正文翻譯
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Is Brazil a rich country?

巴西是一個(gè)富裕的國(guó)家嗎?

評(píng)論翻譯
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Leonardo Ruoso
Originally Answered: Is Brazil a poor country?
Brazil is not poor, but it’s not among the richest. Wealthy is quite concentrated on the south and southeast as the industrialization happened during the coffee cycle, having S?o Paulo, Paraná and Minas Gerais leading in coffe production. After industrialization financial capitalism has helped to concentrated yet more in S?o Paulo. So if you take S?o Paulo alone it would be one of the richest countries in the world, by all dimensions.
Also, Lula’s Brazil has changed globally from a destination of resources from charity to become a donor, but there’s a lot to be done when it comes to wealth redistribution.
Brazil has skipped land reform, housing reform and many important reforms that would help it become a truly wealthy nation and every time he country is walking towards that path, yet slowly and moderately, some sort of coup or political turmoil takes place impeding it to be achieved and putting us again as a proxy nation for US or UK —if you go far back in our history.

回答1：
巴西并不貧窮，但也不是最富有的國(guó)家之一。
在環(huán)繞（盛產(chǎn)）咖啡的環(huán)圈進(jìn)行的工業(yè)化，使得巴西的富人主要集中在南部和東南部.
圣保羅、巴拉那和米納斯吉拉斯州在咖啡生產(chǎn)方面處于領(lǐng)先地位。

工業(yè)化后，金融資本主義進(jìn)一步集中在圣保羅。
因此，如果只算圣保羅，那么巴西將是世界上最富有的國(guó)家之一。
另外，盧拉領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的巴西在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)圈里，已經(jīng)從一個(gè)提供資源的國(guó)家變成了一個(gè)給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)捐贈(zèng)、奉獻(xiàn)的國(guó)家，
但是，巴西在財(cái)富再分配方面還有很多工作要做。

巴西已經(jīng)跳過(guò)了土地改革、住房改革和許多重要的改革,
這將幫助它成為一個(gè)真正富有的國(guó)家.
巴西的每一次改革，都是謹(jǐn)慎而循序漸進(jìn)的，
如果你深入了解我們的歷史，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)：
政變或政治震蕩都會(huì)阻礙我們國(guó)家的改革，從而使得我們?cè)俅握摓橛⒚赖钠遄?

Carol Peiffer, lived in Brazil (1967-1969)
Answered Jan 4, 2018
Originally Answered: How is Brazil poor or rich?
When I was in 6th grade, we studied Latin America. The overall theme of my studies was that Latin America was a “Land of Contrasts.” I found this to be very true when I lived in Brazil in the late 1960s.At that time I was appalled to learn that 2% of Brazil’s population owned 90% of the wealth. (I’m sorry to say that the U.S. is now in a similar situation.)I lived in a small town in the sert?o where just about everyone but the mayor and the bank manager was poor.Many people had large families. If I asked my students how many siblings they had, I often received answers like “Twelve, seven living” because infant mortality was high. Also many of them had lost their mothers. Childbirth was dangerous in a place without a doctor, except for one morning a week. The high school had only been established 3 years before I arrived, so most people had only 4 years of elementary education (or none at all.) However, there were about 80 students in the high school including some adults who had never before had the opportunity to go beyond the 4th grade. But I was concerned for my students because to go on to colégio, they would have to move to another town and pay tuition, plus room and board to continue their studies. The town had only a few small businesses, so few opportunities for employment.When I returned for the first time in 2011, I learned that most of my students had managed to go on to colégio and university. They had become doctors, lawyers teachers, nurses, professors, social workers, agronomists, business owners, land owners, etc. Most had decided to limit their families to 2 or 3 children so that they could live a better life than their parents. Instead of living in mud-brick homes with dirt floors and hammocks for sleeping, they had beautiful homes I would have been more than happy to live in. The town had several industries, hundreds of small businesses, a hospital, a cell tower, and its own colégio. Many of my former students moved to larger cities for better job opportunities.A universal health care plan had been initiated that covered everyone in Brazil, even tourists. The children of my former students went on to university, and their children will probably do so. So the middle class had grown and was growing.I’m sure there are still many people who are desperately poor, but I think it is much better than it used to be. Even many people who remained poor seemed to be a little better off than most of the people were in 1969 when I left Brazil.

