"Clericus, id est litteratus": "A member of the clergy, that is, a literate person".

"Vernacular"

1. Non-Latin
2. Popular, as opposed to elite
3. Lay, as opposed to ecclesiastical
4. Secular, as opposed to religious

Welsh/British/English and Celtic/Irish

• Aneirin (fl. ca. 600), Gododdin (ca. 600)

Anglo-Saxon

• Beowulf (ca. 900)
• Caedmon's Hymm (7th century)

German-speaking lands

• Nibelungenlied (13th century)
• Minnesanger, German-style troubadours
• "Heliand" ("The Savior") 9th century

Slavic world, Slavs of Bohemia

Scandinavia world

• Sagas: "Things said" 12th-13th century

France

• Song of Roland (ca. 1100)
• Chanson des Gestes, Song of great deeds

• Lais: short stories about an encounter between a woman and her lover; Marie de France, fl. 12th century
• Romances: Longer works, often from a woman's point of view; Chretien de Troyes 1135-1183
• Troubadours: Great singers of the south of France; Bernard de Ventadorn (ca. 1145-1180); Castelozza (born ca. 1200)

"Courtly Love": not only mean the love in medieval court but also the phantom/Platonic/ideal/pure love

Dante Alighieri 1265-1321

• Vita Nuova (1290-94)
• De vulgari eloquentia (ca. 1305)
• De monarchia (1310-1313)
• Commedia (The Divine Comedy) (1302-1321)

The Divine Comedy

• 14,000 lines arranged into 100 canti; canto=song
• Terza Rima (a b a b c b c d c)

Religious Movements

1. Vita Apostolica: The apostolic life; Waldensians; Cathars ("the pure ones"), Albigensians
2. Crusades