飛行課程 Stage 1 - Airspace
Content:
The Airspace System
Class G Airspace
Class E Airspace
Class D Airspace
Class C Airspace
Class B Airspace
Class A Airspace
Additional Airspace Restrictions
Special Use Airspace and Other Airspace Areas
Temporary Flight Restrictions
ADIZs and the Washington DC SFRA
Intercept Procedures
1. The Airspace System
Uncontrolled Airspace
ATC does not normally exercise control of air traffic
You are not required to communicate with ATC unless the FAA has a temporary control tower in place
You need only a student pilot certificate
Equipment requirements are minimal
You must conform to VFR minimum visibility and cloud clearance restrictions
Ontrolled Airspace
ATC exercises control of air traffic
You are subject to certain operating rules, which often include communicating with ATC
You must comply with pilot qualifications
Aircraft might require specific equipment
You must conform to VFR minimum visibility and cloud clearance restrictions
Transponders: An electronic device that enhances an aircraft's identity on an ATC radar screen
There are three types of transponders:
Mode A enables you to set any of 4096 codes
Mode C enables transmission of the aircraft's altitude to ATC
Mode S includes advanced features to support the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
When flying VFR in controlled airspace, set the transponder code to 1200 to indicate to ATC that you are VFR traffic
When flying IFR in controlled airpsace, an air traffic controller assigns a discrete code to your transponder to distinguish your aircraft from other aircraft
Airspace Classes:
Uncontrolled airspace classes: G
Controlled airspace classes: A, B, C, D, E
Each airspace class is defined by lateral and vertical dimensions
2. Class G Airspace
Class G Boundaries ("Good all days")
Typically extends from the surface to the base of the overlying Class E airspace
Typically 700 or 1,200 feet AGL
14,500 feet MSL in some remote areas
1,500 feet AGL when 14,500 feet MSL is lower than 1,500 AGL
Class G VFR Weather Minimums
0 - 1,200 ft. AGL
Day:
Distance from clouds:?
Clear of clouds
Flight visibility: 1 statute mile
Night:
Distance from clouds:
500 ft. below
1,000 ft. above
2,000 ft. horizontal
Flight visibility: 3 statute miles
1,200 ft. AGL - 10,000 ft. MSL
Day:
Distance from clouds:
500 ft. below
1,000 ft. above
2,000 ft. horizontal
Flight visibility: 1 statute mile
Night:
Distance from clouds:
500 ft. below
1,000 ft. above
2,000 ft. horizontal
Flight visibility: 3 statute miles
Above 10,000 ft. MSL
Distance from clouds:
1,000 ft. below
1,000 ft. above
1 statute mile horizontal
Flight visibility: 5 statute miles
Interpreting Class G Airspace on Charts
Most airspace not depicted as Classes B, C, D, or E on VFR aeronautical charts is Class G airspace
Class G airsspace extends from the ground to 1,200 feet AGL within the depicted Class E boundary
All airspace outside of the Class E boundary is also Class G airspace
The ceiling of the Class G airspace is 15,398 feet MSL, which is 1,500 feet above the terrain near the airport
3. Class E?Airspace
Directly overlays the other airspace classes. It extends:
From the ceilings of Class B, C, D, and G airspace to the base of Class A airspace
Above FL600, the ceiling of class A airspace
Four nautical miles on either side of a Victor airway, from 1,200 feet AGL up to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL
RNAV Terminal Transition Routes (T-routes; Class E airspace)
Enable GPS-equipped aircraft operating under instrument flight rules to fly efficiently around or through Class B and Class C airspace areas
Class E VFR Weather Minimums
Below 10,000 ft. MSL
500 ft. below the cloud
1,000 ft. above the cloud
2,000 ft. horizontally away from the cloud
Flight visbility: 3 statute miles
Above 10,000 ft. MSL
1,000 ft. below the cloud
1,000 ft. above the cloud
1 statute miles horizontally away from the cloud
Flight visibility: 5 statute miles
Interpreting Class E Airspace on Charts
A dashed magenta line indicates Class E airspace that begins at the surface
A magenta gradiant band indicates Class E airspace that begins at 700 ft. AGL
Inside the soft edge of the magenta band, Class E airspace starts at 700 ft. AGL
Outside of the hard edge of the magenta band, Class E airspace starts at 1,200 ft. AGL
Class E Operating Procedures
There are no pilot certification, equipment, or entry requirements when flying under VFR in Class E arispace, and unless a temporary control tower is in place, you are not required to communicate with ATC
In Class E airspace, you can expect the following:
Traffic advisory service on request, ATC workload permitting
