文明史話，古希臘：源起（02）
希臘人
Greeks
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在講完古希臘地區(qū)之后，我們接下來(lái)要聊一聊關(guān)于希臘人的內(nèi)容。
After the content of the ancient Greek region, we will next talk about the content of the Greeks.
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希臘人由四個(gè)主要部族組成，多利安人，亞該亞人，愛(ài)奧尼亞人（或伊奧尼亞人）和伊奧利亞人。他們使用三種古希臘語(yǔ)方言，多利克希臘語(yǔ)，愛(ài)奧尼克希臘語(yǔ)和伊奧利克希臘語(yǔ)，亞該亞人使用多利克方言的一支，被稱為亞該亞-多利克希臘語(yǔ)。
The Greeks consisted of four main tribes, the Dorians, Achaeans, Ionians, and Aeolians. They used three Ancient Greek dialects, Doric Greek, Ionic Greek, and Aeolic Greek, and the Achaeans used one of the Doric dialects, known as Achaean-Doric Greek.
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（這類似于星靈的奈拉齊姆，塔達(dá)林和達(dá)拉姆等部族。或者獸人的惡月氏族，死顱氏族和血斧氏族。
This is similar to the Nerazim, Tal'darim, and Daelaam tribes of the Protoss. Or the Bad Moons, Deathskulls, and Blood Axes of the Orks.）
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伊奧利亞人起源于色薩利并分布在希臘的很多地方，他們以其所使用的語(yǔ)言，伊奧利克希臘語(yǔ)而見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)。伊奧利克希臘語(yǔ)（也被稱為萊斯沃斯方言）對(duì)于古希臘文學(xué)，尤其是抒情詩(shī)貢獻(xiàn)很大。
The Aeolians, who originated in Thessaly and are found in many places in Greece, are distinguished by the language they speak, Aeolic Greek. The Aeolic Greek, also known as the Lesbian （or Lesbic） dialect, contributed greatly to ancient Greek literature, especially to lyric poetry.
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約公元前一千年左右，伊奧利亞人從希臘本土穿越愛(ài)琴海遷移到了小亞西海岸的北部，其原因可能和“多利安人入侵”有關(guān)。
Around the first millennium B.C., the Aeolians migrated from mainland Greece across the Aegean Sea to the northern part of the western coast of Asia Minor, probably for reasons related to the "Dorian invasion".
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到了公元前八世紀(jì)，這里的十二個(gè)希臘城邦組成了一個(gè)聯(lián)盟，后來(lái)這里就以他們的名字被稱為伊奧利亞地區(qū)。這一地區(qū)大概對(duì)應(yīng)今天土耳其的達(dá)達(dá)尼爾海峽到蓋迪茲河的這一區(qū)域加上幾個(gè)近海的島嶼，其中包括了希臘第三大島，萊斯沃斯島。
By the eighth century B.C., twelve Aeolian city-states formed a league and the area was named the Aeolis （or Aeolia）region after them. This area was probably the area from the Dardanelles to the Gediz River in present-day Turkey plus several offshore islands, including the third largest island in Greece, Lesbos (Lesvos).
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萊斯沃斯島因著名的女詩(shī)人薩福而聞名，她被認(rèn)為是古希臘最偉大的抒情詩(shī)人之一，并被賦予了“第十繆斯”和“女詩(shī)人”等稱號(hào)，她出現(xiàn)在拉斐爾著名的壁畫《帕那蘇斯山》里面。一直有傳聞稱薩福是一名女同性戀者，因而她也成為了女性之間愛(ài)情和欲望的重要象征。英文當(dāng)中兩個(gè)有關(guān)于女同性戀者的單詞“Sapphic”和“l(fā)esbian”就分別來(lái)自于她的名字和她的家鄉(xiāng)萊斯沃斯島。
Lesbos is known for the famous poetess Sappho, considered one of the greatest lyric poets of ancient Greece and was given names such as the "Tenth Muse" and "Poetess", who appears in Raphael's famous fresco "The Parnassus". Sappho has long been rumored to be a lesbian, making her an important symbol of love and desire between women. Sappho has long been rumored to be a lesbian, making her an important symbol of love and desire between women. The two English words for lesbian, "Sapphic" and "lesbian", come from her name and her home island of Lesbos, respectively.
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亞該亞人（也稱“阿開(kāi)亞人”，“阿開(kāi)奧斯人”）的內(nèi)容稍微復(fù)雜一些。他們的歷史和邁錫尼，伯羅奔尼撒以及多利安人的歷史相關(guān)聯(lián)，并且里面涉及到很多的神話和傳說(shuō)。梳理這部分內(nèi)容會(huì)牽扯到眾多的角色和他們復(fù)雜的關(guān)系，請(qǐng)大家一定跟住我的思路。
The history of the Achaeans is complex. Their history is linked to the history of the Mycenae, Peloponnese, and Dorians, and it involves many myths and legends. Sorting out this part will involve numerous characters and their complex relationships, so please be sure to follow my lead.
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首先我們需要了解希臘人的起源。
First, we need to know the origin of the Greeks.
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根據(jù)神話，丟卡利翁和皮拉的兒子名叫赫楞，他是全體希臘人的祖先。我們所說(shuō)的“希臘”這個(gè)名字就來(lái)自這個(gè)赫楞，而非希臘的英文名“Greece”。還比如我們所說(shuō)的“德國(guó)”的名字是來(lái)自于德語(yǔ)“Deutschland”，而非英語(yǔ)“Germany”。
According to mythology, the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha was named Hellen, the ancestor of all Greeks. The name we call "Xi La" comes from Hellen, not from the English word "Greece". Another example is that the name "De Guo" is derived from the German word "Deutschland", not the English word "Germany".
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赫楞的三個(gè)兒子創(chuàng)造了希臘人的幾大部族，多魯斯（或“多洛斯”，“多羅斯”）是多利安人的祖先；伊奧魯斯（或“伊奧羅斯”，“埃俄羅斯”）是我們剛才提到的伊奧利亞人的祖先；徐圖斯后來(lái)成為了伯羅奔尼撒的王，他的后代就生活在這里。他和一位名叫克瑞烏薩（或“克魯薩”）的公主有兩個(gè)兒子，一個(gè)名叫亞該烏斯（或“亞該俄斯”），他是亞該亞人的祖先，“亞該亞”這個(gè)名字就來(lái)自于亞該烏斯。他的另一個(gè)兒子名叫伊昂，他是我們后面要講到的愛(ài)奧尼亞人的祖先。
The three sons of Hellen created several major tribes of the Greeks, Dorus, who was the ancestor of the Dorians; Aeolus, who was the ancestor of the Aeolians we just mentioned; and Xuthus, who later became king of the Peloponnese, where his descendants lived. He and a princess named Creusa had two sons, one of whom was named Achaeus (or Achaios), the ancestor of the Achaeans, from whom the name "Achaea" comes. Another of his sons was named Ion, who was the ancestor of the Ionians, whom we will talk about later.
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歐里庇德斯有一個(gè)同名戲劇《伊昂》。而希臘神話當(dāng)中伊奧魯斯這個(gè)名字被三個(gè)角色使用，一個(gè)是徐圖斯的兒子，一個(gè)是波塞冬的兒子，還有一個(gè)是在《奧德賽》和《埃涅阿斯紀(jì)》中出現(xiàn)的風(fēng)神。
Euripides had a play of the same name "Ion". And the name Aeolus is used by three characters in Greek mythology: one is the son of Xuthus, one is the son of Poseidon, and the other is the god of wind who appears in the Odyssey and the Aeneid.
