Regulators want firms to own up to climate risks

▲ regulator n. 監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)：遇到「監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)」時，不必每次都處理成regulatory body，regulator同樣是非常常見的替換詞；

▲ own up to sth./doing sth. 承擔(dān)責(zé)任、坦白；

He was too frightened to own up to his mistake.他嚇得不敢認(rèn)錯。

That is good news for investors. And for the planet地球???

America’s main financial regulator is taking an interest in climate change—and wants everyone to know. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has created a task-force to examine environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues, appointed任命 a climate tsar and said it will “enhance its focus” on climate related disclosures for listed firms.

▲ take an interest in sth. 對某事感興趣；

▲ Securities and Exchange Commission 美國證券交易委員會：即美國的證監(jiān)會，是美國監(jiān)管證券市場最重要的機(jī)構(gòu)；

▲ task-force n. 特別工作組；

▲ environmental, social and governance 環(huán)境、社會、治理：目前投資界的熱門概念，簡稱ESG，具體內(nèi)容可以回顧視頻；

▲ climate tsar n. 氣候顧問：大寫時，Tsar指的是俄國的「沙皇」，演變到現(xiàn)在，tsar已經(jīng)有了新的含義，即解決某個領(lǐng)域問題的「權(quán)威人士、特使」，比如drug tsar就是「反毒特使」；

▲ disclosure n. 披露；

▲ listed firm n. 上市公司；

It looks poised to introduce, among other things, 插入語，可不看rules forcing firms to reveal how climate change or efforts to fight it may affect their business. 引用各種規(guī)定，

▲ be poised to do sth. 準(zhǔn)備好做......

Kate is poised to become the highest-paid supermodel in the fashion world.

凱特決心成為時裝界最高薪的超模。

▲ reveal v. 揭示；

Since September regulators in Britain, New Zealand and Switzerland have said they plan to make such climate-related disclosures mandatory. So, too, have stock exchanges in Hong Kong, London and South Korea. The EU may follow suit.

▲ mandatory adj. 義務(wù)的、強(qiáng)制的；

▲ stock exchange n. 證券交易所；

▲ follow suit 照著做

段落大意：

美國金融監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)帶頭關(guān)注氣候變化問題，并要求企業(yè)披露氣候相關(guān)信息。世界其他地區(qū)的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)也采取了類似行動。

第2段

The flurry of rulemaking stems from a concern that climate change poses a threat to financial stability. Whether this is true or not is hard to say. The data are shoddy and climate-risk reporting is largely voluntary. Firms tend to cherry pick the most flattering numbers and methodologies. The reporting seldom reveals anything about a firm's risk in the future—which is where the financial threats from climate change mostly reside.

▲ flurry of sth. 一陣（忙亂）；

▲ stem from 根源是...；

▲ pose a threat to 對...構(gòu)成威脅；

▲ shoddy adj. 粗制濫造的；

▲ voluntary adj. 自愿的；

▲ cherry-pick v. 篩選、精選；

▲ flattering adj. 使人顯得漂亮的；

▲ methodology n. 方法；

▲ reside v. 存在于

段落大意：

新政源于對氣候變化會帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的擔(dān)憂，然而現(xiàn)有的氣候風(fēng)險(xiǎn)披露大都是自愿性的，且真實(shí)性不足。

第3段

Many watchdogs are pinning their hopes on the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), set up in 2015 by the Financial Stability Board (FSB), a global group of regulators.

▲ watchdog n. 檢查人員/機(jī)構(gòu)；

▲ pin one's hopes on sb./sth. n. 將希望寄托于...；

▲ Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) 實(shí)施氣候相關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)披露工作組：即前文出現(xiàn)的task force的具體名字；

▲ Financial Stability Board n. 金融穩(wěn)定理事會：顧名思義，該理事會主要職責(zé)是維持世界金融體系的穩(wěn)定性，上文出現(xiàn)的TCFD就是由該理事會于2015年創(chuàng)立；

The TCFD has recommended a reporting standard made up of 11 broad categories, from carbon footprints to climate-risk management.

