Cultural Encounters文化沖突
We live in an age of easy access(n.→adj. accessible) to the rest of the world. ?(開門見山,段落topic sentence,an era of information explosion信息爆炸的時代)Cheap flights mean that millions of people are able to visit places (補充where) their parents could only dream about, ?while theInternet(inter-……之間) enables us to communicate with the remotest(a.→n.remoteness;區(qū)分distant強調(diào)距離,far→語感≡ ̄﹏ ̄≡) places and the traditional postal services are now referredto almost mockingly(joint venture合資企業(yè))as (把……稱作……)snail mail . ?When students go off backpacking , ?they can email their parents from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. ?And as for(至于,關(guān)于) mobile(automobile,汽車) phones(cellular,移動電話;smart phone智能手機) — ?the clicking of text messaging at any hour of the day or night has become familiar to(sth. is familiar to sb.;sb. is familiar with sth.) us all. ?Everyone, it seems, provided(連詞,引導(dǎo)條件句), of course, ?they can afford to do so, ?need never be out of touch(總結(jié),It seems that everyone need be out of touch if ?they can afford to do it.)(be in touch with sb.).
我們生活在一個可以輕易接觸世界其他地方的時代。廉價的航班意味著數(shù)以百萬計的人能夠去他們的父母只能夢想的地方,而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使我們能夠與最偏遠的地方溝通,傳統(tǒng)的郵政服務(wù)現(xiàn)在幾乎被戲稱為蝸牛郵件。當(dāng)學(xué)生們背包旅行時,他們可以在喜馬拉雅山或沙漠綠洲的網(wǎng)吧里給父母發(fā)電子郵件。至于手機,無論白天或晚上的任何時候,點擊短信已經(jīng)成為我們大家所熟悉的。似乎每個人,當(dāng)然,只要他們有能力這樣做,就永遠不需要脫離現(xiàn)實。
Significantly also, this great global communications revolution is also linked to(be conected with ,be related to) the expansion(n.→v. expand;區(qū)分extand) of English, ?which has now become the leading(起主導(dǎo)作用的) international language.
同樣重要的是,這場偉大的全球通信革命也與英語的擴展有關(guān),英語現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為主要的國際語言。
Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, ?regardless of(不管) whether anyone present(v.呈現(xiàn);出席 n.禮物 adj.出席會議的,與會的〈往往做后置定語〉) is a native English speaker. ?English has simply(加強語氣的副詞,簡直……) become the language that facilitates communication, ?and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone (墊腳石,踏板,跳板)(acquisition習(xí)得)(spring彈簧→springboard跳板)on the road to success.
世界各地的會議和商務(wù)會議都是用英語舉行的,不管在場的人是否以英語為母語。英語已經(jīng)成為一種方便交流的語言,對許多人來說,學(xué)習(xí)英語是通往成功道路上必不可少的踏腳石。
So why, you may wonder, ?(插入語)would anyone have misgivings about all these wonderful developments(so you may wonder why would……), ?and why does the rise(n.)(expansion同義詞替換) of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness(misgivings) for(連詞) some of us? ?For there are in'deed(的確) problems with the communications revolution, ?problems that are not only eco'nomic(ahj.)(economical節(jié)約的,經(jīng)濟的). Most fundamental(→adv. fundamentally)(syn.basic)(foundation地基)(補充,problem) is the profound(思想深刻→adv.profoundly) relationship between language and culture that lies(位于) at the heart of society and one(指代上文relationship) that we overlook at our peri(e)l(at one's peril).(★學(xué)術(shù)性語言,把簡單的事情說復(fù)雜、說高級)(we overlook this peril...)
