【理論04】注意力偏差,attentional bias


釋義
The tendency to pay attention to some things while simultaneously ignoring others. Attentional bias affects not only the things that we perceive in the environment but the decisions that we make based upon our perceptions.
一個(gè)人過(guò)度關(guān)注環(huán)境中的特定訊息 ,此時(shí)個(gè)體會(huì)忽視其他訊息 。注意力偏差可以解釋一個(gè)人在被現(xiàn)有的思路占據(jù)時(shí),沒(méi)有考慮其他的可能性。
例子
(1)臺(tái)上人的過(guò)度緊張:將注意力集中在自己的動(dòng)作、聲音、形象上,而不是自己的內(nèi)容。
(2)最近發(fā)生的事情容易在做決定的時(shí)候權(quán)重變大,從而影響決定。
(3)當(dāng)注意力關(guān)注到一個(gè)事物,會(huì)觸發(fā)自身的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制,當(dāng)吸煙者看到別人吸煙時(shí)候,也會(huì)注意到自己吸煙時(shí)候的舒服感覺(jué),而早把自己要戒煙的事情忘的一干二凈。
原因
(1)注意力有限,會(huì)選擇容易處理的信息。
(2)進(jìn)化的結(jié)果:大腦習(xí)慣用直覺(jué)處理信息,可以節(jié)省能量。
如何應(yīng)對(duì)
(1)Assess your thinking:冷靜,嘗試發(fā)散注意力,隔離大腦和事務(wù)的興奮程度
(2)有意識(shí)地?cái)U(kuò)大觀察樣本
(3)Practice mindfulness:練習(xí)正念冥想,學(xué)習(xí)更好地控制自己的注意力
相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)
Ben-Haim M, Williams P, Howard Z, Mama Y, Eidels A, Algom D. The emotional Stroop task: Assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content. J Vis Exp. 2016;(112):53720.
Lichtenstein-Vidne L, Okon-Singer H, Cohen N, et al. Attentional bias in clinical depression and anxiety: The impact of emotional and non-emotional distracting information. Biol Psychol. 2017;122:4-12.?
Nummenmaa L, Hietanen JK, Calvo MG, Hy?n? J. Food catches the eye but not for everyone: A BMI–contingent attentional bias in rapid detection of nutriments. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(5):e19215.
Field M, Munafò MR, Franken IH. A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between attentional bias and subjective craving in substance abuse. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(4):589-607