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希羅多德和保薩尼亞斯都提到了亞該亞人最初居住在伯羅奔尼撒的傳說(shuō)。后來(lái)邁錫尼文明崛起于伯羅奔尼撒，亞該亞人可能是這一文明的主要民族。
Both Herodotus and Pausanias recount the legend that the Achaeans originally dwelt in the Peloponnese. Later, the Mycenaean civilization rose in the Peloponnese, and the Achaeans were probably the main people of this civilization.
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到這里我們需要知道兩點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。首先，神話的一個(gè)重要功能是解釋部族的起源。其次，亞該亞人是居住在伯羅奔尼撒的“本地人”，后來(lái)在伯羅奔尼撒發(fā)生的事基本上都和亞該亞人有關(guān)，但還不存在一個(gè)叫“亞該亞”的地方。
There are two things we need to know. First, an important function of mythology is to explain the origin of the tribes. Secondly, the Achaeans were the "natives" of the Peloponnese, and what happened later in the Peloponnese was related to the Achaeans, but there was no place called "Achaea".
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接下來(lái)我們需要了解有關(guān)于邁錫尼和伯羅奔尼撒“三大家族”的故事。故事要從邁錫尼的創(chuàng)建開(kāi)始說(shuō)起。
Next, we need to know the story of Mycenae and the "Three Families" of Peloponnese. The story begins with the founding of Mycenae.
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根據(jù)神話，宙斯和阿爾戈斯的公主達(dá)那厄的兒子珀?duì)栃匏乖诓_奔尼撒半島的東北部創(chuàng)建了邁錫尼。珀?duì)栃匏谷⒘税Ｈ肀葋喌墓靼驳侣迥_(dá)為妻，他們育有九個(gè)孩子，七個(gè)兒子和兩個(gè)女兒，開(kāi)始了珀?duì)栃匏辜易宓慕y(tǒng)治。
According to mythology, Perseus, son of Zeus, and Dana?, princess of Argos, founded Mycenae in the northeast of the Peloponnese. He married Andromeda, a princess of Aethiopia, and they had nine children, seven sons, and two daughters, beginning the reign of the Perseus family.
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需要注意的是這里的邁錫尼指的是伯羅奔尼撒的北部地區(qū)，包括了阿爾戈斯，斯巴達(dá)，梯林斯等地區(qū)。另外，這里所說(shuō)的“埃塞俄比亞”是一個(gè)古希臘文獻(xiàn)當(dāng)中的術(shù)語(yǔ)，它指的是已知世界的盡頭，撒哈拉以南或者埃及以南有人居住的非洲地區(qū)，而不是今天埃塞俄比亞這個(gè)國(guó)家。
It is important to note that Mycenae refers to the northern part of the Peloponnese, including Argos, Sparta, and Tiryns. Also, the term Aethiopia is a term used in ancient Greek literature to refer to the inhabited area of Africa at the end of the known world, south of the Sahara or Egypt, and not the country of Ethiopia today.
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珀?duì)栃匏辜易宓慕y(tǒng)治經(jīng)歷了四代。第二代掌權(quán)者是珀?duì)栃匏沟膬鹤佣蚶湛颂芈晌?，第三代掌?quán)者是珀?duì)栃匏沟膬鹤铀固啬逅梗谒拇晴隊(duì)栃匏沟膶O子歐律斯透斯。
The Perseus family ruled through four generations. The second generation was ruled by Perseus' son Electryon, the third by Perseus' son Sthenelus, and the fourth by Perseus' grandson Eurystheus.
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珀?duì)栃匏辜易宓搅藲W律斯透斯這里發(fā)生了一段插曲。宙斯看上了珀?duì)栃匏沟膶O女阿爾克墨涅，他變成了她的丈夫安菲特律翁的樣子與她發(fā)生了關(guān)系。然后就在同一天，她真的丈夫安菲特律翁從戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上回來(lái)了，夫妻同房。就這樣阿爾克墨涅懷了兩名不同男性的雙胞胎，這類似我們現(xiàn)在所說(shuō)的同期異父復(fù)孕。
An episode of the Perseus family occurred here in Eurystheus. Zeus fell in love with Perseus' granddaughter, Alcmene, who took the form of her husband, Amphitryon, and had sex with her. Then on the same day, her real husband Amphitryon returned from the battlefield, and the couple had sex. Alcmene was pregnant with twins of two different males, which is similar to what we now call Superfecundation.
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赫拉聽(tīng)說(shuō)了這件事，她不滿自己的丈夫宙斯和凡人女子有染，于是她就伺機(jī)報(bào)復(fù)阿爾克墨涅和她的孩子。在阿爾克墨涅即將分娩的那天，赫拉說(shuō)服宙斯發(fā)誓要讓當(dāng)晚出生的珀?duì)栃匏辜易宓暮⒆映蔀檫~錫尼的國(guó)王。宙斯當(dāng)然很高興自己的后代可以成為國(guó)王，于是他就發(fā)了誓。但他不知道的是赫拉隱瞞了一件事，珀?duì)栃匏辜易逶谶@一天會(huì)有兩位女性分娩。赫拉從中作梗，她讓分娩女神使阿爾克墨涅的衣服打結(jié)而延緩了她的分娩，然后她讓另一名女性的孩子提前出生，這個(gè)孩子就是歐律斯透斯。
When Hera heard about this, she was upset that her husband Zeus was having an affair with a mortal woman, so she waited for an opportunity to take revenge on Alcmene and her children. On the day Alcmene was due to give birth, Hera persuaded Zeus to swear an oath that the child of the Perseus family, born that night, would be king of Mycenae. Zeus, of course, was delighted that his offspring could become king, so he swore the oath. But what he didn't know was that Hera had concealed the fact that the Perseus family would have two women give birth on the same day. Hera interfered by forcing the goddess of childbirth to tie Alcmene's clothing in knots to delay her delivery. Meanwhile, she caused the birth of another woman's child, Eurystheus, to come early.
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情況緊急，阿爾克墨涅的仆人欺騙分娩女神說(shuō)阿爾克墨涅已經(jīng)生下了孩子，分娩女神由于驚訝而松開(kāi)了困住阿爾克墨涅的結(jié)，她生下了一對(duì)雙胞胎，一個(gè)孩子名叫伊菲克勒斯，這是她和她丈夫安菲特律翁的孩子，另一個(gè)孩子名叫赫拉克勒斯，這是她和宙斯的孩子。
In an emergency, Alcmene's servant deceived the goddess of childbirth that Alcmene had already delivered the baby. The goddess of childbirth was surprised and loosened the knot that trapped Alcmene, and she gave birth to twins, one named Iphicles, the child of her and her husband Amphitryon, and the other named Heracles, the child of her and Zeus.
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邁錫尼國(guó)王的位子本來(lái)應(yīng)該是赫拉克勒斯的，但由于赫拉讓歐律斯透斯提前出生他就成為了國(guó)王。赫拉克勒斯和歐律斯透斯因?yàn)檫@件事成為仇人，他們的梁子就算是結(jié)下了。也正是從這里開(kāi)始赫拉克勒斯家族從珀?duì)栃匏辜易瀹?dāng)中分離了出來(lái)。
The king of Mycenae was supposed to be Heracles, but since Hera let Eurystheus be born early, he became the king. Heracles and Eurystheus became arch-enemies from then on. It is from here that the Heracles family was separated from the Perseus family.
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赫拉克勒斯也稱“大力神”，他是珀?duì)栃匏沟脑鴮O和兄弟，關(guān)系有點(diǎn)亂是吧。因?yàn)閺闹嫠鼓抢镎摰脑捤麄兌际侵嫠沟暮蟠?，他們是同父異母的兄弟。赫拉克勒斯這個(gè)角色很重要，他以其“十二偉業(yè)”而著稱，他是希臘最偉大的英雄。他的子嗣眾多，很多國(guó)王都聲稱自己是“大力神”赫拉克勒斯的后裔，并且其藝術(shù)形象對(duì)世界文化影響深遠(yuǎn)。
Heracles is the great-grandson and brother of Perseus, and their relationship is messy, right? They were both descendants of Zeus, and they were half-brothers. They were both descendants of Zeus, and they were half-brothers. Heracles is very important, he is known for his "Twelve Labours" and he is the greatest hero of Greece. His descendants were numerous, with many kings claiming descent from Heracles, and his artistic images profoundly impacted world culture.
