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vortex）是極地高空冷性大型渦旋系統(tǒng)，是極區(qū)大氣環(huán)流的組成部分。當(dāng)偏離極地向南移動時(shí)，常導(dǎo)致寒潮活動增多增強(qiáng)。南極極地渦旋比北極極地渦旋更顯著，持續(xù)時(shí)間也更長。\n近期因北極渦旋相對活躍，且位置更靠近我國北方和西伯利亞這一側(cè)，因此不斷分裂出冷空氣南下影響我國，再加上烏拉爾山和鄂霍次克海兩個(gè)阻塞高壓，更有利于冷空氣的堆積和加強(qiáng)，所以造成冷空氣活動頻繁。\n在東北信風(fēng)或東南信風(fēng)的控制地區(qū)，副熱帶高壓影響不到的地區(qū)，風(fēng)從高緯吹向低緯，氣溫升高，不易成云致雨，形成熱帶沙漠氣候。由于降水稀少，動植物難以生存，植被稀疏形成荒漠自然帶，只不過熱帶沙漠氣候位于“熱帶”地區(qū)，溫帶沙漠氣候位于“溫帶”地區(qū)。 \n熱帶沙漠氣候的分布地區(qū)主要位于南北回歸線穿過的副熱帶地區(qū)，由于常年受到副熱帶高氣壓帶的控制，盛行下沉氣流，空氣下沉增溫，難以成云致雨，降水稀少。\n\n卡塔爾為啥沒有像西伯利亞寒流這樣的冷空氣呢？\n北極氣團(tuán)形成在北極冰封的洋面上及其鄰近陸地上的氣團(tuán)。其特點(diǎn)是氣溫很低，水汽少（但相對濕度不低），大氣層結(jié)穩(wěn)定，低層常有強(qiáng)逆溫層。冬季入侵大陸時(shí)，帶來嚴(yán)寒和暴風(fēng)雪天氣。\n世界的風(fēng)-4(氣團(tuán)和鋒面)https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/235677388?utm_id=0\n\n高氣壓空氣自中心向外圍流散（輻散），因受地球轉(zhuǎn)動的影響，在北半球作順時(shí)針方向流動，在南半球作逆時(shí)針方向流動。高氣壓也被稱為反氣旋，但前者是按氣壓場命名，后者則按氣流場命名（與旋渦方向相反）。\n在高壓區(qū)內(nèi)無鋒面存在，因氣流輻散，高空空氣下沉補(bǔ)充，下沉過程中氣溫升高，相對濕度降低，形成少云、雨和大風(fēng)天氣。\n\n『『』』我國地處世界上最大的大陸亞歐大陸和世界上最大的海洋太平洋之間，海陸熱力性質(zhì)差異巨大，所以我國形成了全球最典型的季風(fēng)氣候分布區(qū)，特別是亞熱帶季風(fēng)和溫帶季風(fēng)氣候。夏季高溫多雨、冬季寒冷少雨、雨熱同期、四季分明是其主要特征。其次，我國的大陸性氣候表現(xiàn)在與同緯度其他地區(qū)相比，冬季我國是世界上同緯度最冷的國家，而夏季則是世界上同緯度最熱的國家（沙漠除外）。\n我國的降水主要是由東南季風(fēng)帶來。『『』』\n太陽怎樣加熱大氣:http://www.kepu.net.cn/vmuseum/earth/weather/sun/index.html\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/1f0022120d2bcb97b3870d7d5416daaf6ef9cb2f.jpg","width":719,"height":656,"size":347405,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/458de12eeece0a8ea40de2e1a53b0228bfe14441.jpg","width":719,"height":1272,"size":545033,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/e2616f77cb4fc810d9d46cba61272f911ecaf0d3.jpg","width":719,"height":215,"size":76408,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/c529852b52b3342eb99e3d4b9a94ea409fd21ffd.jpg","width":719,"height":385,"size":133678,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/223dd1f1fb6342c8aa958f97ad16b9b0afdfb804.jpg","width":719,"height":268,"size":92250,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/38dbab438f8179b70301e4281c61ff2f7bd7fbcf.jpg","width":1600,"height":720,"size":427259,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/288c334455f24c2e5be332c90f0d6b584bfe120f.jpg","width":720,"height":1600,"size":559981,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"溫度對一些動物的影響:比如巴沙魚最適宜生長的水溫為22～32℃，低于20℃時(shí)，水溫降低生長速度放緩；當(dāng)水溫低于13℃時(shí)會凍傷直至死亡，腹腔內(nèi)積累有三塊較大的油脂，占體重的58%。