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【簡(jiǎn)譯】古羅馬浴場(chǎng)

2022-09-04 12:58 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

Roman baths were designed for bathing and relaxing and were a common feature of cities throughout the Roman empire. Baths included a wide diversity of rooms with different temperatures, as well as swimming pools and places to read, relax, and socialise. Roman baths, with their large covered spaces, were important drivers in architectural innovation, notably in the use of domes.

? ? ? ? ? 古羅馬浴場(chǎng)是為沐浴和放松而建設(shè)的，是羅馬帝國(guó)城市的一個(gè)共同特征。浴場(chǎng)包括各種不同溫度的房間，以及游泳池和閱讀、放松與社交的場(chǎng)所。羅馬浴場(chǎng)有很大的覆蓋空間，是建筑創(chuàng)新的重要推動(dòng)力，特別是在穹頂技術(shù)的使用方面頗具建樹(shù)。

羅馬文化的中流砥柱

Public baths were a feature of ancient Greek towns but were usually limited to a series of hip-baths. The Romans expanded the idea to incorporate a wide array of facilities and baths became common in even the smaller towns of the Roman world, where they were often located near the forum. In addition to public baths, wealthy citizens often had their own private baths constructed as a part of their villa and baths were even constructed for the legions of the Roman army when on campaign. However, it was in the large cities that these bath complexes (balnea or thermae) took on monumental proportions with vast colonnades and wide-spanning arches and domes. Baths were built using millions of fireproof terracotta bricks and the finished buildings were usually sumptuous affairs with fine mosaic floors, marble-covered walls, and decorative statues.

? ? ? ? ? 公共浴場(chǎng)是古希臘城鎮(zhèn)的一個(gè)特色，但通常僅限于一系列坐浴。羅馬人發(fā)展了浴場(chǎng)，納入一系列廣泛的設(shè)施，甚至在羅馬世界的小城鎮(zhèn)中，浴場(chǎng)也變得很普遍，它們通常位于論壇附近。除了公共浴場(chǎng)，富裕的公民往往有自己的私人浴室，作為其別墅的一部分；人們甚至還為羅馬軍隊(duì)出征時(shí)的軍團(tuán)建造浴場(chǎng)。然而，在大城市中，這些浴場(chǎng)（balnea或thermae，Thermae 通常指的是大型皇家浴場(chǎng)，而 balneae 是規(guī)模較小的公共或私人設(shè)施；小澡堂，稱(chēng)為 balneum（復(fù)數(shù) balnea））具有宏偉的規(guī)模，有巨大的柱廊和寬大的拱門(mén)與穹頂。浴場(chǎng)是用數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的防火陶土磚建造的，完工后的建筑通常是豪華的，有精美的馬賽克地板、覆蓋著大理石的墻壁和裝飾性的雕像。

Generally opening around lunchtime and open until dusk, baths were accessible to all, both rich and poor. In the reign of Diocletian, for example, the entrance fee was a mere two denarii - the smallest denomination of bronze coinage. Sometimes, on occasions such as public holidays, the baths were even free to enter.

? ? ? ? ? 浴場(chǎng)一般在午餐前后開(kāi)放，并一直開(kāi)放到黃昏，所有人都可以進(jìn)入，無(wú)論貧富。例如，在戴克里先統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，公共浴場(chǎng)入場(chǎng)費(fèi)僅為2第納爾（最小的青銅幣面額）。有時(shí)，在公共假期等時(shí)間段，浴場(chǎng)甚至可以免費(fèi)進(jìn)入。

羅馬浴場(chǎng) 的典型?元素

Typical features (listed in the probable order bathers went through) were:

apodyterium - changing rooms.

palaestrae - exercise rooms.

natatio - open-air swimming pool.

laconica and sudatoria - superheated dry and wet sweating-rooms.

calidarium - hot room, heated and with a hot-water pool and a separate basin on a stand (labrum)

tepidarium - warm room, indirectly heated and with a tepid pool.

frigidarium - cool room, unheated and with a cold bath, often monumental in size and domed, it was the heart of the baths complex.

rooms for massage and other health treatments.

典型的特征（按洗澡者可能經(jīng)過(guò)的順序排列）：

apodyterium-更衣室。
palaestrae-運(yùn)動(dòng)室.
Natation-露天游泳池。
laconica和sudatoria（sudatorium或assa）-干式和濕式汗蒸房。
Calidarium-熱水浴，有一個(gè)熱水池和一個(gè)獨(dú)立的臉盆，放在一個(gè)支架上（Labrum）。
tepidarium --溫暖的房間，間接加熱，有一個(gè)溫水池。
frigidarium - 冷藏室，不加熱，有一個(gè)冷水浴，通常有紀(jì)念性的大小和圓頂，它是浴場(chǎng)的核心。
用于按摩和其他療養(yǎng)的房間。

Additional facilities could include cold-water plunge pools, private baths, toilets, libraries, lecture halls, fountains, and outdoor gardens.

