原文標(biāo)題：
Vaping?and?health
Smoke and mirrors
The possible unintended?consequences?of anti-vaping policies
電子煙與健康
鏡中迷霧
反電子煙政策可能帶來意想不到的后果
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E-cigarette taxes may reduce teenage drink-driving deaths
電子煙稅可能會(huì)減少青少年酒駕死亡人數(shù)

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CIGARETTES, also known as vapes and by brand names such as Juul, are battery-operated devices that allow users to?inhale?nicotine without lighting a cigarette.
香煙，也稱電子煙，比較出名的有Juul等品牌，其使用一種電池驅(qū)動(dòng)的設(shè)備，讓用戶無需點(diǎn)煙就能吸入尼古丁。
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They were introduced to America in 2006.

2006年電子煙被引入美國。

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According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more than 2m high-school pupils (about 14%) reported using e-cigarettes in 2022.
根據(jù)美國食品和藥物管理局的數(shù)據(jù)，2022年有超過200萬名高中生吸電子煙，占比約14%。
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The FDA and others are trying to work out how to regulate them.
美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局和其他機(jī)構(gòu)正在探索監(jiān)管它們的方法。
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The result may be a textbook example of unintended consequences.
但結(jié)果可能出人意料，可作為教科書案例。
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Though e-cigarettes are much less harmful than traditional cigarettes, their effect on health can still be serious.
盡管電子煙的危害比傳統(tǒng)香煙小得多，但其對健康的影響仍不容小覷。
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Vaping has been associated with a higher risk of asthma and chronic?obstructive pulmonary disease.
吸電子煙會(huì)增加患哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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E-cigarette exposure?may be particularly harmful for young adults—there are fears that it can harm brain development and trigger a lifelong addiction to nicotine.
青壯年接觸電子煙危害可能更甚，有可能會(huì)損害大腦發(fā)育或引發(fā)尼古丁成癮的現(xiàn)象。?
Thirty states tax e-cigarettes and all states ban sales to minors.
目前美國有30個(gè)州對電子煙征稅，而所有州都禁止向未成年人銷售電子煙。
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[Paragraph 3]
One way to cut e-cigarette consumption is by imposing a tax.
征稅能夠減少人們對電子煙的消費(fèi)。
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A study by the Centre for Health Economics & Policy Studies at San Diego State University found that a $1 increase in e-cigarette taxes?is associated with a 14-26% decrease in vaping among high-school pupils.
據(jù)圣地亞哥州立大學(xué)衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與政策研究中心的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，電子煙每增加1美元的稅，高中生吸電子煙的比例就會(huì)下降14-26%。
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Unexpectedly, the tax increase seems also to temper?teenage alcohol consumption.
出乎意料的是，增稅似乎也抑制了青少年的酒精消費(fèi)。
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One in ten teenagers reported binge?drinking (four or more drinks for women, or five or more drinks for men, within a few hours at least once in the previous month).
十分之一的青少年存在酗酒問題。上個(gè)月，至少有一次酗酒且一喝就是數(shù)小時(shí)的青少年中，女生至少喝了四杯，而男生至少喝了五杯。?
According to the study, a $1 increase in e-cigarette taxes is associated with a 10-11% reduction in teenage binge drinking.
根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，電子煙每增加1美元稅收，青少年酗酒人數(shù)就會(huì)減少10-11%。
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Drinking and driving is especially deadly?for young people.
酒駕對年輕人來說尤為致命。
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Young adults (aged 16-20) who drink and drive are 17 times more likely to die in a car accident.
16至20歲酒駕的年輕人死于車禍的可能性是其他人的17倍。
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The study found that increasing e-cigarette taxes reduces this, too.
而研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，提高電子煙稅也能減少這種事故。
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A $1 rise in e-cigarette taxes brings a 10-14% decline in the number of alcohol-related traffic deaths per 100,000 among 16-to-20-year-olds.
每提高1美元的電子煙稅，16至20歲人群每10萬人中與酒精有關(guān)的交通死亡人數(shù)就會(huì)下降10-14%。
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Smoking and drinking tend to go together.
煙酒往往“并行”。
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Teenagers who drink are twice as likely as others to light up.
飲酒的青少年吸煙的可能性是其他青少年的兩倍。
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One study found that raising the drinking age from 18 to 21 in America reduced smoking among the affected age group.
一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在美國，將飲酒年齡從18歲提高到21歲可以減少同年齡段受影響青少年的吸煙率。
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It works in reverse, too.
反之亦然。
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Raising taxes on cigarettes has been found to taper teenage drinking.
提高香煙稅可以減少青少年飲酒率。
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So surely lawmakers should rush to implement?an e-cigarette tax?
所以，立法者們應(yīng)該大刀闊斧地實(shí)施電子煙稅嗎？
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The answer is not so simple.
答案沒那么簡單。
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[Paragraph 6]
Many smokers use e-cigarettes to reduce harm from their habit.
許多吸煙者使用電子煙來減少吸煙習(xí)慣帶來的危害。
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Some also use e-cigarettes to?quit traditional cigarettes.
有些人還用電子煙來戒掉傳統(tǒng)香煙。
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A review of 78 studies mostly from America, Britain and Italy found that people are more likely to stop smoking for at least six months when using nicotine e-cigarettes compared with other methods.
一項(xiàng)來自美國、英國和意大利的78項(xiàng)研究的綜述發(fā)現(xiàn)，與其他方法相比，人們使用尼古丁電子煙更有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)至少6個(gè)月的戒煙。
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England’s National Health Service (NHS) encourages e-cigarette use for quitting smoking.
英國國家衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心鼓勵(lì)使用電子煙戒煙。
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A tax increase on e-cigarettes, or an outright ban, could encourage smokers to switch to traditional cigarettes.
增稅或完全禁止電子煙，吸煙者可能又會(huì)重新選擇傳統(tǒng)香煙。
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A separate American study found that a $1 increase in e-cigarette taxes reduced daily vaping but increased cigarette smoking in young adults.
且另一項(xiàng)美國研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，每增加1美元的電子煙稅，每天吸電子煙的年輕人人數(shù)會(huì)減少，但吸煙人數(shù)會(huì)增加。
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A good e-cigarette policy would discourage young adults while encouraging cigarette smokers to use them for quitting.
一項(xiàng)好的電子煙政策可能會(huì)讓年輕人望而卻步，也可能會(huì)幫助吸煙者使用電子煙戒煙。
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Requiring a prescription?for e-cigarettes could help.
也許，憑處方購買電子煙的方法會(huì)有所幫助。
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The NHS announced in October 2021 that it may do just that.
英國國家衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心在2021年10月宣布，它可能會(huì)將此法付諸實(shí)踐。
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But Catherine Maclean, one of the San Francisco study’s authors, warns that this could also have unintended consequences in America.
但舊金山期刊的作者之一凱瑟琳·麥克林警告說，這也可能在美國產(chǎn)生意想不到的后果。
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Requiring a prescription could push e-cigarette users and young adults towards regular cigarettes or illicit vaping products.
憑處方購買可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致電子煙使用者和年輕人更青睞普通香煙或非法電子煙產(chǎn)品。
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Limiting e-cigarettes could also spur drug use.
限制電子煙也可能刺激吸毒人數(shù)。
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Raising the drinking age in the 1980s slightly increased marijuana smoking among young people.
20世紀(jì)80年代，飲酒年齡的提高略微刺激了吸食大麻的年輕人數(shù)量。
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Raising the price of vaping could do the same, especially in states that have legalised?the drug.
電子煙的提價(jià)也能起到同樣的作用，尤其是在那些已經(jīng)將大麻合法化的州。
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[Paragraph 9]
Ms Maclean recommends stacking taxes so that the more harmful products are taxed at a higher rate than their less harmful substitutes.
麥克萊恩女士建議疊加征稅，這樣危害大的產(chǎn)品就會(huì)比危害小的替代品征收更高的稅率。
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Young people tend to be cash-strapped, so even a small tax increase could deter use.
年輕人往往囊中羞澀，所以即使是小幅增稅也會(huì)阻止他們使用電子煙。
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Tighter regulation is also a possible answer—Britain and the European Union regulate the amount of nicotine in e-cigarettes.
更嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)管可能也是一條出路，英國和歐盟都規(guī)定了電子煙中尼古丁的含量。
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“Policymakers need to think beyond a targeted outcome and think more broadly,” says Ms Maclean.
麥克萊恩表示:“政策制定者需要更全面地考慮問題，而不是一味注重目標(biāo)結(jié)果。”
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（恭喜讀完，本篇英語詞匯量661左右）
原文出自：2022年12月17日《The Economist》United States版塊。
精讀筆記來源于：自由英語之路