回答2：
我六年級(jí)的時(shí)候，學(xué)習(xí)拉丁美洲情況。
當(dāng)時(shí)，學(xué)到的情況是：拉丁美洲是一個(gè)“充滿反差的地方”.
上世紀(jì)60年代末，當(dāng)我住在巴西時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)非常正確。

當(dāng)時(shí)，我震驚地得知，2%的巴西人擁有90%的財(cái)富。
(我很遺憾地說(shuō)，美國(guó)現(xiàn)在也處于類似的情況。)
我住在塞爾陶的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上，
這地方除了市長(zhǎng)和銀行經(jīng)理外，幾乎所有的人都很窮。

每個(gè)家庭都有很多成員.我問(wèn)我的學(xué)生他們有多少兄弟姐妹，
經(jīng)常得到的答案是“12個(gè)，7個(gè)還活著”，因?yàn)閶雰核劳雎屎芨摺?br/>還有許多人失去了母親。
在一個(gè)沒(méi)有醫(yī)生的地方分娩是很危險(xiǎn)的，每周只有一個(gè)上午能看到醫(yī)生.

Nuno Reid-Cardeira,
Yes. On average GDP per capita (both nominal and PPP) it looks like an upper middle income country but taking its GINI coefficient it becomes obvious that is a deeply unequal country. Its riches are very much concentrated not on the top 1% but on the top 0.1% of its population, like China, the USA and a minority of its South American neighbours. Unlike them the poorest fifth gets less than 1% of total GDP. In terms of income, the per capita numbers are again quite flattering. The reality is that the 100 richest Brazilians earn more than the 50% poorest and they have accumulated 76% of the country’s total GDP. The middle classes in Brazil were beginning to look like the developed countries image: can afford a house on a mortgage, can afford a car, can afford domestic appliances. The political instability brought about by last year’s coup (yes it was approved by a majority of congressmen and senators but all of them are indicted for corruption whereas they deposed a democratic elected President for fiscal anticipation of revenues - common enough in democratic countries, particularly the USA and Europe plus Australia & New Zealand & Japan &..OK.. common and not an impeachable misdemeanour. The current corrupt all white all male all deeply conservative in social issues and ultra liberal on economic ones, the perfect mix to get rid of whatever societal cohesion Brazil still had, are doing themselves and their buddies and the top 1.2% a lot of favours. They are also dismantling the recently erected social welfare programs as well as taking money away from public health and public education since they have promised to lower taxes for the all but forgot to do so for the 98.7%.Brazil is a poor country with a very rich, uneducated elite. I don’t mean they haven’t bought MBAs in Miami or obtained one in Chile or Switzerland. I mean they are uneducated as to how a society and an economy can prosper together. So yes Brazil is a poor country in the same sense that Bangladesh or the Philippines or Venezuela are. It is not a poor country in the sub-Sahara sense. Its poorest are not as poor as those of Chad or Zimbabwe. But near enough. Its richest are billionaires, listed on Forbes. Like their Mexican or Chinese or Indian or Russian counterparts only more so. More of them.There are also significant regional disparities. The Southern states (all three of them) are more like Uruguay than Chad. The Northeastern ones are all dirt-poor. Brazil’s major exports were once cars, steel and cement when those things were important and a sign of industrialisation. Nowadays Brazil’s main exports are Iron ore, crude oil, soya beans and oranges. Most of the people work neither in the primary nor the secondary sectors of the economy. Most work in services and they get a better pay there. S?o Paulo State is twice as rich per capitas as the national average. The federal district is richer than most developed countries on that basis. In both places the vast majority of the population survives on minimum wages (about 200 US$ for a family of four). Elsewhere in Brazil the poor, the “working class” and the middle classes are much poorer. The rich, oddly enough, are proportionately much richer.

回答3：
是的，平均人均GDP(包括名義和購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià))看起來(lái)像是一個(gè)中上收入國(guó)家，但就其基尼系數(shù)而言，巴西顯然是一個(gè)貧富差距嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家。
巴西的財(cái)富主要集中不是在1%的人身上，而是0.1%的人身上.
就像中國(guó)、美國(guó)和少數(shù)南美鄰國(guó)一樣.

跟上述國(guó)家不同的是，巴西最貧困的25%的人口，獲得的財(cái)富不好總GDP的1%.
在收入方面，巴西的人均收入再次完美地體現(xiàn)了什么叫貧富差距.
事實(shí)是，最富有的排名前100名巴西人的收入超過(guò)了全國(guó)50%最窮的人，
他們擁有巴西總GDP的76%.

