最致命的惡劣天氣現(xiàn)象是您可能沒有意識到的：極端高溫。希臘雅典市首席熱力官 Eleni Myrivili 解釋說，極端高溫和熱浪經(jīng)常被忽視，因?yàn)樗鼈儾幌窈樗蝻Z風(fēng)那樣劇烈——并分解了三種在快速時(shí)期保持城市涼爽的方法全球氣溫上升。“啟動空調(diào)并不會切斷它，”她說。

So in my city of Athens, Greece,?like in many cities around the world,?a lot of people thought that climate change?is something happening far away.?Until ash started falling from the sky?and temperatures neared 45 degrees Celsius?in the summer of 2021,and they stayed above 40 degrees for several days.?The asphalt sizzled and huge wildfires burned the forests around the city?and people died.

所以在我所在的希臘雅典市，?就像在世界上許多城市?一樣，很多人認(rèn)為氣候變化?是在遙遠(yuǎn)的地方發(fā)生的事情。?直到2021 年夏天灰燼開始從天上掉下來?，氣溫接近 45 攝氏度，?他們連續(xù)幾天保持在 40 度以上。瀝青咝咝作響，巨大的野火燒毀了城市周圍的森林，人們死亡。

The last decade has been the hottest ever recorded in our history.?Paradoxically, even though we've been talking about global warming for decades,?we haven't been talking about extreme heat,?especially in urban environments.

過去十年是我們歷史上有史以來最熱的十年。?矛盾的是，盡管幾十年來我們一直在談?wù)撊蜃兣?但我們并沒有談?wù)撨^極端高溫，?尤其是在城市環(huán)境中。

Extreme heat is the deadliest of all extreme weather phenomena.Very few of us know this.?We overlook extreme heat?because heat doesn't come with the drama of roofs sent flying?and streets turned into rivers.?Heat destroys quietly.?Yet there is little escape from heat.?These are temperatures our bodies are not made for and cannot adapt to.?These are temperatures our cities and our infrastructure is not made for.?The structures of our citiesand the surfaces absorb heat and store it and radiate it at night.Cars and air conditioning add more to the urban environment.And this is a deadly mix.?This is what we call the urban heat island.

極端高溫是所有極端天氣現(xiàn)象中最致命的。?我們中很少有人知道這一點(diǎn)。?我們忽略了極端高溫?，因?yàn)楦邷夭粫殡S著屋頂飛揚(yáng)和街道變成河流的戲劇。?熱量悄悄地破壞。?然而，幾乎沒有人能從高溫中逃脫。?這些是我們的身體無法適應(yīng)且無法適應(yīng)的溫度。?這些是我們的城市和我們的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不適合的溫度。?我們城市的結(jié)構(gòu)?和表面吸收熱量、儲存熱量并在夜間輻射熱量。?汽車和空調(diào)為城市環(huán)境增添了更多色彩。?這是一個(gè)致命的組合。?這就是我們所說的城市熱島。

The list of health effects from heat and from heat waves is long,and it includes significant mental problems,?mental health problems.?It also,?heat creates fatigue and loss of sleep,?which in turn increases workplace injuries?as well as significant losses of productivity.?Heat waves also, we know,?that they increase violence in communities,?we have correlated it to increased violence in communities,?and also they lower the ability of children to learn.?And in the cities,?not everybody, of course, is affected equally.?The poor, especially the energy-poor and the housing-poor are most vulnerable?as well as people with pre-existing conditions,?people above 60 years old,?pregnant women, young children?and people that have manual labor jobs.?Also, we know that heat has been baking farmers' crops,?reducing yields,inhibiting pollination,?and more and more farm workers are going to work before daybreak?or farming in the night, harvesting in the night.?It's just getting too darn hot.?The great infrastructures that we have built?with ingenuity and effort?during the last two centuries,?the dams, the waterways, the highways, the railways,they have been carefully engineered for a climate that no longer exists.