▲ carbon footprint n. 碳足跡；

Regulators like it because it focuses on material risks rather than environmental impacts, and because it asks for information about firms’ future plans. That includes “scenario analysis”, in which a company’s strategy is tested against potential futures, such as a hotter world or higher carbon prices.

▲ material adj. 重要的、重大的：派生詞為materiality「重要性」；

▲ scenario n. 情景；

▲ carbon price n. 碳價(jià)格：與之相關(guān)的詞還包括carbon credit「碳信用額度」和carbon pricing「碳定價(jià)」，具體概念可以觀看視頻回顧

段落大意：

TCFD為很多機(jī)構(gòu)提供了披露標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)披露范圍全面，更融入了對重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和未來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分析。

第四段

These qualities also appeal to financiers. Financial firms make up almost half of the 1,800 or so companies that back the TCFD‘s recommendations.

▲ financier n. 金融家；

▲ financial firm n. 金融機(jī)構(gòu)：non-financial firm則是「非金融機(jī)構(gòu)」；

▲ back n. 支持；

Together they hold assets worth over $150trn and include the world’s ten biggest asset managers and eight of its ten biggest banks.

▲ asset management n. 資產(chǎn)管理：文中出現(xiàn)的asset manager則是「資產(chǎn)管理公司」，每個公司管理的資產(chǎn)規(guī)模則是asset under management「資產(chǎn)管理規(guī)模」，簡稱AUM；

Their clients and regulators are egging them on to adopt the standard, so the financial firms in turn are prodding companies to do so, too, causing an uptick in its use.

▲ egg sb. on 鼓動、慫恿：

He hit the boy as his friends egged him on.?

他在朋友的煽動下打了那個男孩。

▲ prod v. 督促、鼓勵：常用搭配為prod sb. into (doing) sth.「鼓勵某人做某件事情」；

▲ uptick n. 小幅提升

段落大意：

金融機(jī)構(gòu)積極支持TCFD標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并鼓勵更多企業(yè)采用。

第5段

Not all companies are happy about this. It means compliance with one more ESG measure, and a tricky one at that.

?▲ compliance n. 遵從：常用介詞搭配為compliance with sth.「遵從某事」；

▲ tricky adj. 棘手的；

▲ at that 還、而且：

It’s a new idea, and a good one, at that.

這是個新主意，還是個好主意。

Many bosses claim their firms lack the expertise to do climate-based scenario analysis (the TCFD’s recent 133-page how-to guide may help).

Only 7% of big firms disclose such exercises, according to a review of 1,700-odd companies by the TCFD. Those that do often use different scenarios, making their efforts hard to compare.

▲ expertise adj. 專門知識：常用搭配為expertise in sth.「在...領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)知識」；

▲ how-to guide n. 操作指南；

▲ review n. 審查、回顧；

▲ X-odd （數(shù)字）X 多一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)

段落大意：

企業(yè)采用現(xiàn)狀：很多企業(yè)不樂意采用TCFD標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，且已采用的企業(yè)難以進(jìn)行橫向?qū)Ρ取?/p>

第6段

Another problem is that disclosures may scare off investors. This, of course, is the point. But until reporting is mandatory for everyone, firms risk being punished for being early adopters.

▲ scare sb. off 把人嚇跑；

▲ risk doing sth. 冒險(xiǎn)做某事；

▲ punish v. 懲罰；

That is the evidence from France, which made climate-risk disclosures obligatory for asset managers, insurers and pension funds in 2016. A study by its central bank compared those firms with French banks and non-French financial firms. It found that the firms which had to disclose climate risks held 40% fewer bonds, stocks and other securities in fossil fuel firms by value than those that did not have to disclose risks.