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赫拉克勒斯的經(jīng)歷十分坎坷，主要是因?yàn)樘旌蠛绽恢痹谄群λＴ谙ＥD神話當(dāng)中宙斯經(jīng)常和別人有染。他的情人有男有女，有神，有仙女還有凡人，并且他的私生子眾多，赫拉也經(jīng)常迫害他們，但可以感覺(jué)到她尤其痛恨赫拉克勒斯。在很多數(shù)時(shí)候赫拉都是點(diǎn)到為止，但對(duì)于赫拉克勒斯她是下死手的。
Heracles had a very difficult experience, mainly because Hera had been persecuting him. In Greek mythology, Zeus often had affairs with others. His lovers were men and women, gods, nymphs, and mortals, and he had many illegitimate offspring, and Hera often persecuted them, but we can feel that she hated Heracles in particular. Hera's persecution of them was moderate in most cases, but she wanted to get Heracles killed.
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比如在赫拉克勒斯的第一次婚姻當(dāng)中，赫拉讓赫拉克勒斯發(fā)瘋了，他在瘋狂當(dāng)中親手殺死了自己的妻子和孩子。當(dāng)他清醒過(guò)來(lái)之后為時(shí)已晚，他跑到德?tīng)栰痴?qǐng)求神諭。神諭告訴他要聽(tīng)候他的仇敵歐律斯透斯的差遣，并且要完成歐律斯透斯交代給他的任何事情。如果他完成了這些事情他的罪孽就可以得到凈化并獲得不朽。而赫拉克勒斯不知道的是這個(gè)神諭也是赫拉告訴他的。
For example, in Heracles' first marriage, Hera drove Heracles so mad that he killed his wife and children with his own hands. When he came to his senses, it was too late and he fled to Delphi to ask for an oracle. The Oracle directed him to be at the service of his enemy, Eurystheus, and to accomplish whatever Eurystheus gave him to do. If he accomplished these things, his sins would be purified and he would be granted immortality. What Heracles did not know was that the Oracle was also guided to him by Hera.
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后來(lái)歐律斯透斯給赫拉克勒斯布置了很多十分艱難的任務(wù)，這些任務(wù)都被赫拉克勒斯一一完成了，這就被稱為“赫拉克勒斯的十二偉業(yè)”。
Later, Eurystheus gave Heracles many very difficult tasks, which were all accomplished by Heracles, which became known as "The Twelve Labours of Heracles".
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赫拉克勒斯有過(guò)四次婚姻，他的每次婚姻都會(huì)留下很多后代，他的子嗣們就被稱為“赫拉克勒斯后裔”。在他的第三次婚姻當(dāng)中，他的妻子德伊阿妮拉給了他一件沾有毒血的衣服，他在不知情的情況下穿上了這件衣服然后中毒了。他在痛苦之中給自己搭了一個(gè)柴堆，然后將自己燒死。
Heracles had four marriages, and each of his marriages left many offspring, who became known as "Heracleidae". In his third marriage, his wife, Deianira, gave him a shirt stained with poisoned blood, which he wore unknowingly and then was poisoned. In his agony, he built himself a pyre and burned himself to death.
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在赫拉克勒斯死后，他的后代被歐律斯透斯趕出了伯羅奔尼撒，他家族的財(cái)產(chǎn)也被歐律斯透斯所占有。赫拉克勒斯和德伊阿妮拉的長(zhǎng)子希洛斯帶領(lǐng)他的族人開(kāi)始了流浪的生活。他們一路輾轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)到了雅典避難。
After the death of Heracles, his descendants were driven out of Peloponnese by Eurystheus, and the property of his family was taken by him. Hyllus, the eldest son of Heracles and Deianira, led his people on a wandering life. They moved to Athens to take refuge.
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但是歐律斯透斯仍然不想放過(guò)他們，他想徹底消滅赫拉克勒斯的后代以絕后患。他來(lái)到了雅典并要求雅典人交出赫拉克勒斯的后代但遭到拒絕，之后他進(jìn)攻了雅典但被擊敗，歐律斯透斯和他的兒子們?nèi)勘粴?。珀?duì)栃匏辜易逶谶~錫尼的統(tǒng)治隨著歐律斯透斯的死而終結(jié)。關(guān)于誰(shuí)殺死了歐律斯透斯說(shuō)法不一，人們普遍認(rèn)為是希洛斯。
But Eurystheus still did not want to let them go, he wanted to destroy the descendants of Heracles to eliminate the future. He came to Athens and demanded that the Athenians hand over the descendants of Heracles but was refused, after which he attacked Athens but was defeated and Eurystheus and his sons were all killed. The reign of the Perseus family in Mycenae came to an end with the death of Eurystheus. There are conflicting stories as to who killed Eurystheus, but it is widely believed that it was Hyllus.
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以上這部分內(nèi)容就是有關(guān)于邁錫尼的創(chuàng)建，珀?duì)栃匏辜易宓呐d衰，赫拉克勒斯家族的流亡以及兩大家族的恩怨。請(qǐng)大家跟住我的思路，故事來(lái)到了第二場(chǎng)。我們還是以邁錫尼為主線展開(kāi)劇情。
This part is about the creation of Mycenae, the rise and fall of the Perseus family, the exile of the Heracles family, and the feud between the two families. Please follow my thoughts as the story comes to the second scene. We still use Mycenae as the main line to start the plot.
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在歐律斯透斯死后，他曾經(jīng)收留的兩個(gè)人阿特柔斯和提厄斯特斯兄弟接管了邁錫尼。到這里，另一個(gè)重要的勢(shì)力登場(chǎng)了，阿特柔斯家族。
After the death of Eurystheus, the two men he had taken in, the brothers Atreus and Thyestes, took over Mycenae. Here, another important power came on the scene, the Atreus family.
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不同于珀?duì)栃匏辜易?，阿特柔斯家族具有悲劇色彩。這個(gè)家族被背叛和謀殺所折磨，很多成員都死于非命，這被稱為“阿特柔斯家族的詛咒”。這個(gè)詛咒始于阿特柔斯之前的兩代人，并延續(xù)到他之后的兩代人。這里面的故事大家可以自己去查，細(xì)節(jié)我就不展開(kāi)講了。
Unlike the Perseus family, the Atreus family has tragic overtones. The family was tormented by betrayal and murder, and many of its members died, which is called "the curse of the Atreides". The curse began two generations before Atreus and continued for two generations after him. About the family's story you can find out for yourself, I will not expand on the details.
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阿特柔斯家族生活在伯羅奔尼撒的西北部的奧林匹亞一帶。這里我們需要通過(guò)幾個(gè)重要的人物來(lái)了解這個(gè)家族的世代關(guān)系。阿特柔斯家族始于坦塔羅斯，坦塔羅斯的兒子是珀羅普斯，珀羅普斯的兒子是阿特柔斯，阿特柔斯的兒子是阿伽門農(nóng)和墨涅拉俄斯。
The Atreus family lived in the northwest of Peloponnese, around Olympia. We need to know some important figures to understand the generations of this family. The Atreus family began with Tantalus, whose son was Pelops, whose son was Atreus, and whose sons were Agamemnon and Menelaus.
