1829年3月4日，安德魯·杰克遜在華盛頓特區(qū)正式就任美國(guó)第7任總統(tǒng)。

安德魯·杰克遜，出身美國(guó)民主黨，他此前是民主共和黨的成員，但由于和小亞當(dāng)斯的分歧，導(dǎo)致民主共和黨分裂成民主黨和國(guó)家共和黨，杰克遜是民主黨的創(chuàng)始人，也是第一位出身美國(guó)民主黨的總統(tǒng)，他所創(chuàng)立的黨派至今仍是美國(guó)兩大黨派之一。杰克遜不像前幾任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)那樣身世顯赫，他是第一位出身平民階層的總統(tǒng)，也沒(méi)有接受過(guò)正規(guī)教育，是一位“大老粗”總統(tǒng)，他流傳至今的許多語(yǔ)錄都看得出他脾氣暴躁、滿(mǎn)口粗話(huà)，不如前幾位總統(tǒng)那樣談吐優(yōu)雅，但正是這樣一位“接地氣”的總統(tǒng)，得到了廣大民眾的喜愛(ài)擁護(hù)。同時(shí)他是資深軍人，參加過(guò)1812年英美戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，并因率領(lǐng)民兵在新奧爾良戰(zhàn)役中擊敗英軍而名聲大噪，成為美國(guó)的民族英雄。他的頭像被印在了20美元紙幣上。

對(duì)內(nèi)方面，杰克遜總統(tǒng)同此前出身美國(guó)南方的總統(tǒng)一樣，側(cè)重美國(guó)南方農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，并致力于廢除美國(guó)第二銀行，以將財(cái)富更多用于南方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在他任期內(nèi)依然處于上升期。杰克遜推動(dòng)美國(guó)西進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，并一改此前美國(guó)總統(tǒng)對(duì)原住民的溫和態(tài)度，使用武力強(qiáng)行驅(qū)逐原住民，任內(nèi)美國(guó)同原住民爆發(fā)了多次沖突，其中最著名的是黑鷹戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。他任內(nèi)改革了總統(tǒng)選舉制，將實(shí)際選舉范圍擴(kuò)大到了幾乎所有白人男性，并推行“政黨分肥制”(也被稱(chēng)為“分贓制”)，杰克遜宣稱(chēng)，既然美國(guó)總統(tǒng)是全民選舉產(chǎn)生的，那么也只有美國(guó)總統(tǒng)可以代表人民，國(guó)家要職候選人理應(yīng)從總統(tǒng)所屬的黨派進(jìn)行選舉，他大量任命民主黨人擔(dān)任國(guó)家要職，接機(jī)整頓了政壇腐敗問(wèn)題，且廢除了行政部門(mén)的終身制職務(wù)，客觀(guān)上來(lái)說(shuō)，改革選舉和廢除終身制促進(jìn)了美國(guó)民主的發(fā)展，這也被稱(chēng)為“杰克遜式的民主”，為他贏(yíng)得了極高的支持率，但是由于改革導(dǎo)致總統(tǒng)的政黨幾乎控制了一切國(guó)家要職，總統(tǒng)的權(quán)力和權(quán)威也得到了前所未有的提升，許多杰克遜的政敵批判杰克遜在搞獨(dú)裁，甚至稱(chēng)呼他為“杰克遜一世國(guó)王”。同時(shí)民主黨在政壇一家獨(dú)大，引起國(guó)家共和黨的強(qiáng)烈不滿(mǎn)，加劇了美國(guó)政黨沖突，總統(tǒng)權(quán)力的擴(kuò)大也增強(qiáng)了美國(guó)中央集權(quán)，激化了聯(lián)邦政府和州政府矛盾。在1830年，南卡羅來(lái)納州的羅伯特·海恩同馬薩諸塞州的丹尼爾·韋伯斯特就開(kāi)發(fā)西部問(wèn)題展開(kāi)了辯論，兩名議員的辯論很快上升到聯(lián)邦政府和州政府的問(wèn)題，再加上兩名議員的立場(chǎng)分別代表了美國(guó)南方和北方，又受到不滿(mǎn)民主黨獨(dú)大、杰克遜“獨(dú)裁”的政客煽動(dòng)，這一場(chǎng)辯論導(dǎo)致了美國(guó)的一場(chǎng)分裂危機(jī)。南方各州借此要求聯(lián)邦政府取消此前實(shí)施的高關(guān)稅，因?yàn)楦哧P(guān)稅長(zhǎng)期便利于北方工業(yè)，而不利于南方農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，杰克遜雖然出身于南方，但是為了維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一和聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)威，他拒絕了南方的請(qǐng)求，南方多州氣急敗壞地以“違憲”為由拒絕再執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦政府頒布的法律，史稱(chēng)“拒行聯(lián)邦法規(guī)危機(jī)”，此舉得到了時(shí)任美國(guó)副總統(tǒng)約翰·卡爾霍恩的支持，杰克遜總統(tǒng)得知此事后暴跳如雷，隨后開(kāi)始用自己傳統(tǒng)的軍人作風(fēng)，集結(jié)軍隊(duì)以威懾南方各州，并叫囂要以叛國(guó)罪的罪名將卡爾霍恩副總統(tǒng)絞死，危機(jī)未能解決，杰克遜的第一個(gè)總統(tǒng)任期就在動(dòng)蕩中結(jié)束了。