▲ obligatory adj. 強(qiáng)制的、必須的

▲ insurer n. 保險(xiǎn)公司；

▲ pension fund n. 養(yǎng)老基金；

▲ bond n. 債券；

▲ stock n. 股票；

▲ securities n. 證券（一般為復(fù)數(shù)）：前文出現(xiàn)的債券、股票就是兩種常見的證券

段落大意：

另一重對披露的擔(dān)憂：會嚇跑投資者。

第7段

Such a shift may drive up capital costs for polluting projects and lead to fewer emissions. But more climate disclosure will not by itself cut carbon, notes Remco Fischer of the UN Environment Programme. Regulatory climate risk can, in theory, be mitigated by moving carbon-heavy assets somewhere with laxer environmental rules.

▲ capital cost n. 資本成本；

▲ emission n. 排放；

▲ UN Environment Programme 聯(lián)合國環(huán)境署；

▲ mitigate v. 緩和；

▲ carbon-heavy adj. 碳密集的：近義詞為carbon-intensive；

▲ lax adj. 不嚴(yán)格的、松懈的；

And sophisticated risk assessments do not always result in decarbonisation. Last year AGL Energy, an Australian utility, published an analysis of scenarios. The one it has chosen to follow involves keeping one of its coal-fired power stations open until 2048.

▲ sophisticated adj. 復(fù)雜的；

▲ assessment?n. 評估；

▲ decarbonisation n. 脫碳：前綴de-表「除掉」，如defrost「除霜」；

▲ utility n. 公共事業(yè)（公司）；

▲ coal-fired adj. 燒煤的；

▲ power station n. 發(fā)電站

段落大意：

進(jìn)行更多披露可能會帶來減排，但不能想當(dāng)然：公司有可能把重污染資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到監(jiān)管松懈的地方，而且哪怕發(fā)布了詳盡報(bào)告也不代表會主動減排。

文章結(jié)構(gòu)

思考題參考答案

1. 監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)、投資者和企業(yè)對氣候信息披露的態(tài)度分別是什么？

監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)：

美國、英國、瑞士等發(fā)達(dá)國家的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)規(guī)定金融機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)需披露其氣候相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信息，委托FSB制定了TCFD。

投資者：

積極支持TCFD，鼓勵企業(yè)積極披露信息，減少投資重污染企業(yè)。

企業(yè)：

響應(yīng)不積極，部分企業(yè)表示不具備相關(guān)知識，僅有的報(bào)告標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一，且進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)披露也不等于決心減排。

2. 氣候信息披露相關(guān)詞匯：

機(jī)構(gòu)：

SEC, FSB, TCFD, regulator

相關(guān)組織：

asset manager, insurer, pension fund, bank, financial firms

披露：

climate-related disclosure, disclose, climate risk reporting, climate-based scenario analysis?

Fire up that barbecue!

第1段

Cooking outside can be one of the joys of summer, but, like conducting an experiment outside the lab, it is harder to control all the variables – even if the weather is on your side.

▲?fire up sth.?啟動（機(jī)器、設(shè)備）；

▲?barbecue n.?燒烤；烤架：此外，barbecue也可以作動詞，指「用烤架來燒烤」；

▲?joy?n.?樂事；

▲?variable?n.?變量：實(shí)驗(yàn)中的control variable就是「控制變量」；

▲?be?on one's side?支持某人：這里的side原意是「一方、一派」，派生出的含義take sides「站隊(duì)、表明立場」

段落大意：

引子：戶外燒烤就像戶外實(shí)驗(yàn)一樣，即便天氣如你所愿，（天氣支持你）變量卻更難控制。

第2段

?A key question is which fuel to use. Charcoal is made by slowly burning wood in low-oxygen conditions. This drives off most of the water and other volatile compounds until the remainder – about 25 percent of the original weight – is almost pure carbon, （although some unburnt wood may remain in larger pieces of lumpwood charcoal.）讓步狀語

