注：英語原文取自最古老版本的帝國(guó)時(shí)代一的幫助文件中，關(guān)于歷史的文本量相當(dāng)巨大，但在win7系統(tǒng)更新后，以win95為基礎(chǔ)的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已經(jīng)很難找到打開hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。

注：因?yàn)樵環(huán)lp文件并未隨著羅馬復(fù)興資料片的更新而更新，所以這個(gè)系列不包含新增的羅馬、迦太基、馬其頓和巴爾米拉文明。

注：因?yàn)槟甏眠h(yuǎn)（1996年左右），很多記述可能已經(jīng)與最新的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)有著顯著的差異。

注：蹩腳英語，翻譯腔，懶得潤(rùn)色的語句。

注：英語原文放在前面，漢語翻譯放在后面。

更多資料：

世界地理歷史小常識(shí)24——伊朗（CV5003909）

Persian culture (700 to 332 BC)

Location

The Persians were originally one of several Aryan tribes that migrated into modern Iran from the plains of southern Russia around 1400 BC (the word Iran is derived from Aryan). They settled the southwest corner of the Iranian plateau, on the north shore of the Persian Gulf, on lands vacated by the Elamites who had been conquered and enslaved by the Assyrians. The Persians were separated from the great civilizations of Mesopotamia by the Zagros Mountains.At its peak, the Persian Empire stretched from the Indus River across the Near East to the eastern Mediterranean coast, south into Egypt along the Nile to Sudan, across Anatolia, and into Thrace and Macedonia.

Capital

During the history of the Persian Empire, five cities served as the royal capital. The first was Pasargadae, built by Cyrus to commemorate his victory over the Medes. It was remote and impractical as an administrative capital. Babylon was rebuilt by Cyrus as a royal capital for his use when affairs brought him to Mesopotamia. Darius moved the empire's administration to Susa, the old Elamite capital, perhaps for efficiency. It was well-located at the hub of a road and water transport network.The extreme summer heat of Susa drove the Persian court first to the higher altitudes of Ecbatana, the old Median capital in the Zagros Mountains. In 520 BC Darius began building the greatest of the Persian capitals at Persepolis. Construction of Persepolis was interrupted for long periods and was not completed nearly 200 years later when the city was sacked and burned to the ground by Alexander.

Rise to power

The Persians settled on relatively poor and remote lands where they were little troubled by first the Elamites to their west, then the Assyrians who destroyed the Elamites around 640 BC, and then the Medes (to their north) and resurgent Babylonians who conquered Assyria in 609 BC. Throughout this period, the various petty Persian kings were vassals of the richer and more advanced Medes.Cyrus II became king of the small Persian kingdom of Anshan in 559 BC. Within ten years he had subjugated the eastern part of Persia and established a reputation among even his rivals as a natural leader to whom men gravitated. When the Median king attempted to reassert control over Persia around 550 BC, the Median army revolted on the battlefield, handing over their king to Cyrus and surrendering their own capital at Ecbatana. The Median Empire, stretching across northern Mesopotamia into Anatolia, underwent a nearly bloodless change of management. Cyrus II was now Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Empire.Cyrus then conquered in quick succession the Lydians of Asia Minor (led by the King Croesus of legendary wealth who had invented coins), Greek colonies on the Aegean coast, the Parthians, and the Hyrcanians to the north. In 541 BC he marched into the steppes of Central Asia, establishing a fortified border along the Jaxartes River. In 540 BC, his 19th year as king, Cyrus turned on his onetime ally, Babylon. After one battle, the army and people of Babylon surrendered their king, city, and empire that stretched from southern Mesopotamia to Phoenicia. Before Cyrus could expand into Egypt or toward Greece, however, he was killed fighting nomadic tribesmen who were threatening his eastern provinces.The first successors to Cyrus conquered Egypt, gathered new provinces in North Africa, and extended the empire into India to the Indus River. They turned next against the Greeks who were commercial rivals of Persian Phoenicia. In 513 BC a huge floating bridge was built across the Bosphorus Strait, linking Asia and Europe. The Persian army took Thrace and Macedonia to cut off grain to the Greeks, but could not subjugate the elusive Scythians. This was the peak of the Persian Empire. The stage was set for the mighty struggle with the city-states of Greece that lasted 50 years.