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/a9456cc579c14ce9114a9a30b2745de75b04998e.jpg","width":719,"height":691,"size":241772,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f1d37d918ae2a4395c06c3430aad01ec05eaef5d.jpg","width":500,"height":333,"size":95972,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/7c250977756ff68cb17de446517d680b6a5c02e2.jpg","width":820,"height":480,"size":331976,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n當(dāng)空氣強(qiáng)烈受熱時(shí),濕熱空氣膨脹上升,空氣中的水汽冷卻凝結(jié)形成的降雨就叫做對流雨.赤道地區(qū)全年以對流雨為主,我們國家的對流雨多見于夏季的午后；地形雨是因潮濕的空氣前進(jìn)時(shí),受到山地阻擋,被迫沿著山坡爬升.在上升過程中,空氣中的水冷卻凝結(jié)形成的降水.如印度東北部和我國西藏東南部的降水；兩種性質(zhì)不同的氣流相遇,它們中間的交界面叫鋒面.在鋒面上,暖、濕、較輕的空氣被抬升到冷、干、較重的空氣上面去.在抬升的過程中,空氣中的水汽冷卻凝結(jié),形成的降水叫鋒面雨；臺風(fēng)雨降雨一種特殊的降雨形式,一般在臺風(fēng)到來時(shí)發(fā)生.且伴有強(qiáng)烈的雷電大風(fēng)!特殊的一點(diǎn)情況是：臺風(fēng)的風(fēng)眼經(jīng)過的地區(qū)天空反而是非常平靜的!\n\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/5b5eb71ab07900f065073512f4c7761fef697a09.jpg","width":719,"height":265,"size":89979,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n百科詞條，"},{"attributes":{"color":"#18191c","bold":true},"insert":"行星大氣:包裹著行星體的中性氣體和電離氣體的總稱"},{"insert":":\n火星大氣密度不足地球大氣的1%，主要是二氧化碳，火星表面的平均大氣壓相當(dāng)?shù)厍蛏?0～40公里高空的大氣壓。極低的氣壓下，人體血管會膨脹。\n在火星赤道，夏天白天最高30攝氏度左右。\n地球由于質(zhì)量較小，由地球內(nèi)部物質(zhì)衰變產(chǎn)生的輕氣體絕大部分從大氣層逃逸，只有較重的氣體如氮氧等氣體保留在地球周圍形成地球大氣層。\n在海拔4500米的高原，能夠明顯感覺到缺氧，這個(gè)高度的大氣壓大概為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓的59%。\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/be9c4c9abcfbda043c9cf85a4b99ee49c6f94561.jpg","width":719,"height":926,"size":323757,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n木星由中心至71370公里處，依次為由以鐵硅為主的固體核、液態(tài)金屬氫（其中分子離解為獨(dú)立原子，形成導(dǎo)電流體）、液態(tài)分子氫。再向外是大氣層，厚度約8050千米，主要由氫構(gòu)成，在下面是熱的液體氫的海洋，超過1732攝氏度，氫也不會沸騰而逃逸。液態(tài)氫層厚度超過48280千米。在它的下面可能是一個(gè)水和氨的層，然后是巖石核心。液氫呈現(xiàn)出一些金屬的特性：電流能在其中流動，產(chǎn)生磁場，在太陽系中是除了太陽外最強(qiáng)的。\n當(dāng)氫氣被充分壓縮產(chǎn)生: 液態(tài)金屬氫是一種簡并態(tài)物質(zhì)，H2的同素異形體；液氫，是由氫氣經(jīng)過降溫而得到的液體。\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/f311cf5350ed4ae761f62493e95ee1db90ed5206.jpg","width":649,"height":510,"size":158551,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n紫外輻射在高空被臭氧吸收，對大氣有增溫作用。