對(duì)外方面，杰克遜奉行著門(mén)羅主義，同周邊各國(guó)保持和平，無(wú)特別事跡。

John Calhoun, if you secede from my nation I will secede your head from the rest of your body. ——??Andrew Jackson

約翰·卡爾霍恩，如果你敢從我的國(guó)家分裂出去，我就讓你的頭從你的身體分裂出去。 ——安德魯·杰克遜

Fellow-Citizens:

同胞們：

About to undertake the arduous duties that I have been appointed to perform by the choice of a free people, I avail myself of this customary and solemn occasion to express the gratitude which their confidence inspires and to acknowledge the accountability which my situation enjoins. While the magnitude of their interests convinces me that no thanks can be adequate to the honor they have conferred, it admonishes me that the best return I can make is the zealous dedication of my humble abilities to their service and their good.

應(yīng)自由人民的選擇，我將肩負(fù)起艱巨重任，我希望借此莊嚴(yán)的傳統(tǒng)場(chǎng)合，表達(dá)我對(duì)選民們信任與我的感激之情，同時(shí)也闡述該職務(wù)需要承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。選民對(duì)我的愛(ài)戴之深，讓我更加相信任何感謝的話(huà)語(yǔ)都配不上他們賜予我的榮譽(yù)，同時(shí)也告誡我，我只能以微薄的力量全身心服務(wù)他們，才能回報(bào)他們的愛(ài)戴。

As the instrument of the Federal Constitution it will devolve on me for a stated period to execute the laws of the United States, to superintend their foreign and their confederate relations, to manage their revenue, to command their forces, and, by communications to the Legislature, to watch over and to promote their interests generally. And the principles of action by which I shall endeavor to accomplish this circle of duties it is now proper for me briefly to explain.

我身為聯(lián)邦憲法的執(zhí)行者，被憲法授權(quán)在規(guī)定任期內(nèi)執(zhí)行美國(guó)的法律，管理美國(guó)對(duì)外事務(wù)和內(nèi)部各州關(guān)系，經(jīng)營(yíng)國(guó)家收入，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)美國(guó)軍隊(duì)，并多同國(guó)會(huì)交流，一同關(guān)注、促進(jìn)國(guó)家整體利益。而現(xiàn)在我要簡(jiǎn)明闡述一下，我要完成這些目標(biāo)，會(huì)基于哪些行動(dòng)原則。

In administering the laws of Congress I shall keep steadily in view the limitations as well as the extent of the Executive power trusting thereby to discharge the functions of my office without transcending its authority. With foreign nations it will be my study to preserve peace and to cultivate friendship on fair and honorable terms, and in the adjustment of any differences that may exist or arise to exhibit the forbearance becoming a powerful nation rather than the sensibility belonging to a gallant people.