▲?fuel?n.?燃料；

▲?charcoal?n.?木炭；

▲?oxygen?n.?氧氣：文中的low-oxygen「低氧的」；

▲?drive sb./sth. off?趕走某人/某物；

▲?volatile?adj.?易揮發(fā)的：在金融市場相關(guān)的文章中，volatile一般作「波動的」，本質(zhì)上都是由于volatile源自拉丁語的「飛」，衍生自拉丁語的西班牙語中也有該詞volar「飛」；

▲?compound?n.?化合物；

▲?remainder?n.?剩余物、剩余部分：注意與reminder「起提醒作用的事物」區(qū)分，可以結(jié)合remain「剩余」和remind「提醒」兩個動詞記憶；

▲?carbon?n.?碳；

▲?lumpwood charcoal?n.?木炭塊：也作lump charcoal

段落大意：

1.引出燒烤燃料很重要；

2.簡述木炭的制作過程。

第3段

You can also use charcoal briquettes. These are made from sawdust and wood scraps that are burned in the same way as when making charcoal, then crushed砸碎 and mixed with additives to bind the contents, help with ignition or promote steady burning, before being moulded into uniform shapes. Because these shapes are uniform, they usually hold their heat longer than lumpwood charcoal.

▲?charcoal?briquette n.?木炭球、木炭團(tuán)；

▲?sawdust?n.?鋸末；

▲?scrap?n.?碎片：文中的wood scrap就是「木屑」；

▲?additive?n.?添加劑；

▲?bind?v.?粘合；

▲?ignition?n.?點(diǎn)燃：動詞形態(tài)即后文出現(xiàn)的ignite「點(diǎn)燃」，相對light，是更正式的用詞；

▲?mould?v.?使...成型、澆鑄：美式英語寫法為mold；

▲?uniform?adj.?單一的、一致的；

▲?hold?v.?保持...在同一水平

段落大意：

1.簡述木炭團(tuán)的制作過程；

2.木炭團(tuán)的一大特性——比木炭塊的燃燒時間更持久。

For both fuels, the quickest, easiest way to light them is to use a chimney starter, a metal tube with two cavities. You put paper in the bottom one and charcoal in the top, then light the paper. The burning paper sucks in oxygen and ignites the coals, creating an updraft that allows heat to build quickly, so the coals are ready for cooking in about 15 minutes.

▲ light v. 點(diǎn)燃；

▲ chimney starter n. 煙囪啟動器：具體工作原理及圖片可以參考原文及視頻講解；

▲ cavity n. 洞；蛀牙洞：當(dāng)然，在文中指的是煙囪啟動器上下的兩個洞；

▲ suck v. 吮吸：常常搭配各類介詞和副詞表示吮吸的具體方式，文中的suck in即「吸入」；

▲ updraft n. 上升氣流：反義詞為downdraft「下降氣流」，這個詞中的draft/draught含義為「穿堂風(fēng)」；

▲ build v. 逐漸增強(qiáng)；

段落大意：

1.引出點(diǎn)燃木炭的好工具——煙囪啟動器；

2.簡述煙囪啟動器的工作原理。

第5段

Charcoal burns hotter than wood and produces very little smoke. This means that it contributes very little flavour味道 to whatever is cooked on it.

▲?contribute sth. to sth.?將...添加到...;

段落大意：

木炭的燃燒產(chǎn)生的煙很少，因而對燒烤的味道影響很小。

The smoky taste 煙熏口味we associate with barbecues mostly comes from fat and juices that drip from the food onto the hot coals. These drips ignite and produce smoke containing flavourful aromatic compounds that are deposited on the food’s surface. Some cooks like to add wood chips on top of the coals to add extra smoky aromas.

