今天查碩螯戾蝎（Tityus magnimanus）資料時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)到了Kova?ík大佬這篇關(guān)于證明T. ythieri和T. magnimanus是同一種東西的文章，其中對(duì)DNA的分析略去（不懂且暫無必要）。提取了其中三個(gè)部分進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)：

（1）實(shí)驗(yàn)材料的飼養(yǎng)——借鑒飼養(yǎng)方法；

（2）不同時(shí)期的照片——收集當(dāng)作圖鑒；

（3）完整的生命周期。

標(biāo)題：Tityus ythieri Louren?o, 2007 is a synonym of Tityus magnimanus Pocock, 1897 (Scorpiones: Buthidae): a combined approach using morphology, hybridization experiments, chromosomes, and mitochondrial DNA

Tityus ythieri (Louren?o, 2007)是Tityus magnimanus (Pocock, 1897)（蝎目：殺牛蝎科)的同義名：基于結(jié)合形態(tài)學(xué)、雜交實(shí)驗(yàn)、染色體和線粒體DNA的方法。

1. 飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境

Breeding conditions

Specimens were kept together in sibling groups at temperatures ranging from 22 to 30°C, on a substrate of moistened lignocel and pieces of bark added for hiding. Food consisted exclusively of crickets Acheta domestica of suitable size. As soon as a specimen underwent an ecdysis, it was transferred into another similarly furnished enclosure. In this way each of the sibling groups was split into two to three enclosures with a different frequency/volume of feeding (as an ecdysis approaches, the intake of food declines). Individuals were marked with acetone-based paints that beekeepers use to mark queens. We used four colors on different body parts, most often on the legs. In each group we marked only those juveniles that were the first and last to undergo an ecdysis, whereas in mature specimens we marked every individual of which life parameters (longevity, number, and periodicity of clutches) were followed.

樣本按照同窩群養(yǎng)，溫度在22到30℃的溫度范圍內(nèi)變化，用濕潤的木質(zhì)纖維（注：從論文圖片看應(yīng)為椰土）作為基質(zhì)，上面放幾片樹皮用作躲避。食物只包括大小合適的蟋蟀Acheta domestica（注：就是常見的“白蟋蟀”）。一旦樣本蛻皮，它就被轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)布設(shè)環(huán)境類似的容器中。通過這種方式，每窩被分成2~3個(gè)不同頻率/攝食量的圍欄（因?yàn)榕R近蛻皮，食物攝入量會(huì)下降）。每只個(gè)體用丙酮顏料做標(biāo)記——養(yǎng)蜂人用它來標(biāo)記蜂王。我們?cè)谏眢w的不同部位使用了四種顏色，最常用的是腿部。在每一組中，我們只標(biāo)記了第一個(gè)和最后一個(gè)蛻皮的蝎苗，而在成體樣本中，我們標(biāo)記了每一只的生命參數(shù)（壽命、數(shù)量和繁殖周期）。

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總結(jié)：可見即使是混養(yǎng)也要盡量保證同窩的原則。巧的是在幾個(gè)小時(shí)前某群爬友就分享他混養(yǎng)的4只林神異距蝎在放入一只新的后，4只分食之的殘骸，所以蝎子的社會(huì)性值得引起重視。即便如此，根據(jù)個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，碩螯戾蝎在2L剛下背后互吃基本沒有，但3L后互吃極其嚴(yán)重（與常見的金幽靈相比）并且是在食物比較充足的情況下，幾乎均為剛蛻皮或是過程中被吃，因此如果考慮損耗，單養(yǎng)為妙。同時(shí)注意到試驗(yàn)中的食物來源單一，僅為蟋蟀，不知對(duì)后期的周期觀測(cè)會(huì)不會(huì)存在營養(yǎng)不均衡導(dǎo)致的滯后影響。個(gè)人飼養(yǎng)時(shí)蟋蟀為主，摻混櫻桃蟑螂幼體。

2.1 形態(tài)學(xué)（圖集）

Figures 1–10: Tityus magnimanus, Venezuela, Falcón Province, FKCP. 1–2. Dorsal and ventral views, ♂ (65 mm). 3–4. Dorsal and ventral views, ♀ (65 mm). 5–6, 10. Dorsal and ventral views, and metasoma ventral, ♀ (65 mm) immediately after last (maturation) ecdysis. 7. Juvenile after second ecdysis. 8. Juvenile after third ecdysis. 9. Juvenile immediately before fourth ecdysis