Weather reporting services from a weather observer or automatic weather observation equipment, when Class E airspace begins at the surface of the airport
4. Class D?Airspace
The controlled airspace around an airport that has an operating control tower but that provides no radar services
Class D airspace boundaries
Normally extend from the surface to a designated MSL altitude (usually 2,500 ft. AGL)
Can include one or more extensions to the lateral boundaries based on the instrument procedures for the primary airport
The airspace over an airport is Class D only when the tower is in operation; when the tower closes, the airspace changes to Class E or a combination of Class E and Class G airspace
Class D VFR Weather Minimum
500 ft. below the cloud
1,000 ft. above the cloud
2,000 ft. horizontally away from the cloud
Flight visibility: 3 statute miles
Interpreting Class D Airspace on Charts
A blue, dashed line denotes Class D airspace
A dashed blue box within the Class D airspace area contains a number that specifies the ceiling in hundreds of feet
Class D Operating Procedures
Avoid entering Class D airspace except to take off or land
No special pilot requirements for operating in Class D airspace; however, unless otherwise authorized, you must communicate with ATC prior to arriving in, departing from, or flying through Class D airspace, so your aircraft must be equipped with a two-way radio
If a satellite airport is located within the Class D airspace designated for the primary airport
Contact the satellite airport control tower, if it is in operation, for arrival and departure
Contact the primary airport's control tower for arrival and departure if the satellite tower is not in operation or if the airport is nontowered
Contact the primary airport's control tower as soon as practicable after takeoff when departing a satellite airport that does not have a tower
5. Class C?Airspace
Class C Boundaries:
Within Class C airspace, ATC provides radar service to all IFR and VFR aircraft
Participation is mandatory
Class C airspace consists of two circular boundaries
The core surface area covers a 5-nautical-mile radius from the center of the airport and extends from the surface to 4,000 ft. AGL
The shelf area covers a 10-nautical-mile radius from the center of the airport. It extends from 1,200 ft. AGL to 4,000 ft. AGL
Class C VFR Weather Minimums
500 ft. below the cloud
1,000 ft. above the cloud
2,000 ft. horizontally away from the cloud
Flight visibility: 3 statute miles
Interpreting Class C Airspace on Charts
A solid magenta line that appears in a circle around an airport
The inner circle identifies the core area
The outer circle identifies the shelf area
Class C Aircraft Requirements
Your aircraft must be equipped with:
A two-way radio
A mode C transponder (applies in Class C and above the Class C airspace ceiling up to 10,000 feet MSL)
ADS-B Out Equipment (applies in Class C and above the Class C airspace ceiling up to 10,000 feet MSL)
Class C Operating Procedures
Prior to entering the area, establish two-way communication with ATC and maintain contact until clear of the area
When departing a Class C primary or satellite airport that has an operating control tower, establish and maintain two-way radio communications until instructed by ATC to change frequencies
When departing a satellite airport that does not have an operating control tower, contact the primary airport as soon as practicable after takeoff
When flying into a satellite airport, establish and maintain contact with ATC. When ATC discontinues radar services, switch to CTAF
Some ATC facilities for Class C airports might not operate full time. When a facility is closed, ATC services are not available
6. Class B?Airspace
Separates arriving and departing traffic at the busiest airports in the country
Consists of concentric levels that resemble the layers of an upside-down wedding cake
Each layer in Class B airspace has:
Varing lateral dimensions based on the individual needs of the area
Varying vertical dimensions, which typically range from the surface up to 10,000 ft MSL
Class B VFR Weather Minimums
Distance from clouds: Clear of clouds
Flight visibility: 3 statute miles
Interpreting Class B Airspace on Charts
A solid blue line defines Class B airspace
Multiple rings represent successive layers of Class B airspace
VFR Transition Routes, Corridors, and Flyways
Class B Pilot and Aircraft Requirements
To fly, take off, or land within most Class B airspace, you must have at least a private pilot certificate
In some Class B areas, student pilots may be permitted to conduct flight operations by obtaining specific training and a logbook endorsement from a certificated flight instructor
