【簡譯】蒂卡爾（Tikal）
Tikal, located in the north of the Petén region of Guatemala, was a major Maya city which flourished between 300 and 850 CE. The city, known to the Maya themselves as Mutul, is one of the grandest in Mesoamerica. Amongst the first Maya cities to gain prominence in the Early Classic period (250-600 CE), Tikal built its wealth by exploiting its natural resources and geographical location to become a Maya superpower, a status it also enjoyed in the 7th century CE when some of the site's most impressive later monuments were constructed. Tikal is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
? ? ? ? ??位于危地馬拉佩滕地區(qū)北部的蒂卡爾是一座大型瑪雅城市，在公元300年至850年之間十分繁榮。當(dāng)?shù)厝朔Q之為 Mutul，是中美洲最宏偉的城市之一。在早期古典時(shí)期（公元250-600年），蒂卡爾是最早崛起的瑪雅城市之一，它通過開發(fā)其優(yōu)越的自然資源和利用其地理位置積累了財(cái)富，成為區(qū)域強(qiáng)國，這種情況主要在 7 世紀(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)時(shí)建立了一些最令人印象深刻的紀(jì)念碑。蒂卡爾被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。
歷史概述
Settlement at Tikal began from around 300 BCE and, first clearing away areas in the jungle, monumental architecture was built in the period up to 100 CE. The city's prosperity was based on exploitation of natural resources such as cedar wood, dye from brazil wood, copal resin, flint, and cultivating maize in cleared areas of rainforest and fertile swamp areas. In 378 CE Tikal was invaded by forces from distant Teotihuacan (or at the very least trade contacts were established) with a consequent influence on the cultural practices at Tikal, from clothes to art and architecture. From the late 4th century CE, Tikal was able to further expand its sphere of influence and conquer long-time local rivals Uaxactún and Rio Azul, and the city formed useful alliances with such centres as Kaminaljuyú. At its height the population of Tikal, including the scattered urban settlements around the city, was over 50,000, and it utilized some 200 square kilometres of surrounding territory.
? ? ? ? ? 蒂卡爾的定居始于公元前300年左右，當(dāng)?shù)厝俗畛踉趨擦种星謇沓鲆恍﹨^(qū)域，在公元前100年之前建造了一些紀(jì)念性建筑。城市的繁榮建立在對(duì)自然資源的開發(fā)上，如雪松木、巴西紅木的染料、柯巴樹脂、燧石，以及在雨林空地和肥沃沼澤地上種植玉米。公元378年，蒂卡爾被來自遙遠(yuǎn)的特奧蒂瓦坎的軍隊(duì)入侵（或至少建立了貿(mào)易聯(lián)系），從而影響了蒂卡爾的文化習(xí)俗（從服裝到藝術(shù)和建筑）。從公元4世紀(jì)末開始，蒂卡爾進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大其影響范圍，并征服了當(dāng)?shù)亻L期以來的競(jìng)爭對(duì)手瓦哈克通（Uaxactun）和里奧阿蘇爾（葡萄牙語：Rio Azul），該城市還與Kaminaljuyu（發(fā)音為/k?min?l?hu?ju?/；來自K′iche′′，“死亡之山”）等中心形成聯(lián)盟關(guān)系。在其鼎盛時(shí)期，蒂卡爾的人口（包括城市周圍分散的城市居民點(diǎn)）超過了50,000人，占據(jù)了周圍約200平方公里的領(lǐng)土。
In the 6th century CE, the power of Teotihuacan declined, and other Maya cities, notably Caracol, sought military expansion, defeating Tikal in 562 CE. However, by the 7th century CE Tikal regained its place as an important Maya city, contemporary with such centres as Palenque, Copan, and Tikal's greatest rival Calakmul. The most important ruler in this resurgence was Jasaw Chan K'awiil (r. 682-734 CE) who defeated Calakmul in 695 CE and oversaw a significant rebuilding programme in the city. The most impressive new buildings were the massive pyramids known simply as Temple I and II. Jasaw Chan K'awiil was buried in Temple I on its completion in c. 727 CE. Other pairings of pyramids were built later but most of these remain unexcavated. Along with other Maya cities, Tikal went into gradual decline during the 8th century CE, and by around 900 CE the site had been abandoned. The city, including its towering temples, was eventually reclaimed by the jungle and would only be rediscovered in the mid-19th century CE.