在管理國(guó)會(huì)立法時(shí)，我會(huì)時(shí)刻將自己的行政權(quán)力范圍和權(quán)力限制牢記于腦海中，從而在不越權(quán)的前提下履行自己的職務(wù)。在處理對(duì)外關(guān)系時(shí)，我會(huì)致力捍衛(wèi)和平，以公平、體面的條約增進(jìn)雙方友誼，我會(huì)努力協(xié)調(diào)我們之間可能存在的分歧，以展現(xiàn)出美國(guó)作為一個(gè)大國(guó)的寬容，而不是一個(gè)勇敢民族的莽撞。

In such measures as I may be called on to pursue in regard to the rights of the separate States I hope to be animated by a proper respect for those sovereign members of our Union, taking care not to confound the powers they have reserved to themselves with those they have granted to the Confederacy.

在我盡職對(duì)各州權(quán)利實(shí)施相關(guān)政策時(shí)，我希望各州作為聯(lián)邦內(nèi)的政治體成員，可以體會(huì)到總統(tǒng)對(duì)你們的尊重，我會(huì)留意避免混淆各州自己的權(quán)力和他們給予邦聯(lián)的權(quán)力。

The management of the public revenue that searching operation in all governments is among the most delicate and important trusts in ours, and it will, of course, demand no inconsiderable share of my official solicitude. Under every aspect in which it can be considered it would appear that advantage must result from the observance of a strict and faithful economy. This I shall aim at the more anxiously both because it will facilitate the extinguishment of the national debt, the unnecessary duration of which is incompatible with real independence, and because it will counteract that tendency to public and private profligacy which a profuse expenditure of money by the Government is but too apt to engender. Powerful auxiliaries to the attainment of this desirable end are to be found in the regulations provided by the wisdom of Congress for the specific appropriation of public money and the prompt accountability of public officers.

管理國(guó)家收入是所有政府都需要關(guān)注的事務(wù)，也是聯(lián)邦政府最細(xì)致、最重要的工作，自然而然，我作為總統(tǒng)也需要留心此事務(wù)。從我能想到的每一個(gè)方面來(lái)看，似乎保證經(jīng)濟(jì)嚴(yán)明清廉都有益于國(guó)家。我如此重視經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展可以讓我們盡早還清國(guó)債，只要還被這種不必要的債務(wù)束縛著，我國(guó)就很難稱(chēng)作一個(gè)真正的獨(dú)立國(guó)家，同時(shí)也因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展能夠消除國(guó)家和個(gè)人揮霍財(cái)富的趨勢(shì)，這種趨勢(shì)很容易在國(guó)家財(cái)政支出過(guò)大時(shí)產(chǎn)生。為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一理想目標(biāo)，我們需要國(guó)會(huì)議員獻(xiàn)智獻(xiàn)策，就財(cái)政資金具體如何撥款，提拔哪些公職人員提供有力幫助。

With regard to a proper selection of the subjects of impost with a view to revenue, it would seem to me that the spirit of equity, caution and compromise in which the Constitution was formed requires that the great interests of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures should be equally favored, and that perhaps the only exception to this rule should consist in the peculiar encouragement of any products of either of them that may be found essential to our national independence.

既然要增加收入，就要對(duì)部分合適的行業(yè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行征稅，我認(rèn)為，憲法是在平等、謹(jǐn)慎和妥協(xié)精神的基礎(chǔ)上建立的，也就意味著農(nóng)業(yè)、商業(yè)、工業(yè)的利益應(yīng)當(dāng)同等照顧，或許這條規(guī)則可以把我們重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)的產(chǎn)品排除在外，因?yàn)檫@些產(chǎn)品缺一不可，它們對(duì)我國(guó)獨(dú)立有舉足輕重的影響。

Internal improvement and the diffusion of knowledge, so far as they can be promoted by the constitutional acts of the Federal Government, are of high importance.

