The suffix -ism

后綴-ism

The Esperanto suffix?-ism-?can be used to denote a world view, religion, ideology or system, similarly to the suffix "-ism" in English. It can be attached

在世界語里，后綴-ism-能用于表示世界觀、宗教，觀念或者制度，就和英語里的后綴“-ism”類似：

1. either to a word that describes the worldview or system, as in?naciismo(nationalism) and?komunismo"?(communism), derived from?nacio?(nation) and?komuna?(common, as in common ownership),

   這個后綴可以和表示世界觀或者社會制度的單詞相結(jié)合：例如naciismo(民族主義) 和?komunismo"?（共產(chǎn)主義），源自于nacio（民族）和komuna（共同，共同的所有權）
   

2. or to the name of the founder of that worldview or religion, as in?budhismo?(Buddhism) and?marksismo?(Marxism),

   也可以和以創(chuàng)始人的名字命名的世界觀或者宗教相結(jié)合：例如budhismo （佛教）和marksismo （馬克思主義）。
   

3. or to a word that denotes an adherent of that worldview or religion, as in?kristanismo?(Christianity),?hinduismo?(Hinduism),?judismo?(Judaism) and?veganismo?(veganism), which are derived from?kristano?(a Christian),?hinduo?(a Hindu),?judo?(a Jew) and?vegano?(a vegan).

   還可以和表示世界觀或者信徒的詞相結(jié)合，例如kristanismo (基督教), hinduismo (印度教), judismo (猶太教) 還有veganismo (素食主義)，上述的詞來自于kristano (基督徒), hinduo (印度教徒), judo (猶太教徒) 和 vegano (素食者).
   

More about the -ism and -ist affixes

關于詞綴-ism和-ist的內(nèi)容

If you are interested in exploring this topic in more detail, read on.

如果你想知道這個話題的更多內(nèi)容，就請繼續(xù)看下文吧：

In 1. above, the adherent of that worldview is usually named by replacing the suffix?-ism-?by?-ist-. So?naciisto?and?komunisto?mean?a nationalist?and?a communist.?

在上文的第一點中，那些世界觀的信仰者們可以用后綴-ist-來代替-ism-。因此，naciisto?和?komunisto的意思也是民族主義者和共產(chǎn)主義者。

However, as?-ist-?also denotes a profession, this can in some cases cause confusion, as in the word?kapitalisto?(a capitalist), which is usually used for a person in control of capital rather than for an adherent of capitalism.?

然而，后綴-ist-也有表示職業(yè)的意思，所以可能會在某些情況讓人產(chǎn)生歧義，就像單詞kapitalisto（資本家），通常是用來表示控制資本的人而不是資本主義的支持者。

To clearly name an adherent in such a case, one can add the suffix?-an-?after?-ism. So?kapitalismano?is a clear word for an adherent of capitalism, which should not be confused with a capitalist in the sense of a person in control of capital.

為了在這種情況下能夠讓人區(qū)別開來，可以在后綴-ism后面再添加后綴-an。得到的kapitalismano的意思就是一個明確表示資本主義的支持者的單詞。這樣就不會和那個控制資本的人（資本家）弄混了?。

In 2. above, the adherent of that world view can be named by replacing?-ism-?by either?-ist-?or?-an-?(-ist-?is generally prefered for adherents of a non-religious worldview named after a person, and?-an-?for adherents of a religion named after a person): So?marksisto?means "a Marxist", while a Buddhist can be called either?budhano?or?budhisto?(the first one is a little bit more common).

在上文的第二點，對于某種世界觀的支持者的可以用后綴-ist-和-an-來替代后綴-ism-（后綴-ist-通常用于以人命名的非宗教世界觀的信仰者，而-an-通常用于以人命名的宗教的信仰者）：所以，marksisto的意思是馬克思主義者，而佛教徒既可以翻譯為?budhano，也可以翻譯為budhisto（budhano要比budhisto常見）

The word?islamo?(Islam) is the name of the religion, and the word of its adherents is formed using the suffix?-an-:?islamano?(a Muslim). If you add the suffix?-ism-?to?islamo, the resulting word?islamismo?is usually understood as a political ideology based on Islam, like the word "Islamism" in English.

單詞islamo（伊斯蘭教）是宗教的名字，它的信徒則是和后綴-an-組合而成：islamano（穆斯林）。如果你用islamo和后綴-ism-結(jié)合，得到的單詞islamismo通常用來表示從伊斯蘭中產(chǎn)生的意識形態(tài)（即伊斯蘭主義），如同英語里的“Islamism”。

Note that the word?kristanismo?just like?budhismo?derives from the title of the founder, but in the case of?kristanismo, the name of the religion is based on the word?kristano?for an adherent of the religion (which in turn derives from the title?Kristo?(Christ) of the founder), whereas in the case of?budhismo?it is directly derived from the title?Budho?(Buddha) of the founder.

注意：kristanismo和源自于它們創(chuàng)始人的頭銜的budhismo類似，但是kristanismo這個詞是由單詞kristano（基督徒）衍生出來的，而kristano則是衍生于他們創(chuàng)始人的稱呼Kristo（基督）。而budhismo則是從佛教創(chuàng)始人的稱呼Buddha（佛陀）中衍生出來。

原文：www.duolingo.cn/skill/eo/Politics/tips-and-notes

翻譯：vanilo