? ? ? ? ? 公元6世紀(jì)，特奧蒂瓦坎的實(shí)力下降，其他瑪雅城市，特別是卡拉科爾，開始軍事擴(kuò)張，并于公元562年打敗了蒂卡爾。然而，到了公元7世紀(jì)，蒂卡爾重新成為一個(gè)重要的瑪雅城市，與帕倫克、科潘和蒂卡爾最大的對(duì)手卡拉克穆爾等中心共存。這次復(fù)興中最重要的統(tǒng)治者是Jasaw Chan K'awiil（哈薩烏·錢·卡維爾一世，公元682-734年），他于公元695年打敗了卡拉克穆爾，并監(jiān)督了該城市的重大重建計(jì)劃。最令人印象深刻的新建筑是巨大的金字塔，被后世稱為“一號(hào)神廟”和“二號(hào)神廟”。Jasaw Chan K'awiil（哈薩烏·錢·卡維爾一世）于公元727年金字塔竣工時(shí)被埋葬在一號(hào)神廟。后來還建造了另外幾對(duì)金字塔，但大多數(shù)仍未被挖掘出來。與其他瑪雅城市一樣，蒂卡爾在8世紀(jì)逐漸衰落，到900年左右，該城已被遺棄。這座城市，包括其高聳的寺廟，最終被森林吞沒，直到公元19世紀(jì)中期才被重新發(fā)現(xiàn)。
布局與建筑
Tikal consists of nine different plazas and courts connected by causeways and ramps and has, in all, over 3,000 structures. The buildings are spread over some 15 square kilometres, and so the city was relatively low in density. Sometime before 250 CE the Great Plaza and North Acropolis were constructed to follow a north-south axis. This plan was adhered to by later constructions until the 8th century CE Temples I and II were built on an east-west axis. Buildings used limestone blocks around rubble cores with lintels and crossbeams in wood (sapodilla was the preferred choice), often elaborately carved to depict scenes. Besides its imposing temples, the city also had palaces, a market complex, ten reservoirs, two sacred causeways, and a unique triple ballcourt. Another typical Maya feature is the sculpture of stone slabs to depict rulers and record their greatest accomplishments. Such stelae were set up in rows along the sides of the plazas. The oldest example of these stelae in Mesoamerica was discovered at Tikal and dates to 292 CE. It shows a ruler holding in his left hand the Jaguar God of the Underworld, probably a patron god of Tikal.
? ? ? ? ? 蒂卡爾由九個(gè)不同的廣場(chǎng)和宮殿組成，通過堤道和坡道連接，總共有3000多座建筑。這些建筑分布在大約15平方公里的范圍內(nèi)，因此建筑密度較低。在公元250年之前的某個(gè)時(shí)候，大廣場(chǎng)和北衛(wèi)城是按照南北向的軸線建造的。這個(gè)計(jì)劃被后來的建筑所遵守，直到公元8世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)一號(hào)和二號(hào)神廟是東西走向的。建筑物使用石灰石塊圍繞著碎石核心，門楣和橫梁使用木頭（人心果木是首選），通常帶有描繪各種類型場(chǎng)景的精致雕刻。除了宏偉的寺廟，該城市還有宮殿、市場(chǎng)、十座水庫、兩條神圣的堤道和一個(gè)獨(dú)特的三層球場(chǎng)。另一典型的瑪雅特征是用石碑雕塑來描繪統(tǒng)治者并記錄他們最偉大的成就，這樣的石碑沿著廣場(chǎng)的兩側(cè)成排設(shè)置。中美洲最古老的例子可以追溯到 292 年，是在蒂卡爾發(fā)現(xiàn)的。它展示了一位統(tǒng)治者左手握著冥界的美洲虎神，這可能是這座城市所崇拜的神。
The earliest structures, such as the North Acropolis, are typically squat with corner apron moldings. These and later architecture at the site all display the usual Maya features of multi-level pyramids, raised platforms, corbel-vaulted chambers, large stucco masks of gods which flank staircases, and a deliberate orientation with the heavens, cardinal directions and, often time itself, as indicated by the 8th century CE pairs of pyramids built every 20-year katun cycle. The large pyramids also had roof-combs which made them even taller, and these may have represented the sacred caves which Mesoamerican people had used as places of worship for millennia. Many tombs within buildings have murals, the earliest dating to c. 50 BCE, typically depicting rulers and gods, no doubt, to emphasise the divine ancestry of the tomb's occupant.
? ? ? ? ? 最早的建筑，如北衛(wèi)城，是典型的低層建筑，有轉(zhuǎn)角處的圍裙裝飾。這些建筑和該遺址后來的建筑都顯示出瑪雅人典型的特點(diǎn)：多層金字塔、高臺(tái)、有拱頂?shù)姆块g、樓梯兩側(cè)的大型灰泥神像，以及刻意朝向天空、基點(diǎn)的方向，如標(biāo)志著每20年katun周期（k'atun是瑪雅歷法中的一個(gè)時(shí)間單位，等于20 tun 或 7200 天，相當(dāng)于 19.713 個(gè)回歸年）建造的8 世紀(jì)金字塔所示。大型金字塔也有頂蓋，使其更加高大，這些頂蓋可能代表了中美洲人幾千年來作為禮拜場(chǎng)所的神圣洞穴。建筑物內(nèi)的許多墳?zāi)苟加斜诋嫞罟爬系谋诋嬁梢宰匪莸焦?0年，通常描繪的是統(tǒng)治者或神靈，無疑是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)埋葬者的神圣血統(tǒng)。
建筑亮點(diǎn)
北衛(wèi)城
The North Acropolis, first built c. 250 BCE and modified many times over the centuries, includes the oldest structures at Tikal. These temples were built on two rectangular platforms, the oldest and largest measures 100 x 80 metres, and used as mausoleums for the early Tikal kings. The most opulent tomb was of Yax Nuun Ayiin, also known as 'Curl Nose', who died in 420 CE and who was buried in all his finery along with nine sacrificial victims and several fine pots of chocolate and maize gruel. Other colourfully named rulers buried in the twelve temples include Moon Zero Bird (accession c. 320 CE), Great Jaguar Paw, Stormy Sky, and Smoking Frog.