國(guó)內(nèi)改革和教育普及至關(guān)重要，目前聯(lián)邦政府正通過(guò)符合憲法的法案推動(dòng)二者繼續(xù)發(fā)展。

Considering standing armies as dangerous to free governments in time of peace, I shall not seek to enlarge our present establishment, nor disregard that salutary lesson of political experience which teaches that the military should be held subordinate to the civil power. The gradual increase of our Navy, whose flag has displayed in distant climes our skill in navigation and our fame in arms; the preservation of our forts, arsenals, and dockyards, and the introduction of progressive improvements in the discipline and science of both branches of our military service are so plainly prescribed by prudence that I should be excused for omitting their mention sooner than for enlarging on their importance. But the bulwark of our defense is the national militia, which in the present state of our intelligence and population must render us invincible. As long as our Government is administered for the good of the people, and is regulated by their will; as long as it secures to us the rights of person and of property, liberty of conscience and of the press, it will be worth defending; and so long as it is worth defending a patriotic militia will cover it with an impenetrable aegis. Partial injuries and occasional mortifications we may be subjected to, but a million of armed freemen, possessed of the means of war, can never be conquered by a foreign foe. To any just system, therefore, calculated to strengthen this natural safeguard of the country I shall cheerfully lend all the aid in my powre. It will be my sincere and constant desire to observe toward the Indian tribes within our limits a just and liberal policy, and to give that humane and considerate attention to their rights and their wants which is consistent with the habits of our Government and the feelings of our people.

考慮到一支訓(xùn)練有素的常備軍在和平時(shí)期會(huì)成為對(duì)自由政府的威脅，我不考慮擴(kuò)大我國(guó)現(xiàn)役常備軍的規(guī)模，也不會(huì)忘記從政治試驗(yàn)得到的深刻教訓(xùn)——軍隊(duì)必須屈服于人民權(quán)力。我國(guó)海軍逐步擴(kuò)軍，他們的旗幟飄揚(yáng)在天涯海角，展現(xiàn)美國(guó)海軍精湛的航行技術(shù)和軍事聲譽(yù)；但由于該事務(wù)較為敏感慎重，我不應(yīng)夸大軍隊(duì)的重要性，請(qǐng)?jiān)徫衣赃^(guò)我們對(duì)堡壘、軍火庫(kù)和船務(wù)的維護(hù)，對(duì)海陸兩軍軍紀(jì)和技術(shù)的改革細(xì)節(jié)。畢竟民兵才是捍衛(wèi)祖國(guó)的銅墻鐵壁，鑒于我們當(dāng)前智力高超、人口眾多的情況，我們的民兵將戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝。只要我們的政府執(zhí)政為民，屈從于人民意志；只要政府能保護(hù)我們的人權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)、思想自由和新聞自由，這一政府就值得我們?nèi)ズ葱l(wèi)；只要政府值得捍衛(wèi)，愛(ài)國(guó)的民兵們就會(huì)用堅(jiān)不可摧的神盾保護(hù)它。我們可能受到一些傷害，我們可能蒙受一些羞辱，但是100萬(wàn)全副武裝、精通戰(zhàn)法的自由人永遠(yuǎn)不可能被外敵擊敗。因此，如果有任何可行制度能夠增強(qiáng)我國(guó)與生俱來(lái)的保衛(wèi)者戰(zhàn)斗力，我都會(huì)欣然盡力提供一切幫助。我誠(chéng)心希望對(duì)我國(guó)境內(nèi)的印第安部落施以公正自由的政策，并出自善意而密切關(guān)注他們的權(quán)利與需求，此做法既符合聯(lián)邦政府的作風(fēng)，也顧及到了美國(guó)人民的情感。

The recent demonstration of public sentiment inscribes on the list of Executive duties, in characters too legible to be overlooked, the task of reform, which will require particularly the correction of those abuses that have brought the patronage of the Federal Government into conflict with the freedom of elections, and the counteraction of those causes which have disturbed the rightful course of appointment and have placed or continued power in unfaithful or incompetent hands.