圖1-10：碩螯戾蝎（委內(nèi)瑞拉，F(xiàn)alcón省）（注：這里原文沒有給FKCP縮寫意思，從該大佬其他文章來看可能是Franti?ek Kova?ík, private collection, Prague, Czech Republic——來自捷克的作者的藏品）圖1-2：背面和腹部（6.5mm公）；圖3-4：背面和腹部（6.5mm母）；圖5-6、10：新成體剛蛻的背面和腹部、后體腹側(cè)面（6.5mm母）；圖7：3齡幼體；圖8：4齡幼體；圖9：5齡幼體。

Figures 11–13: Tityus magnimanus, Venezuela, Falcón Province, FKCP. 11. Juvenile in last phase of fourth ecdysis. 12. Immature female after fourth ecdysis. 13. Adult male after fourth ecdysis.

圖11-13：圖11：4齡幼體的最后階段（進(jìn)5齡）；圖12：5齡壓成母；圖13：5齡成公

Figures 14–16: Tityus magnimanus, Venezuela, Falcón Province, FKCP. 14. Adult female after fifth ecdysis. 15. Female at delivery. 16. Female with juveniles and eggs.

圖14-16：圖14：6齡成體母；圖15：分娩時(shí)的雌性；圖16：雌性和蝎苗和“水蛋”

Figures 17–19: Tityus magnimanus. 17. Male and female with juveniles. Direct descendants of the female holotype and male paratype of Tityus ythieri Lourenco, 2007. 18–19. Female from Venezuela, Falcón Province. 18. Female with juveniles before first ecdysis. 19. Female with juvs after and in first ecdysis.

圖17-19：圖17：公和負(fù)仔的母。T. ythieri（注：也就是碩螯戾蝎）的直系母正模公副模（Lourenco, 2007）；圖18-19：委內(nèi)瑞拉采集的雌性：圖18：母背著1齡苗；圖19：母背著2齡苗和1齡苗。

2.2 形態(tài)學(xué)（描述）

DIAGNOSIS. Adults 45–72 mm long. Females mature after fifth ecdysis; males mature after fourth or fifth ecdysis, which determines their final size. Base color reddish yellow to dark reddish (depending on age), young spotted. Pectinal teeth number 17–23. Subaculear tooth short and strongly spinoid. Basal middle lamella of female pectines dilated. Fixed and movable fingers of pedipalps with 14/16 rows of granules that include external and internal granules. Movable finger with minute basal tubercle in both sexes. Ventral carinae of third and fourth metasomal segments in Y-shaped configuration. Manus of pedipalp narrower in female than in male. Metasoma slightly longer in male than in female.

鑒別

成體長45-72mm。雌性在第五次蛻皮后成熟；雄性在第四或第五次蛻皮后成熟（注：從2.3表格可見也有公進(jìn)6齡才成體的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)），這決定了它們最終的大小?；河砂l(fā)紅的黃色到深紅色（取決于年齡），幼體有斑點(diǎn)。櫛齒數(shù)17-23。副刺瘤較短，呈明顯棘狀。雌性櫛狀器的第一中間薄板膨大（注：也就是雌性有“大齒”，但那并不是櫛齒）。定指和動(dòng)指分別有14和16排顆粒，包括外顆粒和內(nèi)顆粒。公母動(dòng)指根部都有微小的瘤。后體第III和第IV腹板呈Y形結(jié)構(gòu)。雌肢的須肢比雄肢窄。男性的后體比女性稍長。

2.3 生命周期

原文給出了一張表格：

Table 1: Data on development of captive specimens as well as information on subsequent births and longevity of several individuals of T. magnimanus and T. ythieri.

表1：碩螯戾蝎飼養(yǎng)樣本的成長數(shù)據(jù)及部分后代的出生和壽命數(shù)據(jù)

由于二者已是同一物種，所以對(duì)物種列不加區(qū)分（所謂“雜交”也視作同一物種），以1、2、3、4表示。翻譯、匯總后得：

翻譯及總結(jié)有誤之處請(qǐng)多指正，祝飼養(yǎng)順利。