? ? ? ? ? 其他設(shè)施包括冷水浴池、私人浴室、廁所、圖書(shū)館、演講廳、噴泉和室外花園。

供熱系統(tǒng)

The first baths seem to have lacked a high degree of planning and were often unsightly assemblages of diverse structures. However, by the 1st century CE the baths became beautifully symmetrical and harmonious structures, often set in gardens and parks. Early baths were heated using natural hot water springs or braziers, but from the 1st century BCE more sophisticated heating systems were used such as under-floor (hypocaust) heating fuelled by wood-burning furnaces (prafurniae). This was not a new idea as Greek baths also employed such a system but, as was typical of the Romans, they took an idea and improved upon it for maximum efficiency. The huge fires from the furnaces sent warm air under the raised floor (suspensurae) which stood on narrow pillars (pilae) of solid stone, hollow cylinders, or polygonal or circular bricks. The floors were paved over with 60 cm square tiles (bipedales) which were then covered in decorative mosaics.

? ? ? ? ? 最初的浴場(chǎng)似乎缺乏高度的規(guī)劃，往往是各種不美觀的結(jié)構(gòu)組合。然而，到了公元1世紀(jì)，浴場(chǎng)變成了漂亮的對(duì)稱(chēng)和諧的結(jié)構(gòu)，通常還設(shè)置在花園和公園里。早期的浴場(chǎng)利用天然溫泉或火爐進(jìn)行加熱，但從公元前1世紀(jì)開(kāi)始，人們開(kāi)始使用更復(fù)雜的加熱系統(tǒng)，如以燒木爐（prafurniae）為燃料的地板下（hypocaust）加熱。這并不是一個(gè)新的想法，因?yàn)橄ＥD的浴場(chǎng)也采用了這樣的系統(tǒng)，但羅馬人采用了這一想法，并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)，以獲得最大的效率。熔爐將暖氣送到高架地板（suspensurae）下，而地板則矗立在由實(shí)心石塊、空心圓柱、多邊形或圓形磚塊組成的狹窄支柱（pilae）上。地板上鋪有60厘米見(jiàn)方的瓷磚（bipedales），然后再鋪上裝飾性的馬賽克。

Walls could also provide heating with the insertion of hollow rectangular tubes (tubuli) which carried the hot air provided by the furnaces. In addition, special bricks (tegulae mammatae) had bosses at the corners of one side which trapped hot air and increased insulation against heat loss. The use of glass for windows from the 1st century CE also permitted a better regulation of temperatures and allowed the sun to add its own heat to the room.

? ? ? ? ? 墻體也可以通過(guò)插入空心矩形管（tubuli）來(lái)提供熱量，這些管子承載著火爐提供的熱空氣。此外，特殊的磚塊（tegulae mammatae）在一側(cè)的角落里有凸起，可以捕獲熱空氣，增加隔熱性能，防止熱量流失。從公元1世紀(jì)開(kāi)始，玻璃窗的使用也讓浴池能夠更好地調(diào)節(jié)溫度，有些房間還可以讓太陽(yáng)為其保暖。

The vast amount of water needed for the larger baths was supplied by purpose-built aqueducts and regulated by huge reservoirs in the baths complex. The reservoir of the Baths of Diocletian in Rome, for example, could hold 20,000 m3 of water. Water was heated in large lead boilers fitted over the furnaces. The water could be added (via lead pipes) to the heated water pools by using a bronze half-cylinder (testudo) connected to the boilers. Once released into the pool the hot water circulated by convection.

? ? ? ? ? 大型浴場(chǎng)所需的水由專(zhuān)門(mén)建造的水渠供應(yīng)，并由浴場(chǎng)內(nèi)的大水庫(kù)調(diào)節(jié)。例如，羅馬戴克里先浴場(chǎng)的水庫(kù)可以容納20,000立方米的水。水被加注在爐子上的大型鉛制鍋爐中加熱。通過(guò)使用與鍋爐相連的青銅半圓筒（testudo），可以將水（通過(guò)鉛管）添加到加熱的水池中。一旦進(jìn)入到池子里，熱水就會(huì)通過(guò)對(duì)流進(jìn)行循環(huán)。

著名浴場(chǎng)

Some of the more famous and splendid baths include those at Lepcis Magna (completed c. 127 CE) with their well-preserved domes, the Baths of Diocletian in Rome (completed c. 305 CE), the large bath complexes of Timgad at Ephesos, in Bath (2nd century CE), and the Antonine Baths at Carthage (c. 162 CE).