Economy

The early Persian economy was based on herding because the land was so poor for agriculture. The Persians attributed their toughness to the meager lifestyle to which they had been acclimated for generations.The sudden acquisition of the Median Empire, Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, and gold-rich areas in India made Persia an economic powerhouse. It controlled the rich agricultural areas of Mesopotomia, the grasslands of Anatolia, the trade routes in every direction, and rich deposits of metals and other resources. Great King Darius instituted many economic innovations and reforms: systematized taxation; standardized weights, measures, and monetary units (the first successful widespread use of coins); improved transportation routes, including the 1600-mile Royal Road from Susa to Sardis and an early Suez Canal; royal trading ships; promotion of agriculture; a banking system; and promotion of international trade.

Religion and culture

The Persian kings and nobility were Zoroastrians, a religion named after its founder, Zarathustra, called Zoroaster in Greek. Zarathustra conceived his religion around 600 BC, and it had great influence later on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.Zoroastrianism was monotheistic, centering on one supreme god who created everything material and spiritual. The powers of good and evil worked on humans who had to choose constantly between the two. An eternal afterlife of pleasure or torment were the possible results of god's judgment after death. These concepts of monotheism, good versus evil, free will, and posthumous reward or punishment were a departure from the polytheistic religions prominent in the area previously. These concepts greatly influenced religions that followed.

Government

The head of the Persian government was the king whose word was law. His authority was extended by a bureaucracy led by Persian nobles, scribes who kept the records, a treasury that collected taxes and funded building projects and armies, and a system of roads, couriers, and signal stations that facilitated mail and trade. In the early years when the army was predominately Persian, it capably preserved the internal and external peace.Much of the empire was divided into provinces called satrapies, ruled by a satrap. All of Egypt was usually a single satrapy, for example. The satraps were normally Persians or Medes to help ensure their loyalty. They ruled and lived like minor kings in their own palaces. Some satraps became strong enough to threaten the king. Strong kings kept their satraps in check by holding close the reins of the armies and the treasury.

Military

All Persian men to the age of 50 years were obligated to serve in the armies of the Persian Empire. Greek historians report that boys were trained in riding, archery, hand-to-hand combat, and mounted combat. At the age of 20 they were eligible for military service.The army consisted mainly of four types of units: spearmen for infantry shock combat, foot archers to act as skirmishers, light cavalry armed mainly with bows, and heavy cavalry that wore some armor and carried spears. In the early years of the empire, the predominantly Persian army was highly motivated and responsive on the battlefield, making it a dangerous foe.The elite of the Persian army were the Ten Thousand Immortals, so called because the unit was always kept at a full strength of 10,000 men. The loss of any man to death or incapacitation was immediately made good by promotion from another unit. One thousand of the Immortals were the king's personal bodyguards.In its later years, the ratio of Persians to provincial levies declined. The hardened army of disciplined and well-trained Persians was replaced by a mixture of formations, weapons, and methods. These troops lacked the discipline of the Persians and proved difficult to maneuver and employ on the battlefield.

Decline and fall

The Persian Empire peaked around 500 BC, although the seeds of its decline were planted earlier. A recurring problem was court intrigue and ill-defined rules for succession. The death of a king often triggered a scramble for the throne that exhausted the treasury, eroded morale, and loosened the governmental hold on the provinces. Wasteful spending led to inflation and unpopular tax increases. Disputes in the provinces, usually over taxes, were often settled brutally, further increasing dissatisfaction. Five of the six kings that followed Xerxes' death in 464 BC were weak leaders that held the empire together only by increasingly harsh measures.The Greeks and Persians had been on a collision course for many years when conflict began between the two cultures in 499 BC. Despite what appeared to be overwhelming strength and economic resources, the Persians failed to defeat the Greeks in 50 years of war on land and sea. The Greeks, though victorious, were not capable immediately of carrying the war into Persia.Following the Greco-Persian Wars, the weak Persian kings concentrated on maintaining their ever more tenuous hold on the empire. Recurring revolts in outlying provinces, especially Parthia, Lydia, and Egypt, weakened the economy and military. Before the empire could dissolve from within, it was dispatched by Alexander the Great in an amazingly short period of time. Alexander invaded in 334 BC, captured Lydia by 333, took Egypt in 332, and became king of Persia in 331.