In addition, your aircraft must have the following equipment to communicate with ATC:
Two-way radio
Mode C transponder
VOR or TACAN for IFR operations only
ADS-B Out equipment (ADS-B Out works by?broadcasting information about an aircraft's GPS location, altitude, ground speed and other data to ground stations and other aircraft, once per second)
Class B Operating Procedures
Must contact ATC to:
Obtain clearance to enter Class B airspace
Advise them of your intended altitude and route prior to departing an airport in Class B airspace
Obtain permission to fly through Class B airspace at an assigned altitude, even after departure from an airport other than the primary airport
7. Class A?Airspace
Class A Boundaries
Begins at 18,000 ft. MSL
Extends to and includes FL600
Covers the majority of the conterminous states and Alska, as well as the area extending 12 nautical miles out from the U.S coast
Class A Pilot Requirements
Be instrument rated
File an IFR plan
Comply with all ATC instructions
Class A Operating Procedures
Identify your aircraft to ATC by means of a Mode C transponder
Set your altimeter to the standard setting of 29.92 in. Hg
8. Additional Airspace Restrictions
Special VFR clearances
Even if you can maintain the VFR minimums defined for the airspace, you can operate only within the areas of Class B, C, D, or E airspace that extend to the surface around an airport when:
The ground visibility is at least 3?statute miles
The cloud ceiling is at least 1,000 ft. AGL
You might be able to obtain a special VFR clearance from ATC when:
The weather is below VFR minimums
There is no conflicting IFR traffic
This clearance enables you to enter, leave, or operate within most Class C, D, and E surface areas and some Class B surface areas if:
The flight visibility is at least 1?statute mile
You can remain clear of clouds
The ground visibility is at least one statute mile for takeoffs and landings. If ground visibility is not reported, you can use flight visibility
Special VFR Clearance Restrictions:
ATC does not issue special VFR clearances between sunset and sunrise unless:
You have a current instrument rating
Your aircraft is equipped for instrument flight
At certain major airports, you cannot obtain a special VFR clearance for fixed-wing aircraft. You can identify these airports on sectional charts by the phrase NO SVFR
Airspeed Limitations
Below 10,000 ft MSL, do not exceed an indicated airspeed of 250 knots
When in Class C or D airspace at or below 2,500 ft above the surface and within four nautical miles of the primary airport, do not exceed 200 knots indicated airspeed
Do not exceed 200 knots in airspace underlying a Class B area or in VFR corridors through Class B airspace
9. Special Use Airspace and Other Airspace Areas
Other Airspace Areas
10. Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR)
TFR Purposes
TFRs:
Disaster/Hazard
VIP
Emergency Air Traffic Rules
Space Flights
Air Shows/Sports
Security
TFR NOTAMs
To determine if a TFR affects your flight:
Obtain NOTAMs from Flight Service during your online or phone briefing
Obtain a list of TFRs with graphic depictions at tfr.faa.gov
TFR NOTAMs contain this information:
Location of the TFR area
Effective dates and times
Type of TFR or reason for the TFR
FAA coordination facility and telephone number
Area dimensions and effective altitudes
Operating restrictions and requirements
Agency directing relief activities and telephone number
11. ADIZs and the Washington DC SFRA
Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ) facilitate early identification of all aircraft in the vicinity of a nation's airspace boundaries. The AIM and FAR Part 99 specify requirements to enter a United States ADIZ
To operate within the Contiguous U.S ADIZ, you must:
File an IFR or defense VFR (DVFR) flight plan containing the time and point at which you plan to enter the ADIZ
Have a Mode C transponder set to the assigned code prior to entering the ADIZ
Maintain two-way communication with the appropriate ATC facility?
Depart the ADIZ within 5 minutes of the estimated departure time in the flight plan
The Washington DC Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) is airspace where the ready identification, locatioin, and control of aircraft is required in the interests of national security
SFRA Visual Warning System (VWS)
If you were to stray into the Washington DC SFRA without meeting the requirements, the government might point a highly focused laswer at your aircraft, warning you to turn away and contact ATC on the appropriate frequency or 121.5
This Visual Warning System consists of an alternating red and green signal pattern visible only from an encroaching aircraft
12. Intercept Procedures