巴西的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)開(kāi)始看起來(lái)像發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的樣子:可以用抵押貸款買(mǎi)得起房子，可以買(mǎi)得起汽車，可以買(mǎi)得起家用電器。
去年（注：2016年）的彈劾總統(tǒng)案帶來(lái)了政治不穩(wěn)定.
的確，彈劾案得到了大多數(shù)國(guó)會(huì)議員和參議員的通過(guò)，

但是這些人都是被指控有腐敗問(wèn)題的，
而他們的彈劾，是廢黜了一個(gè)民主選舉出來(lái)的總統(tǒng)，
彈劾總統(tǒng)，僅是因?yàn)椋ㄔ撃甓鹊模﹪?guó)家財(cái)政預(yù)期收入（不佳）.

而國(guó)家財(cái)政預(yù)期收入（不佳）在民主國(guó)家很常見(jiàn)的，
尤其是美國(guó)和歐洲，加上澳大利亞、新西蘭、日本……
這是一種非常司空見(jiàn)慣的事情，并不能成為彈劾一位總統(tǒng)的罪行的.

當(dāng)前腐敗的全是白人，全是男性，
這些人在社會(huì)問(wèn)題上極度保守，在經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題上極端自由，
他們是撕裂巴西社會(huì)凝聚力的集團(tuán)組合，
他們的政策，對(duì)自己和他們的伙伴，以及財(cái)富排在前1.2%的人都是優(yōu)惠有佳的.

這些人還廢除了最近建立起來(lái)的社會(huì)福利項(xiàng)目，
并從公共衛(wèi)生和公共教育中抽走了資金，
因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)兄Z為所有人減稅，但卻忘了為98.7%的人減稅.
巴西是一個(gè)貧窮的國(guó)家，
但卻有很多富有的、沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育的精英。

Rafael Sarges
It depends. What is a rich country? Can a country be rich? The answer in contingent on the criteria.That being said, there are things we can say, such as:Brazil produces lots os natural resources, be it through mining (iron, gold and many other minerals), or agriculture (soy and cattle are huge in the country). In this sense it is rich.
As a country with a large population, Brazil has a big economy, and a huge amount of goods are consumed and traded, so the people os the country moves a lot of cash on a daily basis.
On the other hand:1. Most of the population is poor and struggles to make ends meet. A big part is chronically indebted to the point they can’t even have a credit card. The middle classes are below the average of truly rich countries.
2. The businesses, especially the smaller ones, go bankrupt at an alarming rate, and free initiative is risky investiment.
3. The government finances are also chronically problematic, and the budget is in a nightmarish situation.
So, even if one wants to say Brazil is rich, it is necessary to aknowledge this wealth does not translate to the citizens, which are mostly poor.

回答4：
視情況而定。
什么是富國(guó)? 一個(gè)國(guó)家能富有嗎? 答案依標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而定。

話雖如此，我們還是可以這樣說(shuō):
巴西生產(chǎn)大量的自然資源，無(wú)論是通過(guò)采礦(鐵、金和許多其他的礦物)，
還是農(nóng)業(yè)(巴西的大豆、黃牛產(chǎn)量非常巨大)。
從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)，巴西是富國(guó).

作為一個(gè)人口眾多的國(guó)家，巴西有著十分龐大的經(jīng)濟(jì)，
消費(fèi)、交易的商品數(shù)量十分巨大，
所以這個(gè)國(guó)家的人們每天都在交易著大量的資金.

另一方面:
1. 大多數(shù)人很窮，在努力維持生計(jì)。
很大一部分人長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債，以至于他們甚至無(wú)法擁有信用卡。
中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的財(cái)富低于真正富裕國(guó)家的平均水平。

2. 企業(yè)，尤其是那些規(guī)模較小的企業(yè)，正以驚人的速度走向破產(chǎn)。
3. 政府的財(cái)務(wù)狀況也長(zhǎng)期存在問(wèn)題，預(yù)算也處于噩夢(mèng)般的境地。
因此，即使有人想說(shuō)巴西是富裕的，
也有必須要知道，巴西國(guó)家財(cái)富并沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)化為民富，巴西國(guó)民大多是窮人.