臭氧層是大氣層的平流層中臭氧濃度高的層次。溫室效應(yīng)氣體 指那些吸收和重新放出紅外輻射的氣態(tài)成分。\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/9cbeb379bce3fb190c2c0811249054816a523d8f.jpg","width":662,"height":244,"size":42369,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n太陽光從外射入，厚厚的大氣層阻止了大部分太陽輻射，防止了地球的溫度過高，夜晚大氣層可保存溫度。\n太陽系中每立方厘米有0.1個(gè)氫原子和氫分子，這些是太陽系形成留下的星際氣體，如此少量的星際氣體無法產(chǎn)生足夠的溫度，所以地球和太陽之間的宇宙空間溫度在-270.3℃左右。\n由于太陽直射點(diǎn)在南北回歸線之間來回移動，也就是正午太陽高度可以取到最大90°，而南北回歸線以外的地區(qū)，則不存在太陽直射的現(xiàn)象，而且緯度越高，一年中正午太陽高度的最大值就越小，比如南北極點(diǎn)上一年中最大的正午太陽高度僅為23.5°。\n從正午太陽高度的角度來看，南北半球大多數(shù)情況是相反的，北半球夏至日時(shí)，北回歸線以北地區(qū)正午太陽高度取到一年中的最大值，同時(shí)南回歸線以南地區(qū)正午太陽高度取到一年中的最小值。當(dāng)太陽直射點(diǎn)往北移動，北回歸線以北地區(qū)正午太陽高度不斷變大，而南回歸線以南地區(qū)正午太陽高度不斷變小。熱帶地區(qū)，則情況相對復(fù)雜一些。夏季太陽高度角大、日照時(shí)間長晝長夜短。\n\n從太陽方位的角度來說，北回歸線以北地區(qū)，一年中任意一天的正午太陽方位都是從正南入射的（極夜情況除外），而南回歸線以南地區(qū)，情況正好相反，正午太陽方位總是位于正北方位，因此，我國位于北回歸線以北的大部分地區(qū)，都可以利用正午太陽方位來確定正南方位。南北回歸線之間（南北回歸線除外）的地區(qū)，正午太陽方位有三種可能，分別是正北入射、頭頂入射和正南入射，具體的判斷方法，就是觀察太陽直射點(diǎn)所在緯度和當(dāng)?shù)鼐暥戎g的位置關(guān)系來確定。如果，太陽直射點(diǎn)緯度在當(dāng)?shù)鼐暥纫阅希缣柧蛷恼先肷?，反之從正北入射，直射點(diǎn)緯度和當(dāng)?shù)鼐暥认嗤?，正午太陽就從頭頂入射。\n太陽的日出和日落方位和太陽直射點(diǎn)也很有關(guān)系。太陽直射點(diǎn)位于北半球，全球各地太陽東北升起西北落下；直射點(diǎn)位于南半球，全球各地太陽東南升起西南落下；直射點(diǎn)位于赤道，全球各地太陽正東升起正西落下。\n\n太陽不管直射點(diǎn)在南北半球怎樣移動，地球的傾斜角度讓南北球接受的光照距離，離太陽遠(yuǎn)近不一，但這不大的距離不足以導(dǎo)致帶來輻射熱量差距而造成夏天和冬天。況且同一個(gè)近/遠(yuǎn)日點(diǎn)，南北半球都在同一個(gè)時(shí)間，但南北半球的季節(jié)相反。\n我覺得夏天熱的"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"原因"},{"insert":":夏天直射點(diǎn)在北半球，北半球離太陽近并不是天氣熱的唯一原因，而是因?yàn)橄募窘拯c(diǎn)離北半球近時(shí)，太陽是直射的，經(jīng)過大氣層直接照射過來，不會散射，熱量比較集中在北半球。\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/ae104d48c44fb1871b4d24582f49aa1079644c67.jpg","width":719,"height":507,"size":330246,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"(非洲挺集中的？)\n在地球上眼睛能逆反射看到太陽:太陽發(fā)出的直射光垂直于球體大氣層再垂直于地表，但隨緯度增加，各個(gè)方向都有(為主)。。。光斜射先到達(dá)地球大氣層球面，再經(jīng)過散射到達(dá)地球陸地，地球和火星的兩極因?yàn)樘栃鄙?，在某個(gè)高緯度和大氣層平行，極地接收輻射量少溫度低，所以火星兩極主要由水冰和干冰組成。\n墨爾本冬季平均：最高15－7.5攝氏度；悉尼冬季平均：18－9.5攝氏度。還要考慮洋流等影響。\n"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"地球?qū)崟r(shí)溫度地圖:"},{"insert":"https://map.qweather.com/index.html\n中央氣象臺:http://www.nmc.cn/publish/observations/high-10days.html\n\n為啥大氣層溫度低，又不是宇宙空間原子少。。。光在地球陸地漫反射，集中在一起，溫度高，，\n百科:太陽視運(yùn)動(我認(rèn)為完全是站在傾斜的地球上的主觀視覺效果)，二分日。