我已將近期人民的訴求列為任務(wù)清單，作為我的執(zhí)政目標(biāo)，這些訴求的特征十分明顯，首先是改革措施，尤其要改革聯(lián)邦政府中部分人濫用職能財(cái)富，在競(jìng)選時(shí)為自己收買(mǎi)支持者的情況，這嚴(yán)重違背了選舉自由，同時(shí)針對(duì)擾亂正當(dāng)任職，將職務(wù)交于昏庸無(wú)能之輩的情況，也要出臺(tái)相關(guān)應(yīng)對(duì)措施。

In the performance of a task thus generally delineated I shall endeavor to select men whose diligence and talents will insure in their respective stations able and faithful cooperation, depending for the advancement of the public service more on the integrity and zeal of the public officers than on their numbers.

在執(zhí)行上述職務(wù)時(shí)，我會(huì)挑選勤奮的才人去勝任各部門(mén)的崗位，促進(jìn)他們相互合作，政府業(yè)績(jī)想要取得進(jìn)步，依靠的不是公職人員的數(shù)量，而是他們的正直和能力。

A diffidence, perhaps too just, in my own qualifications will teach me to look with reverence to the examples of public virtue left by my illustrious predecessors, and with veneration to the lights that flow from the mind that founded and the mind that reformed our system. The same diffidence induces me to hope for instruction and aid from the coordinate branches of the Government, and for the indulgence and support of my fellow-citizens generally. And a firm reliance on the goodness of that Power whose providence mercifully protected our national infancy, and has since upheld our liberties in various vicissitudes, encourages me to offer up my ardent supplications that He will continue to make our beloved country the object of His divine care and gracious benediction.

前幾任總統(tǒng)才能杰出，自身的資歷匱乏使得我十分敬仰他們的功績(jī)，他們創(chuàng)建、改革我們政治制度，我崇敬他們思想中流露的耀眼光芒。同樣因?yàn)槲夷芰η啡?，我希望政府各部門(mén)能夠給予我所需要的指導(dǎo)和幫助，也請(qǐng)求全體同胞們對(duì)我多一些寬容和支持。上帝仁慈地保佑我國(guó)安然度過(guò)了萌芽期，并在此后的跌宕起伏中長(zhǎng)期保護(hù)我們的自由，我深信上帝慈愛(ài)天下，這也使我有信心祈求上帝，希望主能在未來(lái)繼續(xù)將神愛(ài)和祝福賜予我們深?lèi)?ài)的祖國(guó)。

聲明：本人僅按照原文翻譯內(nèi)容，演講內(nèi)容不代表本人觀(guān)點(diǎn)。此專(zhuān)欄僅供歷史和英語(yǔ)交流學(xué)習(xí)使用，任何讀者皆可引用本人的譯本。

希望來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的觀(guān)眾明白：我覺(jué)得這些專(zhuān)欄的主要精華在于英語(yǔ)原文，而并非我的譯本，我的譯本很大程度上只是供來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)歷史的觀(guān)眾使用的。本人的英語(yǔ)水平一般，翻譯得并不會(huì)多么精彩，只能在你看不懂時(shí)來(lái)幫助你了解這些演講內(nèi)容最基本的意思，而且翻譯時(shí)難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)差錯(cuò)，切勿直接完全以我的譯本為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如發(fā)現(xiàn)有翻譯錯(cuò)誤或者歧義內(nèi)容，歡迎指正。

希望來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)歷史的觀(guān)眾明白：任何歷史人物都有一定的局限性，隨著時(shí)代發(fā)展，很多觀(guān)點(diǎn)看法可能已經(jīng)不再適用今天的世界，西方的觀(guān)點(diǎn)也不一定適用于我們。通過(guò)了解這些演講，僅可給我們提供一個(gè)更全面了解過(guò)去和世界的渠道。我們可以從優(yōu)秀的歷史、當(dāng)代人物身上學(xué)到很多，但是請(qǐng)保持獨(dú)立思考，理性看待演講內(nèi)容，切勿全信或?qū)⑵浞顬檎胬怼??