所以,你可能會想,為什么會有人對所有這些美妙的發(fā)展感到擔(dān)憂?為什么英語作為全球語言的崛起會讓我們中的一些人感到不安?因為通信革命確實存在一些問題,這些問題不僅僅是經(jīng)濟方面的。最根本的是語言和文化之間的深刻關(guān)系,這是社會的核心,如果我們忽視了這一點,我們就會面臨危險。
Different cultures are not simply(not just;not enough to say that) groups of people who label(tag)the world differently; ?languages give us the means(ways;methods) to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another. (mutual understanding相互理解) We express what we see and feel through language, ?and because languages are so clearly culture-related(culture-loaded文化負載、culture-oriented文化導(dǎo)向) , ?often we find that what we can say in one language cannot be expressed at all in another. ?The English word homesickness translates into Italian as nostalgia, ?but English has had to borrow that same word to describe a different state of mind(心態(tài),心境,mentality), ?something that is not quite homesickness and involves(包含,包括) a kind of longing. ?Homesickness and nostalgia(n.→adj.nostalgic)put(過去分詞) together are almost, ?but not quite, ?the Portuguese(adj.葡萄牙人/語的;n.葡萄牙人/語→portugal葡萄牙) saudade, ?an untranslatable word that describes a state of mind that is not despair, ?angst (English borrowed that from German), ?sadness or regret, ?but hovers somewhere in and around all those words.
不同的文化不僅僅是一群給世界貼上不同標(biāo)簽的人;語言為我們提供了塑造世界觀的途徑,而語言又是各不相同的。我們通過語言來表達我們的所見所聞,因為語言與文化有著明顯的聯(lián)系,我們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)我們能用一種語言表達的東西在另一種語言中根本無法表達。英語單詞homesickness在意大利語中翻譯為鄉(xiāng)愁,但英語不得不借用這個單詞來描述一種不同的精神狀態(tài),一種不完全是鄉(xiāng)愁,而是一種渴望的狀態(tài)。鄉(xiāng)愁和鄉(xiāng)愁加在一起,幾乎是(但不完全是)葡萄牙語中的saudade。saudade是一個無法翻譯的詞,描述的是一種不是絕望、焦慮(英語是從德語借來的)、悲傷或遺憾的心理狀態(tài),但它徘徊在所有這些詞之中或周圍。
The early Bible translators hit the problem of untranslatability head-on(face to face). ?(正式英文版《圣經(jīng)》1611年,King James Version)How do you translate the image(形象,印象) of the Lamb of God for a culture in which sheep do not exist?
早期的圣經(jīng)翻譯者遇到了不可譯的問題。在一個沒有羊的文化中,你如何翻譯上帝羔羊的形象?
What exactly was the fruit that Eve picked in the Garden of Eden? ?What was the creature(生物,生靈<上帝創(chuàng)造creat>) that swallowed Jonah, ?given(介詞,引導(dǎo)原因,“考慮到……”) that whales are not given to (not be given to,not usually do sth.)(are not likely)swimming in warm, southern seas? ?Faced with unsurmountable(不可征服的) linguistic(linguistics語言學(xué)) problems, ?translators negotiated(→adj.negotiable) (協(xié)商;談判)the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise(concession讓步).(Faced with the unconquerable linguistic problems, translators managed to deal with the differences between languages and thought of a version that was similar to the original in spirits.)(compromise on sth./compromise with sb.)
夏娃在伊甸園里摘的到底是什么果實?既然鯨不喜歡在溫暖的南方海洋里游泳,那么吞下約拿的是什么生物呢?面對無法克服的語言問題,翻譯人員通過揣摩,找到了語言之間的界限,并想出了一個折衷方案。
Compromising is something that speakers of more than one language understand.
說多種語言的人都能理解妥協(xié)
When there are no words in another language for what you want to say, ?you make adjustments and try to approximate(v.貼近,靠近;be close). ?English and Welsh speakers make adjustmentsregarding(介詞,關(guān)于:concerning,as regards,on the subject.of,in terms of,considering,) the colour spectrum(色譜) in the grey/green/blue/brown range(范圍a wide range of sth.)(可當(dāng)動詞range from to)(scope:更多說抽象事物的范圍.It is within my scope.)(originality原創(chuàng)性), since(引導(dǎo)原因) English has four words and Welsh(adj. 威爾士語的→n.Wales)has three. ?And even抽象 where words do exist, ?compromises still need to be made. ?The word democracy means(謂語) completely different things in different contexts(上下文,語境★學(xué)語言重點), ?and even a word like bread which refers to (與refer to……as區(qū)分?提及,提到,指的是)a staple(v.訂) food(主食) item(條目,條款) made of flour means totally different things to different people. ?The flat breads of Central Asia(中亞) are a long way away from (so different from)Mother's Pride white sliced toasties, ?yet the word bread has to serve(v.為……而服務(wù)) for both.
