【簡譯】武爾奇（Vulci）
Vulci (Velch) was an Etruscan city located 12 km from the western coast of central Italy by the banks of the Fiora River. Flourishing as a trading port between the 6th and 4th century BCE, it was an important member of the Etruscan League. The archaeological site has yielded many bronze works and a vast quantity of fine pottery, which has filled museums worldwide, but its most impressive contribution to our knowledge of the Etruscans is the many tombs at the site, including the 4th-century BCE Francois Tomb with its vibrant wall paintings.
? ? ? ? ? 武爾奇（Velch）是一座伊特魯里亞城市，位于菲奧拉河畔，距意大利中部西海岸 12 公里。在公元前6世紀(jì)至4世紀(jì)期間，它作為一個貿(mào)易港口而繁榮，是伊特魯里亞聯(lián)盟的重要成員。該考古遺址出土了許多青銅器和大量精美的陶器，這些文物已被世界各地的博物館收藏，但它對我們了解伊特魯里亞人最令人印象深刻的貢獻(xiàn)是該遺址的許多墓葬，包括公元前4世紀(jì)的弗朗索瓦墓，其壁畫非常生動。
早期定居與地理環(huán)境
There are few written sources describing the history of Vulci, known as Velch to the Etruscans themselves, but substantial archaeological remains are testimony to its prosperity from the 6th to 4th century BCE. The site had been inhabited since the Neolithic period but was long overshadowed by nearby Tarquinii in the first centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. The wealth of the city was based on three factors: fertile agricultural lands, rich metal deposits in nearby Monte Amiata, and its strategic location on the Fiora River, allowing it to control trade from the coast to inland territories. The city's seaport has been identified by some scholars as Regae.
? ? ? ? ? 描述武爾奇歷史的書面資料很少（伊特魯里亞人稱自己為Velch），但大量的考古遺跡證明了它在公元前6世紀(jì)到4世紀(jì)的繁榮。該遺址自新石器時代起就有人居住，但在公元前一千年的前幾個世紀(jì)里，被附近的塔爾奎尼亞（Tarquinia）長期取代。武爾奇的財富基于三個因素：肥沃的農(nóng)業(yè)用地、附近阿米亞塔山 (Monte Amiata)豐富的金屬礦藏，以及其在菲奧拉河上的戰(zhàn)略位置，使其能夠控制從沿海到內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的貿(mào)易。一些學(xué)者將這座城市的海港稱為Regae。
繁榮的伊特魯里亞城
Vulci did not just prosper as a trade centre passing on goods made by others (especially black-figure and red-figure pottery from Greece – often specifically made for the Etruscan market – and faience flasks from Egypt) but was also a major manufacturing centre in its own right. Fine decorated pottery, the bucchero wares with shiny dark grey surface, bronze work (especially utensils, tripods, braziers, and even chariots), gold jewellery, carved precious stones, wooden boxes inlaid with ivory plaques, bone and ivory spoons, ostrich eggs (imported and then painted by Etruscan artists), and large-scale stone carvings were all produced here. The latter were carved from the local volcanic stone known as nenfro in Vulci's school of stonemasons which influenced other Etruscan cities.
? ? ? ? ? 武爾奇不僅僅是作為一個貿(mào)易中心，運(yùn)輸其他國家制造的商品（尤其是來自希臘的黑陶和紅陶，這些陶器通常是專門為伊特魯里亞市場制造的，還有來自埃及的彩陶燒瓶），而且武爾奇本身也是一個主要的制造中心。精美的裝飾陶器、表面有光澤的深灰色的布切羅（Bucchero）器皿、青銅制品（尤其是器皿、三腳架、火爐，甚至戰(zhàn)車）、黃金珠寶、雕刻的寶石、鑲嵌著象牙匾的木盒、骨質(zhì)和象牙勺、鴕鳥蛋（進(jìn)口后由伊特魯里亞藝術(shù)家繪制）和大型石雕都是在這里生產(chǎn)的。后者是用當(dāng)?shù)氐幕鹕绞窨潭傻?，該火山石在武爾奇的石匠學(xué)校中被稱為“nenfro” ，這也影響了其他伊特魯里亞城市。
All of these goods were exported throughout Italy and beyond, with Vulci-manufactured wares turning up in tombs across Europe. The high quality of the pottery finds, such items as finely-worked gold jewellery, and the sumptuous adornments and clothes of women depicted in tomb wall paintings all indicate the wealth of Vulci's elite. Further, the general prosperity and cultural pull of the city is illustrated by the presence of such foreign artists as the East Greek 'Swallow Painter,' who set up shop in Vulci and produced there his famous black-figure vases.