▲?associate with?將...與...聯(lián)想起來；

▲?drip v.?滴下；

▲?flavourful?adj.?濃郁可口的；

▲?aromatic?adj.?芳香的、有香味的：名詞形態(tài)為aroma「芳香、香味」；

▲?be deposited?沉積、淤積；

▲?chip?n.?碎屑：wood chip「木屑」同前文的wood scrap；

段落大意：

解釋燒烤中的煙熏口味的成因，因此一些廚師也會用這個原理來增加燒烤本身的香味。

Since charcoal isn’t a significant source of flavour, you might prefer the convenience of a gas barbecue, which is quick to light and easier to control. Gas is also much more efficient to produce and cook with: the carbon footprint of gas grilling is estimated to be about a third that of charcoal – though it comes from a non-renewable source.

▲?gas barbecue?天然氣燒烤；

▲?carbon footprint?n.?碳足跡：過去的視頻精講中多次出現(xiàn)過的詞匯，可以點(diǎn)擊這里查看往期內(nèi)容回顧；

▲?grill?n.?燒烤：和barbecue類似，本意是「烤架」，此外，grill也可作動詞，表「燒烤」這個動作；

▲?non-renewable adj.?非可再生的

段落大意：

相較于木炭燒烤，天然氣更方便、燒烤效率更高、碳排放量也更少。

第8段

The other factor that makes barbecued food taste different to food cooked in your kitchen is heat. Glowing coals exceed 1000°C and give off considerable infrared radiation. This searing heat drives the Maillard reaction, which transforms sugars and amino acids into hundreds of delicious flavour compounds. But it can also result in food that is charred on the outside and cold in the middle.

▲?barbecued adj.?燒烤的；

▲?glow v.?發(fā)光；

▲?give off?釋放、散發(fā)；

▲?infrared radiation?紅外輻射；

▲?searing?adj.?灼人的：來自動詞sear「灼燒」；

▲?Maillard reaction?美拉德反應(yīng)；

▲?amino acid n.?氨基酸

▲?char?v.?燒焦

段落大意：

燒烤的溫度同樣影響食物的味道，超過1000攝氏度的高溫產(chǎn)生的美拉德反應(yīng)讓燒烤更加美味。不過可能會導(dǎo)致燒烤外焦內(nèi)涼。

第9段

latter

The best way to avoid the latter兩種情況中出現(xiàn)的后者 is to pile coals on one side of the grill. You can then move food from the hot area to a cooler part if the outside is charring too quickly. I would also recommend buying a cooking thermometer, which makes it easy to tell when meat is done all the way through.

▲?thermometer?n.?溫度計(jì)

段落大意：

燒烤小妙招：1.烤架設(shè)置半熱半涼；2.?購置一個烹飪溫度計(jì)

文章結(jié)構(gòu)

思考題參考答案

1. 文中提到了哪些影響燒烤的因素？

??燃料（fuel）：

?????木炭塊（lumpwoodcharcoal）

?????木炭團(tuán)（charcoalbriquette）?

?????天然氣（gas）

??溫度（heat）

關(guān)于不同因素的具體影響方式，可以參閱文章結(jié)構(gòu)部分，再找到各個段落，查找具體內(nèi)容。

2. 能積累到哪些燒烤的主題詞匯

??各種燒、烤：

barbecue, grill, sear, burn, ignite

??三大燃料：

lump/lumpwood?charcoal, charcoal briquette, gas

??化學(xué)相關(guān)：

compound, Maillard reaction, additive, amino acid, oxygen, aroma, infrared radiation

標(biāo)題+第1段

The Guardian view on the heat dome: burning through燒穿 the models Politicians must respond to the latest warnings that climate science has underestimated risks.

Last week’s shockingly high temperatures in the northwestern US and Canada were – and are – very frightening. Heat and the fires it caused killed hundreds of people, and are estimated to have killed a billion sea creatures.

Daily temperature records were smashed by more than 5C (9F) in some places. In Lytton, British Columbia, the heat reached 49.6C (121F).

The wildfires that consumed the town produced their own thunderstorms, alongside thousands of lightning strikes.