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阿特柔斯家族和珀?duì)栃匏辜易逵杏H戚關(guān)系，阿特柔斯家族有幾位女性嫁入了珀?duì)栃匏辜易?，比如珀羅普斯的女兒歐律狄刻嫁給了珀?duì)栃匏沟膬鹤佣蚶湛颂芈晌?，她是赫拉克勒斯的奶奶。另外，俄耳甫斯的妻子也叫歐律狄刻。
The Atreus family is related to the Perseus family, and several women from the Atreus family married into the Perseus family, such as Eurydice, the daughter of Pelops, who married Electryon, the son of Perseus, and who was the grandmother of Heracles. In addition, Orpheus' wife was also named Eurydice.
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阿特柔斯和他的雙胞胎兄弟提厄斯忒斯因?yàn)橹\殺了他們同父異母的兄弟克里西普斯而逃離家鄉(xiāng)，他們跑到了邁錫尼避難，歐律斯透斯收留了他們。在歐律斯透斯追殺赫拉克勒斯后裔而離開(kāi)邁錫尼的時(shí)候，他讓他們暫時(shí)管理邁錫尼。但在歐律斯透斯死后，他們成為了邁錫尼的統(tǒng)治者。然后阿特柔斯把和他一同逃難的兄弟提厄斯特斯趕出了邁錫尼，自己成為了國(guó)王。邁錫尼的統(tǒng)治權(quán)就這樣到了阿特柔斯家族手中。后來(lái)阿特柔斯有了兩個(gè)兒子，阿伽門農(nóng)和墨涅拉俄斯。
Atreus and his twin brother Thyestes fled their homeland because they had murdered their half-brother Chrysippus, and they took refuge in Mycenae, where Eurystheus took them in. When Eurystheus left Mycenae in pursuit of the descendants of Heracles, he let them temporarily govern Mycenae. But after the death of Eurystheus, they became the rulers of Mycenae. Then Atreus drove his brother Thyestes, who had fled with him, out of Mycenae and became king himself. The rule of Mycenae came into the hands of the Atreus family. Later Atreus had two sons, Agamemnon and Menelaus.
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被趕跑的提厄斯特斯后來(lái)有了一個(gè)兒子名叫埃癸斯托斯，他殺死了阿特柔斯并將邁錫尼的王位交給了他的父親并且將阿伽門農(nóng)和墨涅拉俄斯驅(qū)逐出了邁錫尼。阿伽門農(nóng)和墨涅拉俄斯兩人一路流亡到了斯巴達(dá)并被國(guó)王廷達(dá)瑞斯所收留。這里就涉及到了第二條故事線，斯巴達(dá)。
The exiled Thyestes later had a son named Aegisthus, who killed Atreus and gave the throne of Mycenae to his father, and expelled Agamemnon and Menelaus from Mycenae. Agamemnon and Menelaus wandered to Sparta and were taken in by King Tyndareus. Here comes the second storyline, Sparta.
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珀?duì)栃匏沟囊粋€(gè)女兒名叫戈?duì)柛旮Ｄ?，名字意為“戈?duì)栘暁⑹帧保@個(gè)名字是為了紀(jì)念他的父親殺死戈?duì)栘暼忝弥坏拿蓝派?。戈?duì)柛旮Ｄ牡诙握煞蚴撬拱瓦_(dá)的國(guó)王俄巴魯斯，他們的兒子就是廷達(dá)瑞斯。廷達(dá)瑞斯后來(lái)娶了埃托利亞的公主麗達(dá)（或“勒達(dá)”，“莉妲”）為妻。
One of Perseus' daughters was named Gorgophone, which means "Gorgon Slayer" and was named in honor of his father who killed Medusa, one of the three Gorgon sisters. Gorgophone's second husband was Oebalus, king of Sparta, and their son was Tyndareus. Tyndareus later married Leda, a princess of Aetolia.
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宙斯看上了廷達(dá)瑞斯的妻子，他變成天鵝勾引麗達(dá)并與她交合，這就是著名的“麗達(dá)與天鵝”的故事。在同一天，麗達(dá)又和自己的丈夫同床，當(dāng)晚她下了兩個(gè)蛋。從每個(gè)蛋里面孵出兩個(gè)孩子，兩男兩女。兩個(gè)男孩名叫卡斯托爾和波魯克斯，他倆合稱“迪奧斯庫(kù)里”兄弟。兩個(gè)女孩名叫克呂泰姆涅斯特拉和海倫。
Zeus fell in love with the wife of Tyndareus, who turned into a swan to seduce Leda and have intercourse with her, which is the famous story of "Leda and the Swan". On the same day, Leda makes love to her husband and that night she lays two eggs. Two children hatched from each egg, two boys and two girls. Two boys named Castor and Pollux, together called "Dioscuri". The two girls are named Clytemnestra and Helen.
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關(guān)于這四個(gè)孩子當(dāng)中哪些孩子是廷達(dá)瑞斯的后代，哪些是宙斯的后代以及哪個(gè)孩子是從哪個(gè)蛋中孵化出來(lái)的記載不一，但通常的說(shuō)法是其中的兩個(gè)孩子是廷達(dá)瑞斯的，并且海倫是宙斯的女兒。
Which children are the offspring of Tyndareus, which are the offspring of Zeus, and which children were hatched from which eggs is not consistent among accounts, but the common story is that two of the children are Tyndareus' and that Helen is the daughter of Zeus.
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當(dāng)阿伽門農(nóng)和墨涅拉俄斯逃到斯巴達(dá)時(shí)他們被廷達(dá)瑞斯收留并在此生活數(shù)年，他倆還分別娶了廷達(dá)瑞斯（海倫的養(yǎng)父）的兩個(gè)女兒?？藚翁┠纺固乩藿o了阿伽門農(nóng)，海倫嫁給了墨涅拉俄斯。再后來(lái)，在廷達(dá)瑞斯的幫助下，阿伽門農(nóng)和墨涅拉俄斯又重新奪回了邁錫尼的統(tǒng)治權(quán)，他們將埃癸斯托斯和提厄斯特斯父子趕出了邁錫尼，阿伽門農(nóng)成為了邁錫尼的國(guó)王。并且在廷達(dá)瑞斯和麗達(dá)退位之后，墨涅拉俄斯和海倫成為斯巴達(dá)的統(tǒng)治者。根據(jù)歐里庇德斯的戲劇，廷達(dá)瑞斯在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束之后，墨涅拉俄斯返回斯巴達(dá)的時(shí)候還活著。這人真挺神的。
When Agamemnon and Menelaus fled to Sparta they were taken in by Tyndareus and lived there for several years, and they married the two daughters of Tyndareus（Helen's adoptive father）. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon and Helen married Menelaus. Then later, with the help of Tyndareus, Agamemnon, and Menelaus regained the rule of Mycenae, and they drove Aegisthus and Thyestes, father and son, out of Mycenae, and Agamemnon became king. And after the abdication of Tyndareus and Leda, Menelaus and Helen became the rulers of Sparta. According to the play of Euripides, Tyndareus was still alive when Menelaus returned to Sparta after the Trojan War. This character is amazing.
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海倫被稱為“世界上最美麗的女人”，她和墨涅拉俄斯育有一個(gè)女兒名叫赫爾彌俄涅。她的媽媽海倫被特洛伊的王子帕里斯劫走的這一年她只有九歲，并且在戰(zhàn)前她已經(jīng)被許配給了阿伽門農(nóng)的兒子俄瑞斯特斯。
Helen was called "the most beautiful woman in the world" and she had a daughter named Hermione with Menelaus. She was just nine years old when her mother Helen was taken by Paris, the prince of Troy, and before the war, she had been betrothed to Agamemnon's son Orestes.