Legacy

The Persians are best remembered in the West as the antagonists in the dramatic Greco-Persian Wars, from which so much history has been preserved. The most famous events from this period are the bridging of the Hellespont, land battles at Marathon, Thermopylae, and Platea, the great sea battle at Salamis, and the sacking of Athens. Most of this history is biased, however, because we have mainly the Greek accounts to study.The Persians are also remembered in several Biblical accounts for the tolerance of their wise early kings and the decadence of their later courts. Cyrus the Great is remembered especially for freeing the Hebrews held prisoner in Babylon when he took that city and allowing them to return to Israel.The greatest legacy of the Persians was the aggregation and mixture of Asia and African cultures. Most of the advances of civilization to that point had come from these areas. This cultural gift was preserved by the Persians and passed on first to the Greeks and then to Europe and the West.

波斯文明（公元前700至332年）

位置

波斯最初是幾個(gè)雅利安部落中的一個(gè)，大約公元前1400年從俄羅斯南部平原遷移至現(xiàn)在伊朗（伊朗一詞由雅利安一詞演化而來）。他們?cè)谝晾矢咴奈髂辖恰⒉ㄋ篂车谋卑?、由被亞述人征服和奴役的埃蘭人騰出的土地上安頓下來。扎格羅斯山脈將波斯和美索不達(dá)米亞文明分開。在鼎盛時(shí)期，波斯帝國(guó)從遠(yuǎn)東的印度河延伸到近東的地中海東海岸，向南延伸到埃及，沿著尼羅河到達(dá)蘇丹，向北則穿過安納托利亞半島、色雷斯，進(jìn)入馬其頓。

首都

在波斯帝國(guó)的歷史上，有五座城市作為首都。首先，是帕薩加達(dá)，居魯士為了紀(jì)念他戰(zhàn)勝美帝斯所建，作為一個(gè)行政首都，它又遠(yuǎn)又不實(shí)際。當(dāng)他進(jìn)入美索不達(dá)米亞時(shí)，居魯士重建了巴比倫作為首都。也許是為了提高效率，大流士把帝國(guó)首都放在了古埃蘭人的首都蘇薩，它位于陸路和水路運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的中心。夏季的酷熱則讓波斯的宮廷遷到了扎格羅斯山脈古老的中部首府艾克巴塔納，那里海拔更高。公元前520年，大流士開始在波斯波利斯建造最大的波斯首都。波斯波利斯的建造在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)頻繁被打斷，直到兩百多年后亞歷山大大帝洗劫并燒毀它時(shí)，都未完成。

發(fā)展壯大

波斯人定居在相對(duì)貧窮偏遠(yuǎn)的土地上，那里，他們很少受到打擾，直到西部的埃蘭人，以及公元前640年征服埃蘭人的亞述人，然后是公元前609年征服亞述的米底和新巴比倫。在這一時(shí)期，各種各樣的波斯小王，都是更富有更先進(jìn)的米底人的附庸，居魯士二世在公元前559年成為波斯小安山王國(guó)的國(guó)王，十年之內(nèi)他統(tǒng)一了波斯東部，并且從他的對(duì)手那里贏得了聲譽(yù)，他是個(gè)天生的領(lǐng)袖，人們都喜歡他。當(dāng)米底國(guó)王試圖在公元前550年左右重新控制波斯時(shí)，米底軍隊(duì)倒戈了，把國(guó)王交給了居魯士，并在艾克巴塔納交出了自己的首都。米底王國(guó)橫跨美索不達(dá)米亞北部，延伸至安納托利亞，在經(jīng)歷了一次近乎血腥的宮廷變革后，居魯士二世成為了波斯帝國(guó)的創(chuàng)立者居魯士大帝。隨后，居魯士迅速的連續(xù)征服了小亞細(xì)亞的呂底亞（由發(fā)明了硬幣的克羅薩斯國(guó)王領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）、愛琴海沿岸的希臘殖民地、帕提亞人和北方的赫卡尼亞人。公元前541年，他進(jìn)軍中亞大草原，沿著賈薩爾特河建立了一個(gè)牢固的國(guó)界線。公元前540年，即他在位的第19年，居魯士背叛了盟友巴比倫。一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，巴比倫的軍隊(duì)和人民投降了。波斯獲得了從美索不達(dá)米亞延伸到腓尼基的領(lǐng)土。然而，在居魯士擴(kuò)張到埃及或希臘之前，他在與威脅他東部省份的游牧部落的戰(zhàn)斗中被殺。居魯士的第一個(gè)繼承人征服了埃及，在北非奪取了新的省份，并將帝國(guó)延伸到了印度河。接下來，他們轉(zhuǎn)而進(jìn)攻希臘人，希臘是波斯和腓尼基的商業(yè)對(duì)手。公元前513年，一座巨大的浮橋橫跨博斯普魯斯海峽，連接了亞洲和歐洲。波斯軍隊(duì)占領(lǐng)了色雷斯和馬其頓，切斷了希臘的糧食供應(yīng)，但無法征服難以捉摸的斯基泰人。這是波斯帝國(guó)的巔峰，接下來的舞臺(tái)就留給了波斯與希臘城邦長(zhǎng)達(dá)50年的激烈斗爭(zhēng)了。