▲?heat dome n.?熱穹、熱穹頂：一種氣候現(xiàn)象：具體成因請參照視頻中解釋；

▲?underestimated?adj.?低估的：前綴under-即「在...之下」；

▲?shockingly adv.?駭人地；

▲?sea creature?n.?海洋生物；*************

▲?smash v.?打破：文中的smash a record就是其常用搭配，含義為「打破紀(jì)錄」；

▲?Celsius?n./adj.?攝氏度：注意，在讀英語里的溫度時，應(yīng)把Celsius置于degree之后，如5C就應(yīng)該讀作5 degrees Celsius；

▲?Fahrenheit?n./adj.?華氏度：用法同Celsius；

▲?wildfire?n.?山火、野火；

▲?consume?v.?徹底燒毀；消耗

▲?thunderstorm?n.?雷暴；

▲?lightning strike?n.?雷擊

段落大意：

引子：北美遭遇高溫災(zāi)害，人員動物傷亡慘重、高溫屢創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄、極端天氣頻繁。

第2段

An initial study shows human activity made this heat dome – in which（定從） a ridge of high pressure acts as a lid preventing warm air from escaping （插入語）– at least 150 times more likely.

The World Weather Attribution Group of scientists（主語）, who use computer climate models to assess global heating trends and extreme weather, have warned that last week exceeded even their worst-case scenarios.

While（讓步，時間） it has long been recognised that the climate system has thresholds or tipping points beyond which humans stand to lose control of what happens, scientists did not hide their alarm that a usually cool part of the Pacific northwest had been turned into a furnace. One climatologist said the prospect opened up by the heat dome “blows my mind”.

▲?initial?adj.?最初的；

▲?ridge of high pressure?n.?高壓脊；

▲?lid?n.?蓋子；

▲?World Weather Attribution?世界天氣歸因組織；

▲?climate model n.?氣候模型；

▲?extreme weather?極端天氣；

▲?worst-case scenario?最壞情況：反義詞為best-case scenario「最佳情況」；

▲?threshold?n.?門檻、閾值；

▲?tipping point?n.?爆發(fā)點(diǎn)；

▲?stand to do sth.?很可能會做某事；

▲?alarm?n.?驚恐：熟詞僻義

Scientists have said there is no cause for alarm.

科學(xué)家說了不必驚慌。

▲?furnace?n.?熔爐；

▲?threshold?n.?門檻、閾值；

▲?climatologist?n.?氣候?qū)W家：派生自climatology「氣候?qū)W」；

▲?prospect?n.?前景、設(shè)想；

▲?open sth. up?使...成為可能；

▲?blow one's mind?令某人興奮、吃驚：派生形容詞是mind-blowing「令人震驚的」

The disturbing signs of climate disruption are not limited to north America. Pakistan and Siberia have also had record-breaking high temperatures within the last few weeks, as have Moscow, Helsinki and Estonia. In Madagascar, the worst drought in 40 years has left a million people facing food shortages. The climate author David Wallace-Wells suggested that current conditions should be regarded as heralding a “permanent emergency”永久的緊急狀況. With policymakers struggling to absorb the very serious implications for human societies of current models, it is frankly difficult to take in the suggestion that these models may underestimate the threat. The prospect of the jet stream becoming locked, and weather systems such as tropical storms ceasing to move in the way to which we are accustomed, carries nightmarish possibilities. More hot weather is on its way to California, with the bulk of the wildfire season ahead.

▲?disturbing?adj.?令人不安的；

▲?disruption?n.?混亂；

▲?record-breaking adj.?破紀(jì)錄的；

▲?drought?n.?干旱；

▲?food shortages?n.?糧食短缺；

▲?herald?v.?預(yù)示；

These talks could herald a new era of peace.