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“赫爾彌俄涅”這個(gè)名字大家可能會(huì)覺(jué)得陌生，但這個(gè)名字還有另一個(gè)譯名叫做“赫敏”。這個(gè)名字大家可能相對(duì)熟悉，她就是哈利波特系列電影中演員艾瑪·沃特森所扮演的角色的名字。不過(guò)哈利波特當(dāng)中赫敏的名字是來(lái)自于莎士比亞的作品《冬天的故事》里面的角色埃爾米奧娜，她是一位賢惠美麗的西西里女王。這三個(gè)角色名字的拼寫完全一樣，只是譯名不同。她們除了都很漂亮之外沒(méi)有什么聯(lián)系。
The name "Hermione" may seem strange to you, but there is another translation of this name called "He Min". The name "He Min" may be relatively familiar to you, she is the name of the character played by the actress Emma Watson in the Harry Potter film series. But the name of Hermione in Harry Potter is from the character Hermione in William Shakespeare's work "The Winter's Tale", she is a virtuous and beautiful Queen of Sicily. The spelling of these three characters' names is the same, only the translation is different. They have no connection except that they are all pretty.
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后來(lái)發(fā)生的故事就是由“不和的金蘋果”所引發(fā)的一系列事件。墨涅拉俄斯的妻子海倫被特洛伊的王子帕里斯劫走直接導(dǎo)致了十年的特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，他的哥哥阿伽門農(nóng)是這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中希臘聯(lián)軍的統(tǒng)帥。特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)可能就發(fā)生在公元前十三世紀(jì)的邁錫尼文明時(shí)期。荷馬在《伊利亞特》當(dāng)中使用亞該亞人這個(gè)名稱來(lái)指代所有希臘人。
What happened afterward was a series of events triggered by the "Golden Apple of Discord". The abduction of Helen, wife of Menelaus, by the Trojan prince Paris directly led to the ten-year Trojan War, in which his brother Agamemnon was the commander of the Greek allied forces. The Trojan War probably took place during the Mycenaean civilization in the thirteenth century B.C. Homer uses the name Achaeans in the Iliad to refer to all Greeks.
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將軍百戰(zhàn)死，壯士十年歸。
After ten years of war, the Greeks returned home.
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墨涅拉俄斯在戰(zhàn)后返回了斯巴達(dá)并和海倫和解。他是阿特柔斯家族少有的得到善終的人。
Menelaus returned to Sparta after the war and reconciled with Helen. He was one of the few of the Atreus family to receive a good end.
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阿伽門農(nóng)由于在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初期向阿爾忒彌斯獻(xiàn)祭了他的女兒伊菲革涅亞而被他的妻子所記恨。在戰(zhàn)后當(dāng)他回到邁錫尼時(shí)，他的妻子克呂泰姆涅斯特拉為了給女兒報(bào)仇伙同她的情人埃癸斯托斯將他殺死，埃癸斯托斯再一次成為了邁錫尼的國(guó)王。這個(gè)埃癸斯托斯就是之前殺死阿特柔斯的提厄斯特斯的兒子。至于他是怎么和阿伽門農(nóng)的老婆搞到一起的說(shuō)法有很多?？傊⑻厝崴辜易宓氖潞軓?fù)雜。
Agamemnon was hated by his wife because he sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to Artemis at the beginning of the war. When he returned to Mycenae after the war, his wife, Clytemnestra, killed him with her lover, Aegisthus, to avenge her daughter's death, and Aegisthus became king of Mycenae once again. This Aegisthus is the son of Thyestes who killed Atreus before. As for how he got involved with Agamemnon's wife there are many stories. In short, the Atreus family is complicated.
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阿伽門農(nóng)和克呂泰姆涅斯特拉的兒子俄瑞斯特斯被人從邁錫尼救了出來(lái)而逃過(guò)一劫。七年之后，俄瑞斯特斯返回邁錫尼殺死了自己的親媽和埃癸斯托斯為自己的父親報(bào)仇。
Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, escaped death by being rescued from Mycenae. Seven years later, Orestes returned to Mycenae and slayed his mother and Aegisthus to avenge his father’s death.
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俄瑞斯特斯由于犯下了殺害血親的罪行而被復(fù)仇女神所糾纏，終日不得安寧。這件事驚動(dòng)了諸神，他們?cè)谘诺浣M織了一個(gè)法庭對(duì)他進(jìn)行了一次審判，法官包括雅典娜在內(nèi)共有十二名。諸神對(duì)他是有罪還是無(wú)罪進(jìn)行了投票，計(jì)票結(jié)果為平局，俄瑞斯特斯被判無(wú)罪釋放。就這樣，被厄運(yùn)蹂躪的阿特柔斯家族的一代又一代人，直到俄瑞斯特斯在諸神的法庭上被判無(wú)罪他們才終于得以解脫?！鞍⑻厝崴辜易宓脑{咒”也隨著這一次審判而結(jié)束。
Orestes was pursued by the Furies for the crime of killing his blood relatives, and he had no peace all day long. When the gods learned of this, they organized a court of twelve judges in Athens, including Athena, to conduct a trial against him. The gods voted on whether he was guilty or innocent, and the tally was a tie, so Orestes was acquitted. Thus, successive generations of the Atreus family, ravaged by misfortune, were finally relieved only when Orestes was acquitted in the court of the gods. The "curse of the House of Atreus" came to an end with this trial.
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俄瑞斯特斯在被釋放后成為了邁錫尼的國(guó)王，并且他的統(tǒng)治進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，包括了整個(gè)伯羅奔尼撒。他娶了戰(zhàn)前就已經(jīng)許配給他的赫爾彌俄涅為妻，他們的兒子叫做提薩梅努斯。最后，俄瑞斯特斯在伯羅奔尼撒中部的阿卡迪亞被蛇咬死。
Orestes became king of Mycenae after his release, and his rule was further extended to include the whole Peloponnese. He married Hermione, who had been betrothed to him before the war, and their son was called Tisamenus. Finally, Orestes died of a snakebite in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese.
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這部分我們主要梳理了一下有關(guān)于阿特柔斯家族，邁錫尼，斯巴達(dá)和特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的內(nèi)容。故事還有第三場(chǎng)。
The above is the content of the Atreus family, Mycenae, Sparta, and the Trojan War. There is a third scene in the story.
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在俄瑞斯特斯死后，他的兒子提薩梅努斯繼承了王位。他是阿特柔斯家族在邁錫尼的最后一任國(guó)王，因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)時(shí)候，赫拉克勒斯的后裔回來(lái)了。
After the death of Orestes, his son Tisamenus succeeded to the throne. He was the last king of the House of Atreus in Mycenae, for at this time the descendants of Heracles returned.
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前面我們提到，赫拉克勒斯的后代被他們的仇敵歐律斯透斯追殺到了雅典，他本人戰(zhàn)死在了那里。見(jiàn)仇敵已死，赫拉克勒斯的長(zhǎng)子希洛斯隨后打算率領(lǐng)他的族人們返回伯羅奔尼撒重新奪回屬于自己的土地和財(cái)產(chǎn)，但他們?cè)谶@里逗留了一年之后因?yàn)橐粓?chǎng)瘟疫而被迫退出了。他們?cè)俅伍_(kāi)始了居無(wú)定所的生活。
As we mentioned earlier, the descendants of Heracles were pursued by the arch-enemy Eurystheus to Athens, where he died in battle. Seeing that his enemies were dead, Heracles' eldest son Hyllus then intended to lead his people back to the Peloponnese to regain their land and property, but after a year's stay, they were forced by a pestilence to quit. They started their wandering life again.
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他們一路流浪到了色薩利，在那里他們不僅獲得了一塊土地并站穩(wěn)了腳跟，并且還擴(kuò)大了自己的領(lǐng)土，將許多的部落納入囊中。事情還要從希洛斯父親的那輩人說(shuō)起。這是一段有關(guān)于赫拉克勒斯和多利安人的往事。
They wandered to Thessaly, where they not only acquired land and established their territory, but also expanded their territory to include many tribes. The story also starts with the generation of Hyllus' father. This is a story about Heracles and the Dorians.