? ? ? ? ? 這些商品都出口到意大利各地及其他地區(qū)，而武爾奇制造的商品很多也都出現(xiàn)在歐洲各地的墳?zāi)怪小８哔|(zhì)量的陶器、精工細(xì)作的金飾以及墓室壁畫中描繪女性奢華裝飾品和服裝，都表明了武爾奇精英階層的財富。此外，東希臘“燕子畫家”等外國藝術(shù)家的出現(xiàn)也說明了這個城市的普遍繁榮和文化影響力，他們在武爾奇開店，并在那里制作其著名的黑彩陶器 (Black-figure pottery)。
Vulci was one of the twelve (or 15) members of the Etruscan League, a loose association of politically independent cities bound together by common religious ties. The other members included Cerveteri, Chiusi, Populonia, Tarquinia, and Volterra, but their exact relationship is not clear. Ancient authors group them together as Etruria or 'the peoples of Etruria,' and the Roman historian Livy describes an annual meeting of city leaders at the Fanum Voltumnae sanctuary near Orvieto. The inability of the Etruscans to form a cohesive political alliance would be an important factor in their downfall at the hands of their aggressive southern neighbours, the Romans.
? ? ? ? ?武爾奇是伊特魯里亞聯(lián)盟的12個（或15個）成員之一，這是一個由政治上獨(dú)立的城市組成的松散聯(lián)盟，通過共同的宗教關(guān)系聯(lián)系在一起。其他成員包括切爾韋泰里（Cerveteri）、丘西（伊特魯里亞語：Clevsin）、波普洛尼亞（Populonia）、塔爾奎尼亞（Tarquinia，原名科爾內(nèi)托）和沃爾泰拉（Volterra），但他們的確切關(guān)系并不清楚。古代作家將他們統(tǒng)稱為伊特魯里亞或“伊特魯里亞人民”，羅馬歷史學(xué)家李維描述了在奧爾維耶托附近的Fanum Voltumnae（“沃爾圖納神殿”）舉行的城市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人年會。伊特魯里亞人沒有能力形成一個有凝聚力的政治聯(lián)盟，這將是他們在咄咄逼人的南方鄰居羅馬人手中衰敗的一個重要因素。
The city declined along with the Etruscan civilization in general between 450 and 350 BCE when Syracuse gained control of local shipping routes. Nevertheless, the city did recover somewhat, as attested by such artefacts as marble sarcophagi dating to the second half of the 4th century BCE. However, the revival was to be short-lived as the Romans, led by T. Coruncanius, conquered Vulci in 280 BCE. In 273 BCE a Roman colony was founded at Cosa which took over the lucrative trade routes and condemned Vulci first to be made only a municipium in 90 BCE and then eventual obscurity in the following centuries, a situation not helped by the presence of malaria in the region.