熱量和熱浪對健康的影響清單很長，?其中包括嚴(yán)重的心理問題和?心理健康問題。?此外，?熱量會導(dǎo)致疲勞和睡眠不足，?進(jìn)而增加工作場所的傷害?以及生產(chǎn)力的顯著損失。?我們知道，熱浪還會?增加社區(qū)中的暴力，?我們將其與社區(qū)中暴力的增加聯(lián)系起來，?而且還會降低兒童的學(xué)習(xí)能力。?當(dāng)然，在城市中，?并不是每個(gè)人都受到同樣的影響。?窮人，尤其是能源匱乏和住房匱乏的?人以及有原有疾病的人，是最脆弱的，?60歲以上、?孕婦、幼兒?及從事體力勞動者。?另外，我們知道，高溫一直在烘烤農(nóng)民的莊稼，降低產(chǎn)量，?抑制授粉，?越來越多的農(nóng)場工人在天亮之前上班?或晚上種地，晚上收割。?簡直太熱了。?我們在過去兩個(gè)世紀(jì)中以獨(dú)創(chuàng)性和努力建造的偉大基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，?水壩、水道、高速公路、鐵路，它們經(jīng)過精心設(shè)計(jì)，以適應(yīng)不再存在的氣候。

What can we do??I will talk about cities because that's my territory.?As chief health officer of Athens,?I think of all possible efforts in three general categories.?Awareness,?preparedness and redesign.?Awareness means that we recognize the threat.It's hard sometimes to persuade people, especially in hot climates,?to take heat exposure seriously.?So this year, together with the Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center,?we are going to pilot, for the first time this summer,?four cities in the US and Athens,?we're going to pilot a new methodology for naming?and categorizing heat waves like we do hurricanes.?So consider this.When there is a category 4 hurricane,?you don't expect the pizza delivery person to bring a pizza to your house,?nor do you expect, like, people to keep working in a construction site.However, we don't have such considerations or policies?in relation to a category 4 heat wave?because there is no category 4 heat waves.?We don’t have metrics, and we don’t have categories.?And I think that this will be a real game changer.?So this is just one thing, but I think this is important.

我們能做什么？?我會談?wù)摮鞘?，因?yàn)槟鞘俏业念I(lǐng)地。?作為雅典的首席衛(wèi)生官，?我認(rèn)為所有可能的努力分為三類。?意識、?準(zhǔn)備和重新設(shè)計(jì)。?意識意味著我們認(rèn)識到威脅。?有時(shí)很難說服人們?認(rèn)真對待熱暴露，尤其是在炎熱的氣候中。?所以今年，?我們將與 Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center 一起，在今年夏天首次?在美國和雅典的四個(gè)城市試行一種新的?熱浪命名和分類方法，例如我們做颶風(fēng)。?所以考慮一下。?當(dāng)有 4 級颶風(fēng)時(shí)，?您不會期望披薩送貨員將披薩送到您家，?也不會期望人們繼續(xù)在建筑工地工作。?但是，我們沒有?關(guān)于 4 類熱浪的此類考慮或政策，?因?yàn)闆]有 4 類熱浪。?我們沒有指標(biāo)，也沒有類別。?我認(rèn)為這將是一個(gè)真正的游戲規(guī)則改變者。?所以這只是一件事，但我認(rèn)為這很重要。

So awareness leads to preparedness,?and preparedness means that you are kind of, ready?to basically, when the event happens, to protect the most vulnerable.?And there's a whole slew of actions?that cities are doing all around the world,?short-term things, to protect people during the heat waves.?For example, in Athens, we have created a smartphone app?that gives you personalized?and real-time risk assessment?and gives you, on a map,?risk assessments in relation to heat,?and gives you on a map where you can go to get cover,?where are the cool spaces, the nearest cool spaces.?New York has created this great buddy system?where people in the neighborhood keep on checking during heat waves?on people that are vulnerable in the neighborhood.?They also gave, I think a couple of years ago,74,000 units of air conditioning for low-income seniors.?Sydney does this great thing,?which is that they divert energy from the industrial sector?to residential districts to avoid blackouts?during heat waves.

