DYSPLASIA IS DISORDERED GROWTH AND MATURATION OF THE CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF A TISSUE

異型增生是指組織細(xì)胞成分的無序生長和成熟

The cells that comprise an epithelium normally exhibit uniformity of size, shape and nuclear
structure.

構(gòu)成上皮的細(xì)胞通常表現(xiàn)出大小、形狀和核結(jié)構(gòu)的一致性。

Moreover, they are arranged in a regular fashion, as, for example, a squamous epithelium
progresses from plump basal cells to flat superficial cells.

而且，它們規(guī)則排列，例如，鱗狀上皮從飽滿的基底層細(xì)胞演變?yōu)楸馄降谋韺蛹?xì)胞。

In dysplasia, this monotonous appearance is disturbed by

(1) variation in cell size and shape;

(2) nuclear enlargement, irregularity and hyperchromatism

and (3) disarray in the arrangement of cells within the epithelium.

在異型增生中，這種單調(diào)的外觀會受到以下因素的干擾：(1)細(xì)胞大小和形狀的變化；(2)細(xì)胞核增大、不規(guī)則和深染；(3)上皮內(nèi)細(xì)胞排列紊亂。

Dysplasia occurs most often in hyperplastic squamous epithelium, as seen in epidermal actinic keratosis (caused by sunlight) and in areas of squamous metaplasia, such as in the bronchus or the cervix.

異型增生最常見于增生性鱗狀上皮，如表皮光化性角化病(由陽光引起)和鱗狀化生區(qū)域，如支氣管或?qū)m頸。

It is not, however, exclusive to squamous epithelium. Ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory disease of the large intestine, is often complicated by dysplastic changes in the columnar mucosal cells.

然而，它并不是鱗狀上皮所特有的。潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎是一種大腸炎癥性疾病，通常伴有柱狀粘膜細(xì)胞的異常增殖性改變。

Like metaplasia, dysplasia is a response to a persistent injurious influence and will usually regress, for example, on cessation of smoking or the disappearance of human papillomavirus from the cervix.

與化生一樣，異型增生是對持續(xù)的損害性影響的反應(yīng)，通常會在例如戒煙或?qū)m頸人乳頭瘤病毒消失時消退。

?However, it shares many cytologic features with cancer, and the line between the two may be very fine.

然而，它與癌癥有許多細(xì)胞學(xué)特征，兩者之間的界限可能非常明確。

?For example, it may be difficult to distinguish severe dysplasia from early cancer of the cervix.

例如，可能很難區(qū)分重度不典型增生和早期宮頸癌。

Dysplasia is preneoplastic in the sense that it is a necessary stage in the multistep cellular evolution to cancer.

異型增生是癌前病變，從某種意義上說，它是細(xì)胞向癌癥的多步進(jìn)化的必要階段。

?In fact, dysplasia is included in the morphologic classifications of the stages of intraepithelial neoplasia in various organs (e.g., cervix, prostate, bladder).

事實(shí)上，異型增生被包括在不同器官(如宮頸、前列腺、膀胱)上皮內(nèi)瘤變的形態(tài)分類中。

Severe dysplasia is considered an indication for aggressive preventive therapy to cure the underlying cause, eliminate the noxious agent or surgically remove the offending tissue.

嚴(yán)重的不典型增生被認(rèn)為是積極預(yù)防性治療的指征，以治愈根本原因，消除有害因素或通過手術(shù)切除有害組織。

As in the development of cancer, dysplasia results from sequential mutations in a proliferating cell population. In other words , dysplasia is the morphologic expression of a molecular disturbance in growth regulation.

在癌癥的發(fā)展過程中，異型增生是由增殖細(xì)胞群體中的順序突變引起的。換句話說，異型增生是生長調(diào)節(jié)中分子紊亂的形態(tài)表現(xiàn)。

However, unlike cancer cells, dysplastic cells are not entirely autonomous, and with intervention, tissue appearance may still revert to normal.

然而，與癌細(xì)胞不同的是，發(fā)育不良的細(xì)胞并不是完全自主的，在干預(yù)下，組織外觀仍可能恢復(fù)正常。