經(jīng)濟(jì)

早期的波斯經(jīng)濟(jì)以放牧為基礎(chǔ)，因?yàn)橥恋貙?shí)在太貧瘠了。波斯人把他們的堅(jiān)韌不拔歸因于他們世世代代的游牧生活。米底、呂底亞、巴比倫、埃及、印度等地區(qū)的突然征服，使得波斯成為經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)，它控制著盛產(chǎn)糧食的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)、安納托利亞的草原、各個(gè)方向的貿(mào)易路線以及豐富的金屬和其他資源。大流士國(guó)王進(jìn)行了許多經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)新和改革：系統(tǒng)化稅收、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化重量、度量衡和貨幣單位（第一次廣泛使用了硬幣）、改良的運(yùn)輸路線包括從蘇薩到薩迪斯的1600英里的皇家公路和早期的蘇伊士運(yùn)河、皇家貿(mào)易船、促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行體系以及國(guó)際貿(mào)易。

宗教文化

波斯國(guó)王和貴族都是佐羅亞斯德教教徒，這是一個(gè)以其創(chuàng)始人扎拉圖斯特拉命名的宗教，被希臘人稱為佐羅亞斯德。扎拉圖斯特拉在公元前600年左右創(chuàng)立了他的宗教，后來對(duì)猶太教、基督教和伊斯蘭教產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。佐羅亞斯德教是一神論的，以一位創(chuàng)造一切物質(zhì)和精神的最高神為中心。人們必須在善與惡之間做出抉擇，并在死后的永恒來生被審判，得到快樂或痛苦的結(jié)果。這些關(guān)于一神論、善惡、自由意志和死后獎(jiǎng)懲的概念，與之前在該地區(qū)突出的多神論背道而馳，對(duì)后來的宗教影響巨大。

政府

波斯政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是代表法律的國(guó)王，他的權(quán)力延伸至波斯貴族領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)、記錄在案的文士、稅收、投資建設(shè)項(xiàng)目、軍隊(duì)財(cái)政以及郵寄和貿(mào)易項(xiàng)目、聯(lián)絡(luò)站的系統(tǒng)建設(shè)等。在早期，當(dāng)軍隊(duì)主要是波斯人時(shí)，它能很好地維護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)外和平。帝國(guó)的大部分被劃分為若干的總督省，由總督統(tǒng)治。例如，整個(gè)埃及通常由一個(gè)單一的總督統(tǒng)治?？偠揭话闶遣ㄋ谷嘶蛎椎兹?，可以確保忠誠(chéng)。他們?cè)谧约旱膶m殿里像小國(guó)王一樣統(tǒng)治和生活。一些總督能變的足夠強(qiáng)大而威脅國(guó)王。強(qiáng)大的國(guó)王通過軍隊(duì)和國(guó)庫來控制他們的總督。