這些談判可能預(yù)示著新的和平時代的來臨。

▲?implication n.?可能的影響：作該含義時，常作復(fù)數(shù)；

▲?jet stream?n.?（地球高空）高速氣流；

▲?weather system?n.?天氣系統(tǒng)；

▲?tropical storm?熱帶風(fēng)暴；

▲?cease to do sth.?停止做某事；

▲?be accustomed to sth.?習(xí)慣某事；

▲?nightmarish?adj.?噩夢般的；

▲?the bulk of?主體、大部分

段落大意：

氣候混亂席卷全球，人類可能低估了氣候威脅的嚴(yán)重性，如果這種趨勢持續(xù)下去，將帶來可怕后果。

第4段

wildfires, lightning strikes, drought, food shortages

If there is anything positive to be taken from this new information, and reports of the suffering and destruction caused by the heat, it can only be that it intensifies the pressure on policymakers to act. On Wednesday, the Switzerland-based（位于...） Financial Stability Board issued a warning in advance of a G20 meeting in Venice（威尼斯） this weekend. It urged finance ministers and central banks中央銀行 to take more notice of “far-reaching” climate impacts.

Just how far-reaching these impacts（這些影響能有多深遠(yuǎn)） will be depends on decisions taken by governments in the next months and years.

So far, binding commitments（具有約束力的承諾） to make the cuts in carbon emissions（減排） that are needed to avoid temperature rises above 2C are notable by their absence. With every worrying piece of climate news, the stakes ahead of November’s Cop26 conference keep growing.

▲?intensify?v.?加劇；

▲?Financial Stability Board (FSB) n.?金融穩(wěn)定理事會；

▲?finance minister?n.?財(cái)政部長；

▲?take notice of?注意；

▲?far-reaching?adj.?影響深遠(yuǎn)的；

▲?binding?adj.?具有約束力的；

▲?notable?adj.?值得注意的；

▲?absense n.?缺席；

▲?stake n.?風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：high stake就是「高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)」：

Climbing is a dangerous sport and the stakes are high.

爬山是一項(xiàng)危險(xiǎn)的運(yùn)動，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大。

▲?Cop26?n.?第26屆聯(lián)合國氣候變化大會：縮寫自26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties

段落大意：

氣候?yàn)?zāi)難能給決策者施壓，一些國際機(jī)構(gòu)也敦促各國重視氣候問題，但各國至今未有約束性承諾。

第5段

Environmentalists used to shake their heads when highly unusual weather（高度異常的天氣） was reported in terms（用...說法） that ignored climate change’s contribution. Now, thanks to attribution science, the link is firmly made. To avoid future heat domes, countries including the US and Canada must stop pumping so much energy（溫室氣體，熱量） into the climate system.

▲?environmentalist?n.?環(huán)保主義者；

▲?terms n.?措辭、說法；

▲?attribution n.?歸因：補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)背景知識，文中提到的attribution science「歸因科學(xué)」就是將觀察到的異常氣候情況（山火、風(fēng)暴）與人類活動放在一起看待，來觀察人類活動是否與這些異常氣候情況相關(guān)；

▲?pump?v.?（用泵）輸送

段落大意：

得益于歸因科學(xué)，極端天氣和氣候變化之間的聯(lián)系加強(qiáng)，各國應(yīng)該積極減排。

文章結(jié)構(gòu)

1.?導(dǎo)致加拿大持續(xù)高溫的氣候現(xiàn)象是什么？原理又是什么？

就是文中反復(fù)提到的熱穹（heat dome）現(xiàn)象，文中將其定義為：

a ridge of high pressure acts as a lid preventing warm air from escaping

「一種像蓋子一樣阻止暖空氣外逃的高壓脊」。

2.?能積累到哪些地理和氣候相關(guān)詞匯？？

地理：

heat?dome, a ridge of high pressure, jet stream, tropical storm, thunderstorm

氣候變化：

extreme weather, climate system, permanent emergency, far-reaching climate impacts, carbon emissions?