? ? ? ? ? 公元前450年至公元前350年，當(dāng)錫拉庫扎（Syracuse）獲得對當(dāng)?shù)睾竭\(yùn)路線的控制權(quán)時，該城市與伊特魯里亞文明一起普遍衰落。然而，這座城市確實(shí)在一定程度上得到了恢復(fù)，如公元前4世紀(jì)下半葉的大理石石棺等人工制品就證明了這一點(diǎn)。然而，這種復(fù)興是短暫的，因?yàn)榱_馬人在提比略·科倫卡尼烏斯（Tiberius Coruncanius）的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，于公元前280年征服了武爾奇。公元前273年，羅馬人在科薩（科薩是公元前 273 年在托斯卡納西南部建立的拉丁殖民地，其土地是從伊特魯里亞人手中沒收的，以鞏固羅馬人的控制并為共和國提供一個受保護(hù)的港口）建立了一個殖民地，接管了有利可圖的貿(mào)易路線，使武爾奇在公元前90年成為一個市鎮(zhèn)，并在隨后的幾個世紀(jì)里最終被世人所遺忘，這種情況并沒有因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)丿懠驳拇嬖诙玫礁纳啤?/strong>
考古遺跡
The site of Vulci today largely contains remains dating from the 4th century BCE, and so there are very few traces of the structures from Vulci's Etruscan heyday. These include portions of the city walls and a large temple platform which measures 24.6 m x 36.4 m. It once had four columns on the short sides and six along the long sides and was perhaps dedicated to Minerva. There are also the remains of several pottery workshops. A cemetery or necropolis has been an incredibly rich source of finds. These and its large size are indicative of the city's wealth in the Archaic period. Objects excavated include stone funerary sculptures, fine decorated pottery vases – both locally made and imports, – gold jewellery pieces, engraved bronze mirrors, a bronze urn in the form of a hut, and a fine 6th-century BCE bronze tripod with lion's claw feet and figures of satyrs, Hercules and Iole.
? ? ? ? ? 今天的武爾奇遺址主要包含了公元前4世紀(jì)的遺跡，因此武爾奇全盛時期的建筑痕跡非常少。其中包括部分城墻和一個24.6米x36.4米的大型神廟平臺。它的短邊有四根柱子，長邊有六根柱子，可能是供奉密涅瓦（拉丁語：Minerva）。這里還有幾個陶器作坊的遺跡。墓地一直是考古資源極其豐富的寶庫，這些及其龐大的規(guī)模表明了古風(fēng)時期（英語：Archaic Greece，前800年-前480年）城市的財富。出土的物品包括石質(zhì)陪葬雕塑、裝飾精美的陶器花瓶（本地制造和進(jìn)口）、黃金首飾、雕刻銅鏡、小屋形式的青銅甕，以及精美的公元前 6 世紀(jì)帶有獅爪腳的青銅三腳架還有森林之神赫拉克勒斯和伊奧萊的形象。
The site has also provided two particularly fine 4th-century BCE marble sarcophagi. Each has a tenderly embracing couple carved on the lid while one has scenes of the husband and wife departing in a chariot for the underworld at either end and the second has scenes involving Amazons. Both these coffins are today in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts while many of the finest small-scale Etruscan art pieces are to be found in the Museo Etrsuco di Villa Giulia in Rome.
? ? ? ? ? 該遺址還出土了兩個特別精美的公元前4世紀(jì)的大理石石棺。每口石棺的蓋子上都雕刻著一對溫柔相擁的夫婦，其中一口棺材的兩端都有丈夫和妻子乘坐戰(zhàn)車前往冥界的場景，第二口棺材則有涉及Amazons人（在希臘神話中，Amazons人是一個好戰(zhàn)的女性種族，以騎術(shù)、勇氣和驕傲而聞名）的場景。這兩口石棺今天都存放波士頓藝術(shù)博物館，而許多精美的小型伊特魯里亞藝術(shù)作品則可以在羅馬ETRU國家伊特魯里亞博物館找到。
武爾奇的墓穴
The larger tombs at Vulci were guarded by stone sculptures of Greek monsters such as centaurs, sphinxes, rams and winged lions, but it is their interiors which are of special interest. The 6th-century BCE tomb of 'Isis' was excavated by Napoleon's brother Lucien Bonaparte in 1839 CE, and it contained many fine artworks (now mostly at the British Museum). These include a hammered bronze bust of an unidentified goddess holding a horned bird, an 89 cm tall statuette of a standing woman, and a stamped gold sheet diadem. Another tomb, the Tomb of the Bronze Chariot, contained a 7th-century BCE embossed sheet bronze chariot.