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埃癸彌烏斯是咱們前面提到的多利安人的祖先多魯斯的兒子，他是居住在色薩利的多利安人的部落首領(lǐng)，或者王。在一次多利安人對(duì)拉庇泰人的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)當(dāng)中，他請(qǐng)求赫拉克勒斯幫助他們，并且他答應(yīng)赫拉克勒斯如果自己征服了拉庇泰人，會(huì)將自己三分之一的領(lǐng)土贈(zèng)給他。后來(lái)在赫拉克勒斯的幫助下埃癸彌烏斯征服了拉庇泰人，他信守承諾將自己三分之一的領(lǐng)土贈(zèng)與了赫拉克勒斯，但赫拉克勒斯沒(méi)要，將領(lǐng)土又還給了他。赫拉克勒斯事了拂衣去，埃癸彌烏斯就這樣欠了他一個(gè)人情。
Aegimius was the son of Dorus, the ancestor of the Dorians we mentioned earlier, and he was the tribal leader (or king) of the Dorians living in Thessaly. During a war between the Dorians and the Lapiths, he asked Heracles to help them, and he promised Heracles that if he conquered the Lapiths, he would give him one-third of his territory. Later, with the help of Heracles, Aegimius conquered Lapiths, and he kept his promise to give one-third of his territory to Heracles, but Heracles did not take the land for himself, but gave it back to him. Heracles left, and Aegimius thus owed him a favor.
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如今赫拉克勒斯的后裔輾轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)到了色薩利，來(lái)到了多利安人的地盤，埃癸彌烏斯收留了他們并將赫拉克勒斯的兒子希洛斯收為養(yǎng)子。更重要的是埃癸彌烏斯將當(dāng)年給赫拉克勒斯的承諾兌現(xiàn)給了他的兒子，將自己三分之一的領(lǐng)土贈(zèng)與了他。就這樣赫拉克勒斯的后裔終于有了自己的土地。這個(gè)事件標(biāo)志著赫拉克勒斯后裔和多利安人的融合，這一點(diǎn)很重要。
Now the descendants of Heracles came to Thessaly, to the land of the Dorians, and Aegimius took them in and adopted Heracles' son Hyllus. What is more important is that Aegimius honored the promise given to Heracles back then to his son by gifting him one-third of his territory. Thus the descendants of Heracles finally had their land. This event was important, it marked the integration of the descendants of Heracles and the Dorians.
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在埃癸彌烏斯死后，他的兩個(gè)兒子潘菲羅斯和迪馬斯臣服于希洛斯。到這時(shí)，希洛斯事實(shí)上已經(jīng)擁有了色薩利全部的多利安人的土地并且成為了多利安人的首領(lǐng)。多利安人的三個(gè)分支就以這三個(gè)人的名字被命名為了潘菲利亞，迪馬那斯和希利安。
After the death of Aegimius, his two sons, Pamphylus and Dymas, submitted to Hyllus. By this time, Hyllus owned all the Dorian lands in Thessaly and became the leader of the Dorians. The three branches of the Dorians were named after these three heroes as Pamphylia, Dymanes, and Hylleans.
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希洛斯的父親以及他族人被赫拉以及歐律斯透斯所迫害的記憶一直縈繞在他的心中，他也一直沒(méi)有忘記他們被趕出伯羅奔尼撒居無(wú)定所的日子。如今他已經(jīng)成為了多利安人的首領(lǐng)，他關(guān)心的只有一件事，征服伯羅奔尼撒，得到他們本應(yīng)擁有也必將擁有的一切，只有這樣他父親和他族人所蒙受的屈辱才可以得到洗刷。如今他已經(jīng)有了可以一搏的實(shí)力，只欠一個(gè)好的時(shí)機(jī)。
The memory of the persecution of his father and his people by Hera and Eurystheus haunted him, and he never forgot the days when they were driven out of the Peloponnese and left without shelter. Now that he had become the chief of the Dorians, he was concerned with only one thing: conquering the Peloponnese and acquiring what they should and would have so that the humiliation suffered by his father and his people could be cleared. Now that he has the strength to fight, he only needs an opportunity.
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希洛斯請(qǐng)求德?tīng)栰成裰I，詢問(wèn)他能否前往伯羅奔尼撒。神諭告訴他兩句話，首先他要等待“第三個(gè)果實(shí)”（或“第三次收獲”），其次要從“一條狹窄的海上通道”進(jìn)入伯羅奔尼撒。
Hyllus consulted the Delphic Oracle, asking if he could head to the Peloponnese. The Oracle told him two things: first, he had to wait for "the third fruit" (or "the third crop"), and second, he had to enter the Peloponnese by "a narrow passage by sea".
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三年之后，希洛斯率領(lǐng)部族通過(guò)科林斯地峽進(jìn)攻伯羅奔尼撒，他遇上了歐律斯透斯的繼任者阿特柔斯。這次進(jìn)攻沒(méi)有成功，希洛斯戰(zhàn)死。此后他們又進(jìn)行了第二次嘗試，仍以失敗告終。希洛斯的兒子克里奧迪烏斯進(jìn)行的第三次嘗試和他的孫子阿里斯托馬科斯進(jìn)行的第四次嘗試都沒(méi)有成功。
Three years later, Hyllus led his tribe through the Isthmus of Corinth to attack the Peloponnesus, where he met Eurystheus' successor, Atreus. The attack was unsuccessful and Hyllus was killed in battle. After that, they made a second attempt, which still failed. A third attempt by Hyllus' son Cleodaeus and a fourth attempt by his grandson Aristomachus were unsuccessful.
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阿里斯托馬科斯的三個(gè)兒子泰米努斯，阿里斯托德穆斯和克瑞斯豐忒斯意識(shí)到神諭告訴他們的“第三個(gè)果實(shí)”是指“第三代人”，也就是從希洛斯開(kāi)始之后的第三代人，正好是泰米努斯的這代人。而“狹窄的海上通道”指的不是科林斯地峽，而是指科林斯灣的里翁海峽。里翁是伯羅奔尼撒的最北端，這里距離希臘本土南部的安提里翁非常近。有多近呢，2004年通車的里翁-安提里翁大橋全長(zhǎng)2880米。
Aristomachus' three sons, Temenus, Aristodemus, and Cresphontes, realized that "the third fruit" that the oracle told them meant "the third generation," that is, the third generation after Hyllus, which happened to be Temenus' generation. And "the narrow passage by sea" does not refer to the Isthmus of Corinth, but to the Strait of Rio in the Gulf of Corinth. Rio is the northernmost point of the Peloponnese, which is very close to Antirrio, in the south of mainland Greece. How close is it? The Rio-Antirrio Bridge, which opened in 2004, is 2,880 meters long.