因此，意識導(dǎo)致準(zhǔn)備，?準(zhǔn)備意味著你已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好?，基本上，當(dāng)事件發(fā)生時(shí)，保護(hù)最脆弱的人。?世界各地的城市都在采取一系列短期行動，在熱浪中保護(hù)人們。例如，在雅典，我們創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序，它可以為您提供個(gè)性化的實(shí)時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估，并在地圖上為您提供與高溫相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估，并在地圖上為您提供您可以去那里尋求掩護(hù)的地方，哪里是涼爽的空間，最近的涼爽空間。紐約創(chuàng)造了這個(gè)偉大的伙伴系統(tǒng)?附近的人們在熱浪期間不斷檢查附近?的弱勢群體。?我想幾年前，他們還?為低收入老年人提供了 74,000 臺空調(diào)。?悉尼做了一件很棒的事情，?那就是他們將能源從工業(yè)部門轉(zhuǎn)移?到住宅區(qū)，以避免?在熱浪期間停電。

So these are some short-term things that we can do?and we've been doing.?But the real task at hand is redesigning our cities?to make our cities cooler?and thinking beyond air conditioning.?So before we started designing our buildings and our cities?and cooling them and heating them with fossil fuels,?architecture had incorporated centuries-long wisdom?for design solutions and materials?that were fine-tuned to the local climate conditions.?So thick walls with tiny openings?or well-placed windows high up in the building?that kind of move air from the bottom up and out?or outside shutters.?Shady and verdant internal courtyards with fountains?or outside walls that are whitewashed every spring?to reflect the hot summer heat,?the heat of the hot summers.

所以這些是我們可以做的一些短期的事情，?我們一直在做。?但手頭的真正任務(wù)是重新設(shè)計(jì)我們的城市?，讓我們的城市更涼爽?，并超越空調(diào)。?因此，在我們開始設(shè)計(jì)我們的建筑和城市?并使用化石燃料對其進(jìn)行冷卻和加熱之前，?建筑已經(jīng)融入了數(shù)百年的?設(shè)計(jì)解決方案和?針對當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件進(jìn)行微調(diào)的材料的智慧。?如此厚的墻壁帶有微小的開口?或建筑物高處放置良好的窗戶?，可以將空氣從底部向上移動?到百葉窗外或外部。?帶噴泉的陰涼青翠的內(nèi)部庭院?或每年春天粉刷成白色的外墻，?以反映炎熱的夏季炎熱，?炎熱夏季的炎熱。

So compare these to our concrete,?steel and glass buildings that are air conditioned?and that have sealed windows?that basically make our cities into heat traps?compounding instead of solving the problem.?So, what we really need to do?is we need to radically rethink and redesign?our urban environments?away from the logic of modernity,?away from the logic of carbon modernity.

因此，將這些與我們的混凝土、?鋼和玻璃建筑進(jìn)行比較，這些建筑有空調(diào)?，有密封的窗戶?，基本上使我們的城市變成了熱阱?，復(fù)合而不是解決問題。?所以，我們真正需要做?的是，我們需要從根本上重新思考和重新設(shè)計(jì)?我們的城市環(huán)境?，遠(yuǎn)離現(xiàn)代性的邏輯，?遠(yuǎn)離碳現(xiàn)代性的邏輯。

Carbon is there from the get go,?from the materials that we use for the types of construction,?from the way we use the buildings, we heat and cool them,?the way we eat, the way we consume,the way we move around in our urban environments.?So we need to redesign our cities?beyond energy efficiency and cutting carbon emissions.?We need an urban design revolution,?a total paradigm shift?that probably needs to be led not by architects anymore,?but landscape architects?that know more about thermodynamics and soil?and the importance of soils for biodiversity?and all these things that can really bring about a real paradigm shift,?a revolution in design, a new type of urbanity?that actually is a different metabolic animal.?Our cities of the future will be different metabolic systems.

