒或嚴(yán)重的知覺錯亂。反復(fù)使用一種物質(zhì)可以導(dǎo)致成癮或?qū)υ撐镔|(zhì)的依賴。依賴的最初表現(xiàn)是不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大，然后是一旦中斷使用就會出現(xiàn)難受的停藥癥狀。(長難句)

? ? ? ? 影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，改變知覺、情緒和行為的藥物（物質(zhì)）被稱為精神活性物質(zhì)，它們通常按照功能被分為興奮劑、鎮(zhèn)靜劑和幻覺劑。興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用，而鎮(zhèn)靜劑則減緩它的活動。（佳句）幻覺劑主要影響人的知覺，通過多種方式扭曲或改變知覺，其中包括產(chǎn)生幻覺。這些物質(zhì)常被認(rèn)為能“引起幻覺”（psychedelic一詞源于希臘語，意為“心靈顯現(xiàn)”），因為它們似乎能徹底改變?nèi)说囊庾R狀態(tài)。