軍事

所有低于50歲的波斯人都有義務(wù)在波斯軍隊(duì)中服役。希臘歷史學(xué)家說，波斯孩子們接受過騎馬、射箭、近身戰(zhàn)斗和騎馬戰(zhàn)斗的訓(xùn)練。在20歲時(shí)可以服兵役。軍隊(duì)主要包括用于突擊的長(zhǎng)矛兵、用于偷襲的步弓手、以弓為主要武器的輕騎兵和用矛的重騎兵。在帝國(guó)初期，以波斯人為主的軍隊(duì)在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上積極主動(dòng)、反應(yīng)迅速，成為了危險(xiǎn)的敵人。波斯軍隊(duì)的精英為萬人隊(duì)，這么叫是因?yàn)檫@支部隊(duì)始終保持著一萬人的完全力量。任何一個(gè)人死亡或喪失戰(zhàn)斗力，就立即由另一個(gè)部隊(duì)單位提拔彌補(bǔ)。千人隊(duì)則是國(guó)王的私人保鏢。在后來，波斯人的比例在軍隊(duì)中下降了，訓(xùn)練有素的波斯人被混合著各種形式、武器和戰(zhàn)法的士兵替代。這些部隊(duì)缺乏波斯人的紀(jì)律，很難在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上機(jī)動(dòng)并使用。

衰落滅亡

波斯帝國(guó)在公元前500年左右達(dá)到頂峰，但其衰落的種子早就埋下了。比如反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的：宮廷陰謀和繼承權(quán)不明。一個(gè)國(guó)王的死亡常常引發(fā)王位爭(zhēng)奪，耗費(fèi)了國(guó)庫，侵蝕了士氣，也導(dǎo)致了政府對(duì)總督的控制松動(dòng)。鋪張浪費(fèi)導(dǎo)致了通貨膨脹和討厭的增稅，各省之間的爭(zhēng)端往往就關(guān)乎稅收，最后草莽的解決方案進(jìn)一步加深了不滿。公元前464年，薛西斯死后的六個(gè)國(guó)王中，有五個(gè)是軟弱的領(lǐng)袖，只通過越來越嚴(yán)厲的措施將帝國(guó)團(tuán)結(jié)在一起。希臘人和波斯人在公元前499年最終沖突時(shí)，已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了很多年的沖突。盡管波斯人似乎擁有壓倒性的力量和經(jīng)濟(jì)資源，但在50年的陸戰(zhàn)和海戰(zhàn)中，波斯人未能擊敗希臘人。希臘人雖然取得了勝利，但并不能立即反攻。在希波戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，虛弱的波斯國(guó)王集中精力維持對(duì)帝國(guó)越來越脆弱的控制。在邊遠(yuǎn)省份，特別是帕提亞、呂底亞和埃及。不斷的叛亂削弱了經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事力量。在帝國(guó)從內(nèi)部瓦解之前，亞歷山大大帝在極短的時(shí)間內(nèi)搞定了它。亞歷山大于公元前334年進(jìn)攻波斯，333年占領(lǐng)呂底亞，332年占領(lǐng)埃及，331年就成為了波斯國(guó)王。

遺產(chǎn)

在西方，波斯人最為人所銘記的就是戲劇性的希波戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中作為希臘人的對(duì)手，比如博斯普魯斯海峽的浮橋、馬拉松、溫泉關(guān)和普拉塔的陸戰(zhàn)、薩拉米海戰(zhàn)以及對(duì)雅典的洗劫。然而，這段歷史大多是帶有偏見的，因?yàn)槲鞣饺酥饕芯课鞣饺说氖窌２ㄋ谷艘苍谝恍┦ソ?jīng)歷史中被銘記，例如他們?cè)缙趪?guó)王的智慧和晚期宮廷的頹廢，居魯士大帝在巴比倫釋放被囚禁的猶太人，尤其是他是攻占了該城的情況下，允許猶太人回到故鄉(xiāng)，被人們所銘記。波斯人最大的遺產(chǎn)就是亞洲非洲文明和歐洲文明的融合，到那時(shí)為止，大多數(shù)文明的進(jìn)步都來自于美索不達(dá)米亞和埃及。這些文化被波斯人保留下來，傳給了希臘人，進(jìn)而傳給了歐洲和西方。

這是帝國(guó)時(shí)代一相關(guān)文明說明文件翻譯的第（9/12）部：

1.埃及：CV13647116?

2.希臘：CV13828033

3.巴比倫：CV13907052

4.亞述：CV13984562

5.米諾斯：CV14070144

6.赫梯：CV14097823

7.腓尼基：CV14186644

8.蘇美爾：CV14251992

9.波斯：本篇

10.商：

11.朝鮮：

12.大和：?