Questions 1 to 2 are based on this passage:

Sciences

serpentinization / chemical reactions / hydrothermal vents

蛇紋石化作用導(dǎo)致生命起源

①Serpentinization, the reaction of deep-mantle material with seawater to produce serpentine minerals, may help scientists ascertain whether life on Earth emerged from the deepest sea. ②The process releases heat, hydrogen, methane, and minerals—a recipe for a chemical-based life. ③In some deep-sea locations, such chemical reactions, not photosynthetic energy from the sun, supply the energy that sustains living organisms, leading?some scientists?to reason that life might have begun at hydrothermal vents where serpentinization occurs. ④Vents tend to be ephemeral, however, so some have questioned whether they could have really spawned life.?⑤A newer hypothesis proposes that serpentinization in trenches, rather than vents, could have more readily fueled the first life because it occurs across much larger areas and is sustained for much longer in geologic time.?

蛇紋石化作用是深地幔物質(zhì)與海水反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生蛇紋石礦物的過程，可能有助于科學(xué)家確定地球上的生命是否來自最深的海洋。 這個過程會釋放熱量、氫氣、甲烷和礦物質(zhì)——這是以化學(xué)物質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)的生命配方。 在一些深海地區(qū)，這種化學(xué)反應(yīng)，而不是來自太陽的光合能量，提供了維持生命有機體的能量，導(dǎo)致一些科學(xué)家推斷生命可能起源于發(fā)生蛇紋石化的熱液噴口。 然而，噴口往往是短暫的，因此有些人質(zhì)疑它們是否真的能孕育生命。 一個較新的假設(shè)提出，海溝中的蛇紋石化作用更可能是最初生命能量的來源，因為它發(fā)生在更大的區(qū)域并且在地質(zhì)時間中持續(xù)更長的時間。

1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

功能題 目的題 中

前句觀點中有不合理的地方，因此會有質(zhì)疑。

B

A. It defines a concept on which the author’s overall argument depends. 沒有證據(jù)/相反

B. It introduces a complicating factor. 符合

C. It concedes that the problem posed by the author cannot be solved. 沒有證據(jù)

D. It proposes an alternative explanation. 干擾項。沒有給另外解釋，只是在反駁前句觀點。

E. It presents a scientific consensus. 沒有consensus的證據(jù)

2. According to the passage, the reasoning of “some scientists” relies primarily on

細節(jié)題 難

因為海底沒有光嘛。

B

A. eliminating a competing hypothesis by comparing two related processes 沒有證據(jù)

B. extrapolating present-day findings to develop a theory about the past 這個選項不是沒有證據(jù)。要知道這篇文章討論的是生命起源（past），我們現(xiàn)在（now）了解到光合作用和蛇紋石化作用。

C. refuting a generalization by citing an individual case 沒有refuting的證據(jù)

D. exploring the implications of new research data NE

E. synthesizing findings from one research site with those from another location 干擾項。沒有兩個地方的證據(jù)。

生詞摘錄：

extrapolate 推斷

背景拓展：

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage:

Arts

American women / nontextual sources / handmade objects?

通過手工制品了解18世紀的美國女性

①Faced with the paucity of surviving texts by mid-eighteenth-century American women, historians interested in women's experience have proven resourceful at using nontextual sources. ②Recently, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich has turned to objects hand-sewn by New England women, maintaining that objects such as sheets, pillowcases, and quilts reveal the "flow of common life" while providing a context for political events. ③Discerning the historical significance of these handmade objects is not easy, however. ④Between today and eighteenth-century New England there looms a formidable nineteenth-century mythology that romanticized that earlier, colonial era, with its household production system, as a simpler time of hard work and virtuous self-sufficiency. ⑤This myth emerged as compensation for the extreme wealth and poverty generated by industrialization. ⑥As household production declined, and factory-made, store-bought goods became widespread, antiquarians avidly collected and displayed the handmade objects of their idealized forebears. ⑦Attentive to the ideological distortions of nineteenth-century mythmaking, most historians are wary of trying to discern the original meaning of colonial objects, assuming that, nowadays, such objects reveal more about nineteenth-century collectors than about eighteenth-century users. ⑧By contrast, rather than disparaging the mythmakers, Ulrich thanks them for saving so many objects made and used by ordinary women.?

針對18 世紀中葉關(guān)于美國女性的文字記錄的匱乏，對當時女性經(jīng)歷感興趣的歷史學(xué)家在使用非文字資料方面顯得足智多謀。最近，勞雷爾·撒切爾·烏爾里希 (Laurel Thatcher Ulrich) 轉(zhuǎn)向了新英格蘭女性手工縫制的物品，認為床單、枕套和被子等物品揭示了“普通生活的流動”，同時為政治事件提供了背景。然而，要辨別這些手工制品的歷史意義并不容易。在今天和 18 世紀的新英格蘭之間，隱約出現(xiàn)了一個19 世紀的謠言，將早期的殖民時代及其家庭生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)浪漫化為一個更簡單的努力工作和有道德的自給自足的時代。這個謠言是作為對工業(yè)化產(chǎn)生的極端財富和極端貧困的補償而出現(xiàn)的。隨著家庭生產(chǎn)的下降，商店購買的商品變得普遍，古物學(xué)家熱衷于收集和展示他們理想化的祖先的手工制品。注意到19 世紀謠言的意識形態(tài)扭曲，大多數(shù)歷史學(xué)家對試圖辨別殖民物品的原始含義持謹慎態(tài)度，他們認為這些物品更多地揭示了19世紀的收藏家，而不是18世紀的使用者。相比之下，烏爾里希并沒有貶低謠言創(chuàng)造者，而是感謝他們拯救了如此多由普通女性制造和使用的物品。

3. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing

功能題 主旨題 中

文章討論的是通過當時的女性手工制品來了解18世紀美國女性的可能。

C

A. reasons that it is difficult to find sources relevant to women's past experience 沒有reasons的證據(jù)

B. the emergence of a particular historical myth during the mid-nineteenth century 重點不在19世紀的歷史誤傳上。

C. attitudes regarding the usefulness of certain historical sources for studying a particular period 符合

D. attempts by a historian to discern the significance of certain handmade objects?

一位歷史學(xué)家試圖辨別某些手工制品的意義的嘗試。無關(guān)

E. a debate among historians regarding the experience of women during a particular historical period 沒有debate的證據(jù)

4. The passage identifies which of the following as a source of difficulty for historians attempting to draw conclusions from the hand-sewn objects referred to in the passage?

細節(jié)題 中

難處對應(yīng)在第四句。

D

A. The relative shortage of such objects in comparison with other handmade objects 沒有shortage的證據(jù)

B. Historians insufficient understanding of the household production system that produced these objects 與是否對于家庭作坊體系的理解程度無關(guān)。沒有insufficient的證據(jù)

C. Historians disagreements over why such objects became especially prized during the nineteenth century 沒有disagreements的證據(jù)

D. An interpretive context applied to these objects during the nineteenth century 符合第四句的描述。19世紀一個浪漫化的謠傳的存在干擾了證據(jù)的收集

E. A lack of textual sources that might supplement and explain such objects 文章第一句就說了，沒有文字記錄沒關(guān)系。

5. Regarding the "myth," it can be inferred that Ulrich would probably disagree with most?

historians over

態(tài)度題 中

Ulrich的態(tài)度是不怒反喜。

A

A. the extent to which this myth interferes with the use of certain objects as historical source material 有多影響是否能做來源不重要，能保留下來就很好。符合

B. the extent to which this myth emerged in response to forces unleashed by industrialization 工業(yè)化的力量所引發(fā)的這個謠言的程度。無關(guān)。

C. whether this myth contains clues to the original meaning of handmade objects from the colonial period 這個謠言本身并不存在線索。不選。

D. whether this myth was especially widespread during the nineteenth century 與傳播廣不廣泛無關(guān)

E. whether this myth was able to compensate adequately for the inequities of industrialization 無關(guān)

生詞摘錄：

unleash 釋放

Question 6 is based on this passage:

Arts/sociology

legislation / lobbyist?

自信的說客

Editorial

It is worrisome that the legislation proposed for curbing lobbyist’ influence is not being opposed by lobbyists themselves. Lobbyists by definition are those who protect the interests of their clients by influencing lawmakers. Since lobbyists’ livelihood depends on their having influence, their lack of opposition must mean that they expect that the proposed legislation would be ineffectual.

社論

令人擔(dān)憂的是，旨在遏制游說者影響力的立法并未遭到游說者的反對。 游說者是那些通過影響立法者來保護客戶利益的人。由于說客的生計取決于他們的影響力，他們的不反對一定意味著他們預(yù)計擬議的立法將無效。

6. The argument in the editorial is most vulnerable to which criticism?

邏輯單題 邏輯反對 易

找不反對的他因。

C

A. It presupposes that lobbyists’ positions on legislation are always wrong, but that cannot be the case where lobbyists oppose each other. 它的前提是游說者在立法上的立場總是錯誤的，但如果游說者彼此對立，情況就不可能是這樣。emmm，沒看出來是不反對的他因。

B. It assumes without justification that the influence of lobbyists cannot be curbed by legislation. 它毫無理由地假定游說者的影響不能通過立法加以限制。并沒有這樣假定。如果真這樣假定了，那游說者更無所謂了。不能削弱，反而加強。

C. It overlooks the possibility that lobbyists believe that campaigning against the proposed legislation would damage their ability to serve their clients’ interests. 有可能。就是這么做沒好處反而有壞處，所以他們就不做了。這是個他因。

D. It dismisses without evaluation the possibility that by opposing the proposed legislation, lobbyists could succeed in modifying its provisions. 它在未經(jīng)評估的情況下不考慮游說者通過反對立法提案而成功修改條款的可能性。這也勉強算個他因?？墒窃氖遣环磳?，無所謂，而不是忽視了抵抗的可能。