? ? ? ? ? 武爾奇較大的墓穴由希臘怪物的石雕守護(hù)，如半人馬、獅身人面像、公羊和帶翼獅子，但它們的內(nèi)部才是特別有趣的。公元前6世紀(jì)的“伊希斯”墳?zāi)褂赡闷苼龅男值軈挝靼病げ冒陀诠?1839 年挖掘，里面有許多精美的藝術(shù)品（現(xiàn)在大多在大英博物館）。其中包括一尊手持角鳥的身份不明女神的錘擊青銅半身像、一尊 89 厘米高的站立女性雕像，以及一頂壓印金片王冠。另一個墓穴是青銅戰(zhàn)車墓，里面有一輛公元前7世紀(jì)的浮雕青銅戰(zhàn)車。
The Tomb of the Warrior dates to around 510 BCE and is so-called because of the bronze armour and weapons found therein. There was a large bronze shield, a Negau-type helmet decorated with images of the river god Achelos and a crest holder shaped in the form of the Dioscuri, greaves (shin protectors), a bronze sword with iron scabbard, and two spears. In addition, there was an entire banqueting set of bronze vessels and utensils – evidence of the Etruscan custom where leaders offered their followers free banquets as a symbol of their power and status.
? ? ? ? ? 勇士之墓可以追溯到公元前510年左右，之所以被稱為勇士之墓，是因?yàn)樵谄渲邪l(fā)現(xiàn)了青銅盔甲和武器。其中有一面巨大的青銅盾牌、一個裝飾有河神阿克洛斯圖像的內(nèi)高式頭盔和一個以迪奧斯庫里（Dioscuri）為形狀的冠飾架、護(hù)脛、一把帶鐵鞘的青銅劍和兩支長矛。此外，還有一整套由青銅器皿和餐具的宴會設(shè)施（這是伊特魯里亞習(xí)俗的證據(jù)），在這種習(xí)俗中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人向其追隨者提供免費(fèi)宴會，作為其權(quán)力和地位的象征。
Most spectacular of all the tombs is the late 4th-century BCE Francois Tomb with its painted walls, showing lively scenes from Greek and Etruscan mythology, various battle scenes with the Romans, and the Vulci rulers fighting against those of the rival Etruscan towns of Volsinii and Sovana. There are funeral games where prisoners are sacrificed in gladiator matches, and one fresco shows a man named in an inscription as Vel Saties, perhaps the occupant of the tomb. The figure, possibly a magistrate, wears a dark blue embroidered cloak and is accompanied by a dwarf holding a woodpecker attached to a string. The bird is about to be released and Vel Saties looks on, perhaps as he is about to follow it in a metaphor for his passage into the next life.
? ? ? ? ? 在所有的墳?zāi)怪?，最壯觀的是公元前4世紀(jì)晚期的弗朗索瓦墓，它的墻壁上繪有希臘和伊特魯里亞神話中的生動場景，與羅馬人的各種戰(zhàn)斗場景，以及武爾奇統(tǒng)治者與敵對的伊特魯里亞城鎮(zhèn)沃爾西尼和索瓦納的戰(zhàn)斗場景。有一些葬禮游戲，囚犯在角斗士比賽中被獻(xiàn)祭，還有一幅壁畫銘文中展示了一個名叫維爾·薩蒂斯 (Vel Saties) 的人，也許就是墳?zāi)沟闹魅?。這個人可能是一名行政官，穿著一件深藍(lán)色的刺繡斗篷，身邊有一個小矮人，手里拿著一只用繩子拴著的啄木鳥。啄木鳥即將被放飛，維爾·薩蒂斯在一旁看著，也許他正準(zhǔn)備跟著啄木鳥一起走，隱喻著他進(jìn)入來生。
參考書目：
Bagnall, R.S. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012
Haynes, S. Etruscan Civilization. J. Paul Getty Museum, 2005.
Heurgon, J. Daily Life of the Etruscans. Phoenix, 2017.
Hornblower, S. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Simon, E. The Religion of the Etruscans. University of Texas Press, 2006.
Spivey, N.J. Etruscan Art. Thames & Hudson, 1997.
原文作者：Mark Cartwright
????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。
https://www.worldhistory.org/Vulci/