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在他們正確地理解神諭的啟示后，泰米努斯和兄弟們率領(lǐng)多利安人乘船從里翁進(jìn)入了伯羅奔尼撒，他們與半島的統(tǒng)治者俄瑞斯特斯的兒子提薩梅努斯進(jìn)行了一場(chǎng)決戰(zhàn)。提薩梅努斯戰(zhàn)敗被殺，邁錫尼的統(tǒng)治權(quán)易主，阿特柔斯家族在伯羅奔尼撒的統(tǒng)治結(jié)束。赫拉克勒斯的后裔，或者說(shuō)多利安人成功征服了伯羅奔尼撒，他們成為了半島新的主人。這次征服被認(rèn)為發(fā)生在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后的八十年左右。而這次征服就被稱為“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸”，但它在之后的歷史當(dāng)中還有一個(gè)我們前面反復(fù)提到過(guò)的名字，“多利安人入侵”。這里需要大家注意，這兩個(gè)概念并不是一回事，我后面會(huì)詳細(xì)說(shuō)。
After they correctly understood the revelation of the Oracle, Temenus and his brothers led the Dorians in ships from Rio into the Peloponnese, where they fought a decisive battle with Tisamenus, son of Orestes, the ruler of the peninsula. Tisamenus was defeated and slain, and the rule of Mycenae changed hands, ending the rule of the House of Atreus in the Peloponnese. The descendants of Heracles, or the Dorians, succeeded in conquering the Peloponnese, and they became the new masters of the peninsula. This conquest is thought to have taken place about eighty years after the end of the Trojan War. This conquest is known as the "Return of the Heraclidae", but it also goes by the name we have repeatedly mentioned before the "Dorian Invasion". It is important to note here that these two concepts are not the same thing, which I will elaborate on later.
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此后，阿爾戈斯，斯巴達(dá)，科林斯和馬其頓的王室都聲稱他們有多利安人的血統(tǒng)或者是“大力神”赫拉克勒斯的后裔。而赫拉克勒斯家族在伯羅奔尼撒的統(tǒng)治一直持續(xù)到了斯巴達(dá)的衰落，也就是公元前192年斯巴達(dá)被亞該亞同盟擊敗并被迫加入同盟。
Thereafter the royal houses of Argos, Sparta, Corinth, and Macedonia all claimed to have Dorian blood or to be descended from Heracles. And the rule of the Heracles family in the Peloponnese lasted until the fall of Sparta, which was 192 BC when Sparta was defeated by the Achaean League and forced to join it.
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根據(jù)希羅多德和保薩尼亞斯的說(shuō)法，在傳說(shuō)中的多利安人入侵期間，生活在伯羅奔尼撒的亞該亞人有的被征服，有的被驅(qū)逐到了半島的北部，這一地區(qū)便得名“亞該亞”。而在歷史當(dāng)中，在邁錫尼文明毀滅之后，亞該亞人可能繼續(xù)生活在伯羅奔尼撒。這里就是傳說(shuō)和歷史的交界處了。亞該亞人在古典希臘時(shí)期居住在伯羅奔尼撒半島北部的亞該亞地區(qū)，并且他們和其他的希臘主要部族不同，亞該亞人沒(méi)有單獨(dú)的語(yǔ)言，他們使用多利克希臘語(yǔ)。
According to Herodotus and Pausanias, during the legendary Dorian invasion, the Achaeans living in the Peloponnese were either conquered or deported to the northern part of the peninsula, giving the area its name "Achaea". And in history, after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization, the Achaeans probably continued to live in the Peloponnese. This is where legend and history meet. The Achaeans lived in the region of Achaea in the northern Peloponnese in classical Greek times, and unlike the other major Greek tribes, the Achaeans did not have a separate dialect; they spoke the Doric Greek.
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在公元前五世紀(jì)之后，先后形成了兩個(gè)以亞該亞為中心的城邦聯(lián)盟，它們?cè)诓_奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后的歷史當(dāng)中產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。其影響不僅限于伯羅奔尼撒半島北部和中部，還包括了希臘大陸的南部。
After the fifth century B.C., two Achaea-centered city-state confederations were formed, which had an important influence on the history after the Peloponnesian War. Their influence was not limited to the northern and central Peloponnese but also included the southern part of mainland Greece.
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第一個(gè)亞該亞同盟成立于公元前五世紀(jì)，第二個(gè)亞該亞同盟成立于公元前280年。在這期間同盟不斷在馬其頓和羅馬之間周旋并在第二次馬其頓戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)當(dāng)中聯(lián)合羅馬擊敗斯巴達(dá)并控制了整個(gè)伯羅奔尼撒半島，但好景不長(zhǎng)。在馬其頓被羅馬擊敗之后，同盟在公元前146年的亞該亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束之后被解散，亞該亞被并入羅馬的馬其頓行省。公元前27年，奧古斯都將這里設(shè)立為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的行省，亞該亞行省。
The first Achaean League was founded in the fifth century B.C. and the second in 280 B.C. During this period, the League continued to maneuver between Macedonia and Rome and united with Rome to defeat Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese in the Second Macedonian War, but it did not last long. After Macedonia was defeated by Rome, the League was dissolved after the Achaean War in 146 BC and Achaea was incorporated into the Roman province of Macedonia. In 27 BC Augustus established it as a separate province, the province of Achaea（Achaia）.
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以上這部分就是有關(guān)于赫拉克勒斯家族，多利安人和亞該亞人的內(nèi)容。有一點(diǎn)需要我們注意，那就是亞該亞人即使不是邁錫尼人的后裔，也是和邁錫尼有很大關(guān)系的。
The above section is about the family of Heracles, the Dorians, and the Achaeans. One thing we need to pay attention to is that the Achaeans are very much related to Mycenae, even if they are not descended from the Mycenaeans.
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簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)一下。我們通過(guò)伯羅奔尼撒三大家族的興衰，從神話到傳說(shuō)再到歷史，簡(jiǎn)單串了一下有關(guān)于邁錫尼，亞該亞人和多利安人的內(nèi)容。
To summarize. We have connected the contents of the Mycenae, Achaeans, and Dorians through the rise and fall of the three Peloponnesian families, from myth to legend to history.
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講完上述這些內(nèi)容，多利安人的故事我們也就知道了。
After telling all of the above, the story of the Dorians is known to us.
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一種被廣泛相信的說(shuō)法是，多利安人起源于希臘北方的山區(qū)，可能是馬其頓或伊庇魯斯一帶，他們由于某些原因南下進(jìn)入伯羅奔尼撒半島并在克里特島，羅德島，西西里島以及小亞西海岸等地定居，這一事件被稱為多利安人入侵。多利安人講多利克希臘語(yǔ)，這是合唱抒情詩(shī)的傳統(tǒng)方言，它在古典希臘時(shí)期是西部希臘語(yǔ)組群的主要語(yǔ)言。
A widely believed theory is that the Dorians originated in the mountains of northern Greece, probably around Macedonia or Epirus, and for some reason, they moved south into the Peloponnese and settled in Crete, Rhodes Sicily, and the western coast of Asia Minor, an event known as the Dorian invasion. The Dorians spoke Doric Greek, the traditional dialect of choral lyric poetry, which was the main language of the Western Greek group in the Classical Greek period.
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關(guān)于多利安人我們前面提到了他們的武化傳統(tǒng)，他們最典型的城邦就是斯巴達(dá)。整個(gè)斯巴達(dá)社會(huì)是圍繞提高其軍事能力而運(yùn)行的。
Regarding the Dorians, we mentioned earlier their martial tradition, and their most typical city-state is Sparta. The entire Spartan society was run around improving its military proficiency.
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所有的斯巴達(dá)人都是優(yōu)秀的戰(zhàn)士。據(jù)說(shuō)在孩子出生時(shí)他們會(huì)對(duì)其進(jìn)行檢查并將那些不合格的孩子遺棄。男性會(huì)在七歲時(shí)離開(kāi)家庭進(jìn)行集體生活并接受軍事訓(xùn)練直至20歲成為正式軍人，他們需要為城邦服役至60歲。其他希臘城邦的軍隊(duì)都是征召的公民士兵，他們打完仗是要回家種地的。而斯巴達(dá)卻擁有一支常備軍。
All Spartans are excellent warriors. They are said to examine the children at birth and abandon those who are unfit. Men would leave their families at the age of seven to live in groups and undergo military training until they became full soldiers at the age of 20, and they were required to serve the city-state until the age of 60. The armies of the other Greek city-states were conscripted citizen-soldiers who needed to return home to farm after the battle was over. Sparta, on the other hand, had a standing army.