? ? ? ? ? 一些比較著名和輝煌的浴場(chǎng)，如大萊普提斯的浴場(chǎng)（約在公元127年完成），其穹頂保存完好；羅馬的戴克里先浴場(chǎng)（約在公元305年完成）；在以弗所的提姆加德大浴場(chǎng)（公元2世紀(jì)），以及迦太基的安東尼浴場(chǎng)（約公元162年）。

The Baths of Caracalla in the southern area of Rome are perhaps the best preserved of all Roman baths and were second only in size to Trajan's Baths of Rome (c. 110 CE). They were also the most sumptuous and luxurious Roman baths ever built. Completed in c. 235 CE, huge walls and arches still stand and attest to the imposing dimensions of the complex which used some 6.9 million bricks and had 252 interior columns. Reaching a height of up to 30 m and covering an area of 337 x 328 m, they incorporate all the classic elements one would expect, including a one-metre deep Olympic-size swimming pool and an unusual circular caldarium which reached the same height as Rome's Pantheon and spanned 36 m. The caldarium also had large glass windows to take advantage of the sun's heat and further facilities included two libraries, a watermill, and even a waterfall.

? ? ? ? ? 位于羅馬南部地區(qū)的卡拉卡拉浴場(chǎng)可能是所有羅馬浴場(chǎng)中保存最完好的，其規(guī)模僅次于羅馬的特拉揚(yáng)浴場(chǎng)（約公元110年）。它們也是有史以來(lái)最奢華的羅馬浴場(chǎng)?？ɡɡ?chǎng)竣工于公元前235年，巨大的墻壁和拱門(mén)至今仍然矗立著，展示了該建筑群曾經(jīng)的宏偉規(guī)模，它使用了大約690萬(wàn)塊磚，有252根內(nèi)柱。浴場(chǎng)高度達(dá)30米，面積為337 x 328米，包含了當(dāng)時(shí)人們期望的所有經(jīng)典元素，包括一個(gè)一米深的奧林匹克規(guī)格的游泳池和一個(gè)不尋常的圓形卡爾德拉，其高度與羅馬萬(wàn)神殿相同，跨度為36米?？柕吕灿写蟛ＡТ?，以利用太陽(yáng)的熱量，其他設(shè)施包括兩個(gè)圖書(shū)館，一個(gè)水磨，甚至一個(gè)瀑布。

The complex had four entrances and could have accommodated as many as 8,000 daily visitors. 6,300 m3 of marble and granite lined the walls, the ceiling was decorated with glass mosaic which reflected light from the pools in an iridescent effect, there was a pair of 6 m long fountains, and the second floor provided a promenade terrace. Water was supplied by the aqua Nova Antoniniana and aqua Marcia aqueducts and local springs and stored in 18 cisterns. The baths were heated by 50 furnaces which burned ten tons of wood a day. Besides the imposing ruined walls, the site has many rooms which still contain their original marble mosaic flooring and large fragments also survive from the upper floors depicting fish scales and scenes of mythical sea creatures.

? ? ? ? ? 該建筑群有四個(gè)入口，每天可容納多達(dá)8000名游客。6300立方米的大理石和花崗巖組成墻壁，天花板上裝飾著玻璃馬賽克，將水池的光線(xiàn)反射出五彩斑斕的效果，還有一對(duì)6米長(zhǎng)的噴泉，二樓有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)廊露臺(tái)。水是由Nova Antoniniana水渠和Marcia水渠以及當(dāng)?shù)厝峁┑?，并?chǔ)存在18個(gè)蓄水池中。浴場(chǎng)由50個(gè)爐子加熱，每天燃燒10噸木材。除了宏偉的廢墟墻體，該遺址還有許多房間仍然保留著原來(lái)的大理石馬賽克地板，上層樓的大塊碎片上還描繪著魚(yú)鱗和神話(huà)中的海洋生物的場(chǎng)景。

對(duì) 建筑學(xué) 的影響

Baths and the need to create large airy rooms with lofty ceilings brought the development of the architectural dome. The earliest surviving dome in Roman architecture is from the frigidarium of the Stabian Baths at Pompeii, which dates to the 2nd century BCE. The development of concrete in the form of stiff mortared rubble allowed unsupported walls to be built ever wider apart, as did hollow brick barrel vaults supported by buttress arches and the use of iron tie bars. These features would become widely used in other public buildings and especially in large constructions such as basilicae. Even in modern times Roman baths have continued to influence designers, for example, both the Chicago Railroad Station and the Pennsylvania Station in New York have perfectly copied the architecture of the great frigidarium of the Baths of Caracalla.

? ? ? ? ? 浴場(chǎng)和創(chuàng)造具有高聳天花板的大型通風(fēng)房間的需要促進(jìn)了建筑穹頂?shù)陌l(fā)展。羅馬建筑中現(xiàn)存最早的穹頂是來(lái)自龐貝的斯塔比安浴場(chǎng)的冷水浴池，它可以追溯到公元前2世紀(jì)?；炷恋陌l(fā)展使得無(wú)支撐的墻體可以越建越寬，空心磚桶形拱頂由拱門(mén)支撐，并使用鐵拉桿。這些特點(diǎn)在其他公共建筑中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，尤其是在大教堂等大型建筑中。即使在現(xiàn)代，羅馬浴場(chǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)也繼續(xù)影響著設(shè)計(jì)師，例如，芝加哥火車(chē)站和紐約的賓夕法尼亞火車(chē)站都完美地復(fù)制了卡拉卡拉浴場(chǎng)冷水浴池的設(shè)計(jì)。