E. It attacks lobbyists as a group rather than evaluating the actions of individual lobbyists separately. 整體和個體？沒有證據(jù)。

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage:

Arts

abandonment / Mayan settlement / sinkholes / underground water

干旱導(dǎo)致瑪雅人由南至北放棄居住地

①The widespread abandonment of Classic Mayan settlements began in the southern and central Yucatan, with the northern lowlands undergoing their own decline a century later. ②Some Mayanists think that extended drought caused these abandonments, while others object that the pattern does not match modern patterns of rainfall, which diminishes markedly from south to north. ③However, access to underground water sources should also be considered. ④In the north, the Maya could reach groundwater via sinkholes or wells. ⑤Further south, the landscape rises in elevation, and the depth to the water table increases, making direct access to groundwater unfeasible via Mayan technology. ⑥Thus the more southern settlements, totally dependent on rainfall and reservoirs for water, were more likely to be susceptible to the effects of prolonged drought.

瑪雅定居點的廣泛廢棄始于尤卡坦半島南部和中部，一個世紀后北部低地的定居點也開始減少。一些瑪雅學(xué)者認為，長期干旱導(dǎo)致了這些遺棄，而另一些人則持反對意見，認為這種解釋與現(xiàn)代降雨模式不符，現(xiàn)代降雨模式從南到北明顯減少。 然而，還應(yīng)考慮地下水源的可及性。 在北部，瑪雅人可以通過巖沉池或水井獲取地下水。 再往南，海拔升高，地下水位深度增加，瑪雅當時的技術(shù)就無法直接獲取地下水了。 因此，完全依賴降雨和水庫取水的南部定居點更容易受到長期干旱的影響。

7. Select the sentence that points to a conflict that is resolved in the passage.

功能題 句子選擇題 易

②Some Mayanists think that extended drought caused these abandonments, while others object that the pattern does not match modern patterns of rainfall, which diminishes markedly from south to north.

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

8. The passage identifies which of the following as a possible reason for the chronology described in the first sentence?

細節(jié)題 易

A

A. The lower elevation of the Mayan settlements in the north 符合

B. Variation in the time of onset of drought Between the north and the south 沒有干旱發(fā)生時間不同的證據(jù)

C. The higher level of technical expertise reached by the Mayan settlements in the north 沒有科技水平比較的證據(jù)

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage:

Arts/literature

Flaubert / realism / fantasy

現(xiàn)實主義者福樓拜？別逗了~

①In his splendid new biography of Flaubert, Frederick Brown deftly dismantles the most durable myth concerning the novelist—that Flaubert was miraculously transformed into a committed realist with the writing of?Madame Bovary. ②Robert Baldick offers one version of the myth: “In his early works ... Flaubert tended to give free rein to his flamboyant imagination, but on the advice of his friends he later disciplined his romantic exuberance in an attempt to achieve total objectivity and a harmonious prose style." ③The only problem with this account is that it doesn't stand up to scrutiny. ④Flaubert followed the realism of?Madame Bovary?with the fantastical Salammbo, and paired "A Simple Heart" with his hothouse fantasy, "Herodias."

在他精彩的新作福樓拜傳記中，弗雷德里克·布朗巧妙地打破了關(guān)于這位小說家的最持久的謠言——福樓拜在《包法利夫人》的寫作中奇跡般地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€堅定的現(xiàn)實主義者。 羅伯特·鮑迪克提供了這個謠言的一個版本：“在他的早期作品中……福樓拜傾向于自由發(fā)揮他華麗的想象力，但在他朋友的建議下，他后來約束了他的浪漫主義熱情，試圖實現(xiàn)完全的客觀性與和諧的散文風(fēng)格?！边@個敘述的唯一問題是它經(jīng)不起推敲。福樓拜在現(xiàn)實主義的《包法利夫人》后寫出了奇幻的《薩朗伯》，也把《簡單的心》搭配上了虛構(gòu)作品《希羅底》。

9. The primary function of the highlighted sentence is to

功能題 目的題 易

順承說明為什么前文的描述經(jīng)不起推敲。

D

A. suggest the range of?Flaubert’s accomplishment as a novelist 跟range和accomplishment沒關(guān)系

B. identify certain of Flaubert's works that are often overlooked by readers 沒有overlooked證據(jù)

C. show that Madame Bovary was a turning point in Flaubert's stylistic development 沒有turning point的證據(jù)

D. provide evidence undermining a conventional view regarding Flaubert 符合

E. suggest that critics have tended to overrate Madame Bovary 沒有overrate的證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

10. In the context of the passage, the reference to Baldick's "version" serves to

功能題 目的題 中

給出一個關(guān)于福樓拜的myth.

A

A. flesh out a conventional view regarding Flaubert 充實了對福樓拜的傳統(tǒng)觀點。沒毛病，看完之后的確更了解關(guān)于福樓拜的誤傳是怎樣的。

B. present a framework for further research into Flaubert 沒有further的證據(jù)

C. offer a useful corrective to Brown's approach to Flaubert 為布朗對福樓拜的研究提供了有益的修正。不是取反的功能。