碳從一開始就存在，?從我們用于建筑類型的材料，?從我們使用建筑物的方式，我們加熱和冷卻它們，?我們的飲食方式，我們消費(fèi)?的方式，我們移動的方式我們的城市環(huán)境。?因此，我們需要重新設(shè)計(jì)我們的城市?，超越能源效率和減少碳排放。?我們需要一場城市設(shè)計(jì)革命，?一場徹底的范式轉(zhuǎn)變?，可能不再需要由建筑師來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，?而是?需要更多地了解熱力學(xué)和土壤?以及土壤對生物多樣性的重要性?以及所有這些能夠真正帶來真正范式轉(zhuǎn)變，?設(shè)計(jì)革命，新型城市化?那實(shí)際上是一種不同的代謝動物。?我們未來的城市將是不同的代謝系統(tǒng)。

And we don't really know yet what this is going to look like,?but I think it’s going to be great, and it’s just the beginning.?But what we do know is that we really,?really urgently need to build resilience to our current climate conditions?at urban scale.?There are materials?and technologies that are currently being developed that will help,?but the main thing, the first and foremost and most important thing?for bringing down heat in cities is bringing nature into the urban fabric.?And this means a radical increase of trees, of tree coverage,?of biodiversity and of water in the surfaces of our cities?so that we can bring down the heat.

我們還不知道這會是什么樣子，?但我認(rèn)為它會很棒，而這僅僅是個(gè)開始。?但我們所知道的是，我們真的?非常迫切需要?在城市范圍內(nèi)建立對當(dāng)前氣候條件的適應(yīng)能力。?目前正在開發(fā)的材料?和技術(shù)會有所幫助，?但最重要的是，降低城市熱量的首要和最重要的事情?是將自然帶入城市結(jié)構(gòu)。?這意味著?我們城市表面的樹木、樹木覆蓋率、生物多樣性和水的數(shù)量急劇增加，?這樣我們就可以降低熱量。

So this is the time, this is the decade,?and this means that cities have to really think?the interconnections and interdependenciesbetween different urban systems,?and they have to think of resources very carefully?and build backup systems?and redundancies, flexibility and diversity.?And think about sustainability and equity,?because this is how we build resilience in our cities.?And cities are already doing it and they’re changing.And we're very much learning from each other?because for the first time, the last few decades,?cities belong in powerful urban networks?so we're kind of talking with each other and learning from each other.?Networks like Resilient Cities Network and C40 are really supporting cities.

所以現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候，這是十年，?這意味著城市必須真正考慮?不同城市系統(tǒng)之間的相互聯(lián)系和相互依賴，?他們必須非常仔細(xì)地考慮資源，建立備用系統(tǒng)和冗余、靈活性和多樣性。并考慮可持續(xù)性和公平性，因?yàn)檫@是我們在城市中建立復(fù)原力的方式。城市已經(jīng)在這樣做并且正在發(fā)生變化。我們互相學(xué)習(xí)非常多，因?yàn)樵谶^去的幾十年里，城市第一次屬于強(qiáng)大的城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)，所以我們可以互相交談，互相學(xué)習(xí)。?Resilient Cities Network 和 C40 等網(wǎng)絡(luò)確實(shí)在為城市提供支持。

And I'm going to give you a finish by giving you a few examplesof what cities have done,?and of course, I'm going to start from Athens.?So in Athens, we have this incredible Roman aqueduct,?a brilliant, ancient masterpiece?of design and engineering?that runs for 20 kilometers underground, totally invisible,?and still today moves enormous amounts of water?from the hills outside of Athens to the center of Athens.?The water is great, too, it's perfect for irrigation,?you don't need to do anything to it.?And for decades now,?we've been just throwing it into the sewage and then to the sea.?So now this urban aqueduct, this ancient monument,?is going to be used to build resilience and lower heatby supporting urban nature for the modern city of Athens.