本文翻譯整理: Maree本文編輯校對: Irene
僅供個(gè)人英語學(xué)習(xí)交流使用。

【補(bǔ)充資料】（來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)）
E-cigarettes一直以來，商家都以電子煙不含焦油、懸浮微粒等有害成分為賣點(diǎn)大肆推廣，甚至在產(chǎn)品介紹中，打著“戒煙神器”“清肺”等旗號(hào)。殊不知，電子煙的安全性尚未得到充分的科學(xué)論證。迄今為止，國內(nèi)外均沒有系統(tǒng)的電子煙安全性評估資料，因此，還不能確定電子煙會(huì)給使用者的健康帶來哪些潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，人們在使用電子煙時(shí)，除尼古丁以外，還可能把其他多種未發(fā)現(xiàn)的有毒化合物吸入體內(nèi)。與此同時(shí)，電子煙所產(chǎn)生的二手煙，同樣可能危及健康。電子煙也會(huì)向室內(nèi)釋放可吸入的液體細(xì)顆粒物和超細(xì)顆粒物、尼古丁和致癌物質(zhì)。由于電子煙不會(huì)產(chǎn)生煙霧，所以就更容易誤導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者，使其產(chǎn)生安全、健康的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)知。部分電子煙尼古丁含量超高，危害可能大大高于普通香煙。而且，有足夠充分的證據(jù)可以說明，胎兒和青少年接觸尼古丁，會(huì)對大腦發(fā)育產(chǎn)生遠(yuǎn)期不良后果。
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【重點(diǎn)句子】（3?個(gè)）
Vaping has been associated with a higher risk of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
吸電子煙會(huì)增加患哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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One way to cut e-cigarette consumption is by imposing a tax.
征稅能夠減少人們對電子煙的消費(fèi)。
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Many smokers use e-cigarettes to reduce harm from their habit.
許多吸煙者使用電子煙來減少吸煙習(xí)慣帶來的危害。
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