? ? ? ? ? 北衛(wèi)城最初建于公元前250年左右，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來經(jīng)過多次修補(bǔ)，包括蒂卡爾最古老的建筑。這些神廟建在兩個(gè)長方形的平臺(tái)上，最古老和最大的平臺(tái)面積為100 x 80米，被用作早期蒂卡爾國王的陵墓。最富麗堂皇的陵墓是Yax Nuun Ayiin（亞甚·農(nóng)·阿因一世）的，他也被稱為“卷鼻”，死于公元420年，陪葬品包括他所有的珠寶、九名陪葬者以及幾罐裝有可可（巧克力）和精煉玉米粥的罐子。埋葬在十二座神廟中的其他統(tǒng)治者包括Moon-Zero-Bird（約在公元320年登基）、Chak Tok Ichaak I（查克·托克·伊查克一世）、Stormy Sky（Sihyaj Chan K'awiil II）和Siyaj K?ak?（Smoking Frog）。
中央衛(wèi)城
Facing the Great Plaza, this is the location of Tikal's five-storey royal palace. Similar to the better-preserved palace at Palenque, the structure had extensive galleries, benches set along walls, enclosed courtyards, and stucco depictions of captives. The presence of four huge hearths suggests meals were prepared for a large number of resident scribes and administrators. The courtyards would have been used for important ceremonies, including blood-letting and sacrifices.
? ? ? ? ? 面對(duì)大廣場(chǎng)，這里是蒂卡爾五層樓高的王宮所在地。與帕倫克保存較好的宮殿類似，該建筑有寬敞的長廊、沿墻設(shè)置的長椅、封閉的庭院和灰泥描繪的俘虜。四個(gè)巨大爐灶的存在表明，這里曾為大量的常駐文士和行政人員準(zhǔn)備膳食。院子可能被用來舉行重要的儀式，包括放血和獻(xiàn)祭儀式。
Mundo Perdido Complex（西班牙語，意為“失落的世界”）
The Mundo Perdido or 'Lost World' complex is dominated by a huge pyramid, and along one side of the complex is a row of small temples, their exact purpose unknown. The complex has three platforms on its eastern side and a single platform on the western side. Those to the east are aligned with the sunrise at the equinoxes.
? ? ? ? ? Mundo Perdido建筑群以一座巨大的金字塔為主，沿著建筑群的一側(cè)是一排小廟，其具體目的不詳。該建筑群的東側(cè)有三個(gè)平臺(tái)，西側(cè)有一個(gè)平臺(tái)。東邊的平臺(tái)與春分日出相一致。
一、二、四號(hào)神廟
Built in the 8th century CE on a west-east axis and facing each other across the Great Plaza, the Temple I pyramid has the typical nine levels to imitate those of the Maya underworld Xibalba. Temple I is 50 m (164 ft) high and is climbed by a steep 70-degree staircase with steps so narrow they can only be climbed side-footed. Deep within Temple I the Tikal king Jasaw Chan K'awiil was buried, while his wife is a prime candidate for the now missing occupant of the 42-metre-high Temple II. The king's tomb, besides the usual precious jade and shell jewelry also contained a large number of incised bones which relate tales from Tikal history. Finally, mention should be made of Temple IV as, at 70 metres high, it is the tallest structure at Tikal and was used as the tomb of King Yax Kin (734-746 CE).
? ? ? ? ? 一號(hào)神廟金字塔建于公元8世紀(jì)，以西向東為軸心，隔著大廣場(chǎng)相互對(duì)峙，有典型的九層結(jié)構(gòu)，模仿瑪雅冥界 (Xibalba)的層數(shù)。一號(hào)神廟高50米（164英尺），通過一個(gè)陡峭的70度的樓梯攀登，臺(tái)階很窄，只能側(cè)著腳攀登。蒂卡爾國王Jasaw Chan K'awiil（哈薩烏·錢·卡維爾一世）被埋葬在一號(hào)神廟的深處，他的妻子是二號(hào)神廟（高 42 米）迄今為止未知的主人中的最佳人選。國王墓穴中除了常見的珍貴玉石和貝殼首飾外，還有大量的刻骨銘文，講述了蒂卡爾歷史上的故事。四號(hào)神廟，高70米，是蒂卡爾最高的建筑，是K?inich Yax K?uk? Mo?（公元734-746年）的墳?zāi)埂?/strong>
參考書目：
Coe, M.D. The Maya. Thames & Hudson, 2014.
Kubler, G. The Art and Architecture of Ancient America, Third Edition. Yale University Press, 1984.
Miller, M.E. The Art of Mesoamerica. Thames & Hudson, 2012.
Nichols, D.L. The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014.
Phillips, C. The Complete Illustrated History of the Aztec & Maya. Hermes House, 2014.
原文作者：Mark Cartwright
????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。
原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/Tikal/
