Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

In his biography of James Baldwin, Leeming generally analyzes the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural?significance of Baldwin’s principal literary works, even using several of their titles as chapter heading. In spite of these meritorious features, the book suffers somewhat from an uneven treatment of Baldwin’s writing. For example, “The Fire Next Time” has been widely, and appropriately, acknowledged as one of the great essays of the past half century. But rather than an analytical and interceptive discussion, Leeming provides only a summary stitched together from quotations and paraphrases. He expends considerably more time and space on the play Blues for Mister Charlie, even though Baldwin does not enjoy a widespread reputation as an innovative?and substantial dramatist.?

1. Which of the following best characterizes what the author of the passage means by “uneven?treatment”??

A. The critical standards that Leeming applies to Baldwin’s writing are different from those that he has ?applied to the work of other writers.?

B. The attention that Leeming devotes to certain works by Baldwin contrasts sharply with the ?conventional evaluation of those works.?

C. Leeming is more concerned with the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural significance of Baldwin’s ?works than he is with their literary merit.?

D. Leeming devotes inordinate space to some of Baldwin’s shorter works while giving short shrift to ?many of his longer works.?

E. Leeming devotes more space to summarizing Baldwin’s dramatic works than to subjecting those works ?to analysis and interpretation.?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following statements about Baldwin’s literary output??

A. Blues for Mister Charlie is a less important work than is “The Fire Next Time.”?

B. Baldwin was more influential as a dramatist than as an essayist.?

C. Baldwin’s reputation as an essayist is not fully justified by the quality of his essays.

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage.?

In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. ?Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the February Days, as this revolt is called, have been ?largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. For each of the three other major insurrections in ?nineteenth-century Paris-July 1830, June 1848, and May 1871- there exists at least a sketch of participant’s ?backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprising. Only in ?the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in ?the light of what social history has taught us about the process of Revolutionary mobilization.?

Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. First, the insurrections of February has been ?overshadowed by that of June. The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama. Its successor, on the other hand, appeared ?to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as ?marking a historical departure. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the Revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an ?unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. Second, like other ?“successful” insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical ?records. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered ?watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities’ efforts to search out and punish the rebels.

Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848. ?Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their ?activities. Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or, in ?rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals. And it is true that the publicly acknowledged ?leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, ?unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful Revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who ?participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.?

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers which of the following essential for ?understanding a Revolutionary mobilization? ?

A. A comprehensive theory of Revolution that can be applied to the major insurrections of the nineteenth century?

B. Awareness of the events necessary for a Revolution to be successful?

C. Access to narratives and memoirs written eyewitnesses of a given Revolution?

D. The historical perspective provided by the passage of a considerable amount of time?

E. Knowledge of the socioeconomic background of a Revolution’s participants?

4. Which of the following can be inferred about the “detailed judicial dossiers”? ?

A. Information contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a Revolution’s participants.?

B. The dossiers closely resemble the narratives written by the Revolution’s leaders in their personal ?memoirs.?

C. The information that such dossiers contain is untrustworthy and unrepresentative of a Revolution’s ?participants.?

D. Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed. ?

E. The February Revolution of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection.?

5. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made in the last paragraph??

A. The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830.?

B. The background and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, ?however cursorily.?

C. Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848.

D. Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during ?the May insurrection of 1871.?

E. The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance ?of the February Revolution of 1848.?

6. The purpose of the second paragraph is to explain why?

A. the people of Paris revolted in February 1848 against the rule of Louis-Philippe?

B. there exist excellent narrative accounts of the February Days?

C. the February Revolution met with little resistance?

D. a useful description of the participants in the February Revolution is lacking?

E. the February Revolution failed to generate any real sense of historical drama?

Question 7 is based on this passage.?

Centuries ago, the Maya of Central America produced elaborate, deeply cut carvings in stone. Given the ?technology available to the Maya, the carvings could only have been made with tools of stone or iron. Mayan?stone tools have been found, but experiments reveal that these tools are not hard enough to make anything but ?very small markings in the stone used for carvings. Therefore, the Maya must have used iron tools for the?carving.?

7. Which of the following is an assumption on which the arguments depends??

A. Nearby cultures in North and Central America used iron tools for carving stone.?

B. The Mayans did not use tools made from softer metals than iron for other purposes.?

C. The stone from which these carvings are made is no softer than the stone used in the carvings of other Central American peoples.?

D. The stone tools that have been found are among the hardest stone tools used by Maya.?

E. Iron tools were found at the same Mayan sites at which the stone tools were found.

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage.?

According to one current hypothesis, the typical evolutionary history of a species involves a quick origin, followed by a long period of stability of form, or stasis, and then rapid disappearance. The sudden appearance of new species, once attributed to supposed gaps in the fossil record, is thought to represent accurately the?histories of species.?

There is, however, doubt about some of the scientific evidence for this evolutionary pattern, particularly?the extent to which species exhibit stasis. For example, species with a large population are more likely to exhibit relative stasis, but they are also more likely to be found in the fossil record. Moreover, it is invariably only the hard body parts of any organism that are fossilized. Variations over time in soft body parts, in biochemistry, and in behavior largely escape the fossil record; thus, fossil traces preserve only a minute portion of a species’ traits. Furthermore, since so few individual organisms leave fossils, the record of a species is likely to understate variation in that species. ?

8. The author of the passage provides evidence to refute which of the following aspects of the?hypothesis described in the first paragraph??

A. The belief that species disappear rapidly?

B. The contention that from remains stable over long periods of time?

C. The notion that gaps occur in the fossil record?

D. The assertion that new species appear suddenly?

E. The presumption that an evolutionary history can be typical ?

9. Regarding the “doubt” mentioned in the passage, the author would probably agree that it?

A. will be resolved once scientists have gathered more data relevant to certain critical case?

B. arise only because scientists assume that the sudden appearance of new species in the fossil record?accurately represents the speed with which new species arose?

C. results partially from tendencies in the fossil record that allow for uncertainty?

10. In the context in which it appears, “pattern” most nearly means ?

A. archetype?

B. precedent?

C. model?

D. relationship?

E. grouping