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斯巴達(dá)的女性不事家務(wù)，而是進(jìn)行體能訓(xùn)練。她們的職責(zé)是為城邦貢獻(xiàn)強(qiáng)壯的后代。斯巴達(dá)人相信只有強(qiáng)壯的母親才能為城邦貢獻(xiàn)更多優(yōu)秀的戰(zhàn)士。也因此多利安婦女比其他希臘婦女擁有更大的自由和經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力。
The women of Sparta did not do domestic work but trained physically. Their duty was to contribute strong offspring to the city-state. The Spartans believed that only strong mothers could contribute more good warriors to the city-state. This is also why Dorian women had more freedom and economic power than other Greek women.
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斯巴達(dá)人不從事生產(chǎn)，生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)由奴隸進(jìn)行。城邦擁有大量的奴隸，他們大多是在與斯巴達(dá)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)當(dāng)中被征服的人口，最典型的就是希洛人。
The Spartans did not engage in production, which was carried out by slaves. The city-state had a large number of slaves, mostly from the population conquered in the wars with Sparta, most typically the Helots.
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斯巴達(dá)就是一個(gè)兵營(yíng)。
Sparta was a barracks.
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多利安人的文化遺產(chǎn)我們需要了解的有三個(gè)。首先在音樂(lè)方面他們有多利安調(diào)式，音樂(lè)家會(huì)將這種調(diào)式和軍事品質(zhì)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。電子游戲《光環(huán)》和《憤怒的小鳥》的主題曲就有這種調(diào)式。其次在建筑方面他們有古希臘三種基本柱式之一的多利克柱式，這種柱式以其簡(jiǎn)單的外形和力量感而聞名。古羅馬建筑師維特魯威將多利克柱式和男性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，認(rèn)為其具有男性氣質(zhì)。最后是一個(gè)形容詞，“斯巴達(dá)式的”，意為簡(jiǎn)樸的，清苦的。
There are three things we need to know about the cultural heritage of the Dorians. First, in music, they have the Dorian mode, which musicians associate with martial qualities. The themes of the video games Halo and Angry Birds have this mode. Secondly, in architecture, they had the Doric order, one of the three basic orders of ancient Greece, which was known for its simple form and sense of strength. The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius associated the Doric order with masculinity. The last is an adjective, "Spartan" meaning simple, frugal.
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愛(ài)奧尼亞人是和多利安人相對(duì)的一個(gè)族群。多利安人是尚武的民族，愛(ài)奧尼亞人就是尚文的民族。與簡(jiǎn)樸，嚴(yán)肅的多利安人不同，愛(ài)奧尼亞人以熱愛(ài)哲學(xué)、藝術(shù)、民主和享樂(lè)而聞名，這些愛(ài)奧尼亞人的特質(zhì)在雅典人身上表現(xiàn)得最為鮮明。愛(ài)奧尼克柱式相比于多利克柱式要更加細(xì)長(zhǎng)，維特魯威將愛(ài)奧尼克柱式和女性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，認(rèn)為其具有女性氣質(zhì)。
Ionians are the opposite of the Dorians. While the Dorians are a martial people, the Ionians are a civilized people. Unlike the simple, serious Dorians, the Ionians were renowned for their love of philosophy, art, democracy, and pleasure, the Ionian traits most famously expressed by the Athenians. The Ionic order is more slender than the Doric order, and Vitruvius associates the Ionic order with feminine proportions.
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據(jù)說(shuō)當(dāng)多利安人入侵伯羅奔尼撒半島時(shí)，許多愛(ài)奧尼亞人遷徙到了小亞西海岸形成了愛(ài)奧尼亞地區(qū)。鑒于雅典和斯巴達(dá)的種種差異，修昔底德認(rèn)為伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的一部分是愛(ài)奧尼亞人和多利安人的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
It is said that when the Dorians invaded the Peloponnese, many Ionians migrated to the western coast of Asia Minor to form the Ionian region. Given all the differences between Athens and Sparta, Thucydides believed that part of the Peloponnesian War was a war between the Ionians and the Dorians.
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愛(ài)奧尼亞人使用愛(ài)奧尼克希臘語(yǔ)（或愛(ài)奧尼亞方言），它在古典希臘時(shí)期屬于東部希臘語(yǔ)組群，早期的愛(ài)奧尼亞學(xué)派的著作以及眾多散文和詩(shī)歌都使用愛(ài)奧尼克希臘語(yǔ)。它主要在愛(ài)琴海沿岸地區(qū)使用，包括小亞西海岸的愛(ài)奧尼亞地區(qū)，優(yōu)卑亞島和基克拉澤斯群島等地區(qū)。根據(jù)兩種方言的分布特征，我會(huì)把多利克希臘語(yǔ)記憶為“山區(qū)方言”或“內(nèi)陸方言”，把愛(ài)奧尼克希臘語(yǔ)記憶為“島嶼方言”或“海洋方言”。有兩個(gè)重要的方言和愛(ài)奧尼克希臘語(yǔ)有關(guān)，一個(gè)是荷馬希臘語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是阿提卡希臘語(yǔ)。
The Ionians used the Ionic Greek (or Ionian dialect), which belonged to the Eastern Greek grouping during the Classical Greek period, and was used in the writings of the early Ionian school as well as in numerous prose and poems. It is mainly used in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea, including the Ionian region on the west coast of Asia Minor, the island of Euboea and the Cyclades, and other areas. Based on the distribution characteristics of the two dialects, I would remember Doric Greek as a "mountain dialect" or "inland dialect" and Ionic Greek as an "island dialect" or "sea dialect". There are two important dialects related to Ionic Greek, one is Homeric Greek and the other is Attic Greek.
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荷馬希臘語(yǔ)是寫作《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》的語(yǔ)言，它以愛(ài)奧尼克希臘語(yǔ)為主。這種文學(xué)語(yǔ)言的韻律感很強(qiáng)，其節(jié)奏形式被稱為“長(zhǎng)短短六步格”（或稱“強(qiáng)弱弱六步格”）。這種語(yǔ)言后來(lái)被很多的詩(shī)人所使用，故也被稱作史詩(shī)希臘語(yǔ)。
Homeric Greek, the language used in the Iliad and the Odyssey, is consisting mainly of Ionic Greek. This literary language has a strong sense of rhythm, and its rhythmic form is known as a Dactylic hexameter. This language was later used by many poets and is therefore also known as Epic Greek.
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阿提卡希臘語(yǔ)是包括雅典在內(nèi)的阿提卡地區(qū)使用的方言。在古典希臘時(shí)期阿提卡希臘語(yǔ)和愛(ài)奧尼克希臘語(yǔ)同屬于東部希臘語(yǔ)組群，而且它一般被歸類為愛(ài)奧尼克希臘語(yǔ)的一支或者是它的姐妹方言。這種方言是眾多的雅典作家，劇作家和歷史學(xué)家所使用的語(yǔ)言，例如柏拉圖，亞里士多德，色諾芬，修昔底德，埃斯庫(kù)羅斯，索?？死账沟取：髞?lái)的通用希臘語(yǔ)正是以阿提卡希臘語(yǔ)為基礎(chǔ)的，它是和希臘語(yǔ)最接近的古希臘方言。
Attic Greek is the dialect spoken in the Attica region, including Athens. In Classical Greece, Attic Greek belonged to the same Eastern Greek group as Ionic Greek, and it was generally classified as a branch of Ionic Greek or as its sister dialect. This dialect was the language used by numerous Athenian writers, dramatists, and historians, such as Plato, Aristotle, Xenophon, Thucydides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, etc. The later Koine Greek is based on Attic Greek. It is the ancient Greek dialect most similar to Greek.