\n太陽輻射可見光能量占50%，波長為0.4~0.76μm，紫外區(qū)波長為≦0.4μm，占能量的7%；紅外區(qū)波長為≧0.76μm，占能量的43%。地面輻射(反射)的能量多是長波輻射，波長為1-30μm，且屬于紅外區(qū)。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n登月相關(guān):\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/560f427f75d4487929c3ba4d31a315b9476273df.jpg","width":636,"height":935,"size":344789,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/22f1e20cf0c1256a091a168ede5b5497f5c54410.jpg","width":450,"height":421,"size":101112,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/4aa1b21fd2eb8c28a8398ed9da2b37b4ec24fb85.jpg","width":640,"height":549,"size":136694,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"2022.11月:\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/e8f1b9aaaa9e1b872af1daf23245db82b575cc53.jpg","width":1500,"height":1909,"size":925499,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n航天飛機(jī)像衛(wèi)星那樣在太空地球飛行，還能像飛機(jī)那樣再入大氣層滑翔著陸，是多功能航天飛行器。哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡是1990年由發(fā)現(xiàn)號航天飛機(jī)搭載送入太空的。\n2009年亞特蘭蒂斯號航天飛機(jī)，在2003年悲劇的影響下，冒著生命危險(xiǎn)升空對哈勃進(jìn)行最后一次維修(STS-125)，考慮到航天飛機(jī)退役后由飛船來維護(hù)，更換了對接環(huán)。\n\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/2ea49fa101745e40055901d9982b04bf5f6a5bf3.jpg","width":719,"height":554,"size":321601,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n2011年亞特蘭蒂斯號航天飛機(jī)完成了向國際空間站運(yùn)送補(bǔ)給任務(wù)，是航天飛機(jī)最后一次飛行，結(jié)束了三十年的太空運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃（STS）。\n百度詞條:乘員探索飛行器:"},{"attributes":{"header":2},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"2005年美國批準(zhǔn)建造的CEV(乘員探索飛行器)。作為繼航天飛機(jī)后的新一代航天運(yùn)載工具，以確保在2018年能重登月球。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/be4716386b7cfd9c3b20aaf101e1fbda73a78359.jpg","width":719,"height":824,"size":336888,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/727371fbeba2edcd4b255c5916d580e9123217b0.jpg","width":719,"height":626,"size":168627,"status":"loaded"}}},{"insert":"2小時(shí)快速交會對接模式還處于實(shí)驗(yàn)階段，目前只有天舟五號貨運(yùn)飛船采用。所以神十五載人飛船依舊采取比較成熟的6.5小時(shí)交會對接模式。\n"},{"attributes":{"class":"normal-img"},"insert":{"native-image":{"alt":"read-normal-img","url":"https://b2.sanwen.net/b_article/6f3d540041045d6d36ca27cffe241757b39f8a4d.jpg","width":267,"height":500,"siz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