我將通過舉幾個(gè)?城市所做的例子來結(jié)束你們?，當(dāng)然，我將從雅典開始。?所以在雅典，我們有這個(gè)令人難以置信的羅馬渡槽，?它是一個(gè)輝煌的、古老?的設(shè)計(jì)和工程杰作，?它在地下 20 公里處延伸，完全看不見，?今天仍然將大量的水?從雅典城外的山上輸送到雅典市中心。?水也很棒，非常適合灌溉，?你不需要對它做任何事情。?幾十年來，?我們一直只是把它扔到污水里，然后再扔到海里。?所以現(xiàn)在這座城市渡槽，這座古老的紀(jì)念碑，?將用于?通過支持現(xiàn)代城市雅典的城市自然來建立彈性和降低熱量。

Another great example is Medellín, in Colombia.?Medellín, they created 36 green corridors,?a dense network of trees and flower beds?that has lowered temperatures four degrees Celsius in the city,?and it does a lot of other things,?ecosystemic services, like captures pollution?and noise pollution and water and soil erosion.So all these things have really important ecosystemic services.

另一個(gè)很好的例子是哥倫比亞的麥德林。?麥德林，他們創(chuàng)造了 36 條綠色走廊，?密集的樹木和花壇網(wǎng)絡(luò)，?使城市的溫度降低了 4 攝氏度，?它還做了很多其他的事情，?生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，比如捕捉污染?和噪音污染以及水土流失.?所以所有這些東西都有非常重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。

You probably know, Seoul in South Korea,?they dismantled a highway that was ten lanes long?and it had four lanes on top expressway,?to restore a stream underneath?and [they] created this blue corridor and green corridor, 3.6 miles long,?a continuous space for wildlife?and people to walk and bicycle,?that not only lowers temperatures,?they've measured that it goes up to 5.9 degrees Celsius,?that it lowers temperatures in that area,?But also it protects the city from flooding.?And, of course, it attracts thousands of visitors every day,?has created a lot of jobs?and has supported business development more than any other part of Seoul.

你可能知道，在韓國首爾，?他們拆除了一條長十車道的高速公路，?它在頂部高速公路上有四車道，?以恢復(fù)下面的一條溪流?，[他們]創(chuàng)造了這條長3.6英里的藍(lán)色走廊和綠色走廊，?一個(gè)連續(xù)的野生動物?和人們步行和騎自行車的空間，?這不僅降低了溫度，?他們測量到它上升到 5.9 攝氏度，?它降低了該地區(qū)的溫度，?而且它還保護(hù)城市免受洪水侵襲。?當(dāng)然，它每天吸引成千上萬的游客，?創(chuàng)造了大量的就業(yè)機(jī)會?，并且比首爾的任何其他地方都更能支持商業(yè)發(fā)展。

Paris is using the water of the Seine?to give free cooling to buildings around the river.

巴黎正在使用塞納河的水為河邊?的建筑物提供免費(fèi)冷卻。

And finally, I'll finish with Melbourne in Australia?because they have created an incredible strategy?that's called Nature in the City Strategy,?where they've analyzed and think?how to bring together all of the levels of the ecosystem?from the soil and the fungi underneath?to the plants and the animals and the birds and the insects?and the frogs?and put into place all these actions?that will ensure that the urban environment,?that their kids will grow up, will be richer and much healthier.

最后，我將在澳大利亞墨爾本結(jié)束，?因?yàn)樗麄冎贫艘粋€(gè)令人難以置信的戰(zhàn)略?，稱為城市戰(zhàn)略中的自然，?他們分析并思考?如何將?土壤和真菌的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的所有層面結(jié)合在一起在?植物、動物、鳥類、昆蟲?和青蛙?之下，并采取所有這些行動?，以確保?他們的孩子長大的城市環(huán)境將更加豐富和健康。

So, what keeps me really excited about this work,?working to help cities cool down?and work against climate change,?is also that I feel that I'm really helping?create much more wonderful cities to live in.?So just think about this,?cranking up the air conditioning?is just not going to cut it.

所以，讓我對這項(xiàng)工作真正感到興奮的是，?努力幫助城市降溫?并應(yīng)對氣候變化，?我也覺得我真的在幫助?創(chuàng)造更多美好的城市生活。?所以想想這個(gè)，?啟動開空調(diào)?只是不打算切斷它。