當(dāng)你想表達的內(nèi)容在另一種語言中找不到合適的詞時,你就會做出調(diào)整,盡量接近。說英語和威爾士語的人會根據(jù)顏色光譜在灰色/綠色/藍色/棕色范圍內(nèi)進行調(diào)整,因為英語有四個單詞,而威爾士語有三個。即使在語言存在的地方,妥協(xié)仍然需要?!懊裰鳌边@個詞在不同的語境中意味著完全不同的東西,甚至像面包這樣指面粉做的主食的詞,對不同的人來說也意味著完全不同的東西。中亞的扁平面包與“母親的驕傲”(Mother’’’’’)白色切片吐司相去甚遠,但“面包”這個詞同時也適用于這兩種面包。
Inevitably(unavoidably不可避免的), the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences. ?This is an essential(neccacary,important,……) skill in today's hybrid(mixed混合多元的) world, ?particularly now when(引導(dǎo)定語從句) the need for international understanding has rarely been so important. ?But even as(正當(dāng)) more people become multilingual, ?so native English speakers are losing out, ?for they are becoming ever more monolingual, ?and hence(因此,引導(dǎo)結(jié)果) increasingly unaware(be unaware of)(syn.unconcious更多身體上) of the differences between cultures that languages reveal(揭露,展示)(syn.uncover,unveil)(n.revealation). ?Communicating in another language involves(包含) not only linguistic skills(語言技能), ?but the ability to think differently, ?to enter into another culture's mentality(心態(tài)) and shape language accordingly(相應(yīng)地). ?Millions of people are discovering how to bridge(v.搭建橋梁) cultures, ?while the English-speaking world becomes ever more complacent(自滿→complacency(n.)) and cuts down on (削減,猶指數(shù)量)foreign language learning programmes(常見表達) in the mistaken belief that it is enough to know English.
不可避免的是,英語的傳播意味著數(shù)以百萬計的人正在為自己的母語添加另一門語言,并正在學(xué)習(xí)如何處理文化和語言差異。在當(dāng)今這個混合的世界里,這是一項必不可少的技能,尤其是在對國際理解的需求很少像現(xiàn)在這樣重要的時候。但是,即使越來越多的人會說多種語言,以英語為母語的人也在失去優(yōu)勢,因為他們變得越來越只會說一種語言,因此越來越?jīng)]有意識到語言所揭示的文化差異。用另一種語言交流不僅需要語言技巧,還需要以不同的方式思考,進入另一種文化的心態(tài),并相應(yīng)地塑造語言。數(shù)以百萬計的人正在探索如何在文化之間架起橋梁,與此同時,英語世界變得更加自滿,錯誤地認(rèn)為懂英語就足夠了,從而減少了外語學(xué)習(xí)項目。
World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding. ?Those best placed to help that process(world peace process) may not be the ones with the latest technology(最新技術(shù)) and state of the art (最頂尖的)mobile phones, ?but those with the skills to understand what(引導(dǎo)三個名詞性從句) lies in(言內(nèi)之意,字面含義), (lies) under (言下之意,隱含意義)and (lies)beyond(言外之意,超越詞語本身意義) the words spoken in many different languages. under and beyond the words spoken in many different languages.
未來的世界和平取決于不同文化間的理解。最有能力幫助實現(xiàn)這一過程的可能不是那些擁有最新技術(shù)和最先進移動電話的人,而是那些能夠理解許多不同語言中所包含的、隱藏的和隱藏的內(nèi)容的人。