"New learning" in the northern Europe, as opposed to Italy,

• less urban, less literate, less affluent
• church having more influential in intellectual life and the scholastic tradition being more rooted and persistent

"Christian Humanism"

In Italy, when we mention "ad fontes", "to the sources", the source was more relevant to Greek and Latin classics.

In Northern Europe, the source was more likely to be the Bible and the church fathers.

the importance of free will: it was our ability to choose, shall we deprave or shall be sublime, which was another difference that Protestants and Catholics would divide.

Jacobus Faber (Jacques Lefevre d'Etapes) 1455-1536, the most important French Christian humanist

1505, An edition of the works of St. John of Damascus

1512, commentaries on Paul's epistles

1521, Teachings condemned by the Sorbonne

John Colet 1466-1519

1496-1504, Lectured on St. Paul's epistles at Oxford

1505, Founded St. Paul's school in London

Thomas More 1478-1536

1501, Called to the bar

1504, Entered Parliament

1509, King Henry VIII ascended to the throne

1529, Appointed Lord Chancellor of England

1516, Published Utopia—"No Place"

Desiderius Erasmus 1469-1536

1516, Prepared and published a Greek edition of the New Testament

Adages (1503)

Enchiridion (1503)

The Praise of Folly (1509) Encomium Moriae

Julius Excluded (1514)