Contents:

1. Pilotage

2. Dead Reckoning

3. Flight Plan

4. Lost Procedures

5. Diversion

1. Pilotage

• What is Pilotage?

• Navigating by reference to visual landmarks using course lines

• Line of position (LOP): The aircraft is along a specific line of possible positions

• Fix: Intersection of two lines of positions

• Pilotage techniques:

• Estimate your position on a sectional chart

• Locate a landmark on the ground to confirm your position

• Determining a Course

• Arrange charts to view the entire route

• Align latitude and longitude lines on the chart edges

• If the departure and destination airports are on opposite sides of the same chart, follow the instructions printed on the margin of the chart to pilot your tentative course line

• Check each chart for areas to avoid

• Draw a line from departure to destination

• Use the plotter scale to measure the course in nautical miles

• Estimate the fuel requirements using performance tables in the pilot's operating handbook and winds aloft forecasts. Account for takeoff and climb fuel consumption and reserve requirements

• Plan the necessary refueling stops along the course

• Selecting Checkpoints

• Examples of recommended checkpoints include:

• small cities

• Major roads and railroads

• Rivers and lakes

• Section lines

• Remaning on Course

• When using pilotage, be constantly vigilant:
  

• Be aware of your position in relation to checkpoints

• Mark your actual position as you pass each checkpoint

• Adjust heading to correct for drift

• Match ground features to chart symbols

• Wind is a primary cause for drifting off course. In this example:

• The pilot is inadequately correcting for the wind

• The pilot compensates for wind drift

• If the wind correction merely stops further drift, the airplane will parallel the course

• The pilot corrects further to return to the course

2.?Dead Reckoning

• What is Dead Reckoning?

• The process of establishing your aircraft's position through preflight and inflight calculation

• The primary elements:

• Calculating time from speed and distance

• Calculating groundspeed from time and distance

• Calculating distance from time and speed

• Observing direction on a magnetic compass or heading indicator

• Navigation Plotter

• A straightedge

• A protractor

• Distance scales in nautical and statute miles

• True Course

• The intended or desired direction of flight as measured on the chart clockwise from true north

• True course is expressed in degrees

• The protractor on the navigation plotter is used to measure true course for a course line

• Determining True Course:

• Draw a pencil line between the departure and destination airports

• Use the appropriate plotter scale to meassure the distance between the two points

• Determine fuel requirements and fuel stops

• Align the protractor center hole over the meridian line closest to the center of the course line

• Read the degrees where the protractor intersects the meridian line

• Navigation Log
  

• Magnetic Course

• True course corrected for local magnetic variation

• East is least and west is best

• Magnetic Heading

• Magnetic course corrected for the effects of wind

• Add or subtract the wind correction angle to or from to the magnetic course to determine the magnetic heading

• Compass Heading

• Magnetic heading corrected for compass deviation (Caused by the magnetic field generated by the aircraft and its electronic components)

• A compass deviation or correction card lists the deviation for a specific aircraft

• Calculating Compass Heading

• Determine the true course

• Corrected for magnetic variation

• Appl a wind correction angle

• Correct for compass deviation

• Cruise Altitudes

• The FAA VFR cruising altitude rule aplies to level cruising flight at more than 3,000 feet AGL, unless you are maneuvering, turning, or changing altitude

• The VFR cruising altitude rule applies to your magnetic course, regardless of your heading

• VFR aircraft on magnetic course from 0 degrees to 179 degrees must fly at odd thousand-foot altitudes plus 500 feet

• VFR aircraft on magnetic course from 180?degrees to 359?degrees must fly at even?thousand-foot altitudes plus 500 feet

• Fuel Reserves

• Day VFR: enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing plus 30 additional minutes

• Night VFR: enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing plus 45 additional minutes

3. Flight Plan

• Flight Plan Form (Domestic)

• faa.gov

• 1800wxbrief.com

• Flight Plan Form (ICAO)

• Aircraft Equipment - SG

• Surveillance Equipment - EB2

• Filling, Activating, and Closing the Flight Plan

4. Lost Procedures

• The Fives Cs

• Climb - increase your chances of locating a landmark

• Communicate - speak with any available facility

• Confess - explain your situation to any ATC facility

• Comply - follow the controller's suggestions

• Conserve - save fuel by reducing power and airspeed to the values for maximum endurance or range

5. Diversion

• Why Divert?

• Unpredicted weather conditions

• System malfunction

• Poor preflight planning

• Performing a Diversion

• Foremost responsibility is to fly the aircraft

• Be prepared to navigate to a different destination

• Take advantage of all possible computational shortcuts and rule-of-thumb computations

• Diversion - Navigate Direct

• Easier to navigate direct to an alternate airport using GPS or an on-the-field VOR or NDB facility (first choice)

• If time permits, try to start the diversiono over a prominent ground feature

• In an emergency, divert promptly toward your alternate destination

• After you're established on course, note the time, and then use the winds aloft nearest to your diversion point to calculate a heading and groundspeed. After that, determine fuel consumption and subsequent arrival time