筆記

complexities of moderating and classifying video games

，復(fù)雜性，復(fù)雜情況

vt.審核（游戲，論壇） moderator 管理員

Classification borrowed from the film industry is adapting to resemble that of social media

vt. 與……類似的

Censors at the British Board of Film Classification were puzzled in 1986 by a copy of "Dracula".The BBFC normally reviewed films and videos.But after playing the game it deemed its gory scenes,splattered with red pixels, too shocking for children and banned its sale to those under 15. The game's publisher,CRL,delighted by the publicity ,set its sights on getting an "18"certificate for its next game,"Jack the Ripper".

n,審查員，vt 刪減，審查

censorship n,審查制度

press censorship ，新聞審查

uncensored 未經(jīng)審查的

英國電影分級(jí)委員會(huì)

vt,認(rèn)為，相信，consider

血腥殘暴的， gore n,（暴力導(dǎo)致的）血

blood and gore

v，飛濺，spatter

n,像素

n,宣傳，報(bào)道

set one's sights/heart on sth ,決心想得到……

As games became more realistic they attracted more regulation.After the home release in 1993 of "Mortal Kombat",which set a new standard in grusome violence,America's congress pushed the games industry into setting up an Entertainment Software Ratings Board to dish out age ratings .In 2003 the Pan European Game Information rating did a similar job.Games settled into a classification regime similar to that of movies.

n，發(fā)行，公開

adj,恐怖的

push sb into doing sth 說服，強(qiáng)迫

娛樂軟件評(píng)級(jí)委員會(huì)

分發(fā)，分配

習(xí)慣于，進(jìn)入（工作，秩序）

n 制度，tax regime ,稅收體制，trade regime 貿(mào)易體制

Nowadays concerns about content in digital games are less about （what developers have included ）than about （other players）.Most big games are online ,multiplayer affairs, in which players are exposed to strangers who communicate by text or microphone.The main challenge is moderating what millions of users say and do .The content debate has moved from being similar to the movie industry's to one more like arguments over regulating social media.

be exposed to sth 面臨不快/危險(xiǎn)的情況

The content debate has moved from being similar to the movie industry's（content debate） to （a debate）one more like arguments over regulating social media.

Meta,which has experience of content moderation on Facebook, has found problems on its virtual-reality platforms.When users of "Horizon Worlds",its main VR space ,complained of being virtually groped, it introduced a minimum distance between avatars.

virtual reality (VR) n 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)

augmented reality（AR) n 增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)

vt,猥褻，撫摸

n,用戶頭像，（應(yīng)該可以理解為用戶在游戲里的角色？）

After the Christchurch shootings in 2019, users of Roblox, a platform on which they can create games of their own, began re-enacting the event before the company intervened.Roblox employs "thousands"of human moderators ,as well as artificial intelligece, to check user-submitted games and police chat among its 60m daily users,who have an average age of about 13.

enact vt,擬定法律；演繹，表演

she often enacted the stories told to her by her father

她經(jīng)常把父親講給她的那些故事表演出來

v,介入，干涉

vt，監(jiān)督，監(jiān)管

As with social media ,regulators are unsure how far to go in censoring speech. Mark Zuckerberg,Meta's boss, has said social networks are like newspapers, because users can publish to a mass audience,but also like phone companies, since they allow one-to-one communication.

正如……一樣

in the same way as

as with his earlier movies, the special effects in his latest film are brilliant.

和他之前的電影類似，他最新的一部電影的特效也非常卓越

監(jiān)管人員

one-to-one conference,one-to-one course 一對(duì)一的會(huì)議/課程

one-on-one 美式）

In 2018 Germany ontroduced a new law holding social networks responsible for content on their sites，treating them like publishers.Politicians debated including video games as well ,before deciding in-game chat was more like one-to-one conversation ,which is protected by the consitution,says Niko Harting,a tech lawyer.

hold sth/sb liable/responsible/accountable for sth 讓……為……負(fù)責(zé)

it's impossible to hold any individual responsible.不可能歸咎于任何個(gè)人。

vt,討論，仔細(xì)思考，斟酌

n 憲法

Gamemakers are doing their best to design out bad behaviour before it occurs. In "World of Warcraft",players join either the "Alliance" or the "Horde".They can talk to their own team,but if they try talking to the other side,their speech is translated into unitellingible orcish or elvish.The result,says Allen Adham of Blizzard Entertainment, which makes the game ,is that "players play really nicely with each other, because they have a common enemy."

unintelligible，難以理解的，

intelligible 易懂的

intelligent 聰明的

unintelligent 愚鈍的

VR(virtual reality，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí))：可以讓用戶沉浸其中的由計(jì)算機(jī)生成的三維虛擬環(huán)境，并與現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境相隔絕。

AR(augmented reality，增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí))：在真實(shí)環(huán)境中增添或者移除由計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)時(shí)生成的可以交互的虛擬物體或信息。

MR(mixed reality，混合現(xiàn)實(shí))：通過全息圖，將現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境與虛擬環(huán)境相互混合，也可以看成是VR與AR的混合。