On 12 July 1472 CE Richard married Anne Neville (l. 1456-1485 CE), the daughter of the Earl of Warwick and widow of Henry VI of England's son, Edward, Prince of Wales (l. 1453-1471 CE). This union meant that Richard acquired a sizeable chunk of the dead Earl of Warwick's estates. The couple had one son, Edward of Middleham, born in 1473 CE (or 1476 CE) and made Prince of Wales in 1483 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 公元1472年7月12日，理查與瓦立克伯爵的女兒、英格蘭亨利六世的兒子威爾士王子愛(ài)德華（公元1453-1471年）的遺孀安妮·內(nèi)維爾（公元1456-1485年）結(jié)婚。這一聯(lián)姻意味著理查獲得了死去的瓦立克伯爵相當(dāng)大的一部分財(cái)產(chǎn)。這對(duì)夫婦有一個(gè)兒子，米德勒姆的愛(ài)德華，生于公元1473年（或公元1476年），并在公元1483年成為威爾士王子。

玫瑰之戰(zhàn)

In 1453 CE Henry VI of England (1422-1461 CE & 1470-1471 CE) suffered his first episode of insanity which made him so incapable of ruling that Richard, Duke of York was nominated as Protector of the Realm, in effect, regent, in March 1454 CE. The Duke of York was ambitious to become king and he did have a legitimate, if distant, claim to the throne as the great-grandson of Edward III of England and the nephew of the Earl of March who himself had claimed he was the legitimate heir to Richard II of England (r. 1377-1399 CE). Thus, a rivalry began between the house of York and that of Lancaster, of which King Henry VI was a member, a rivalry that became known as the Wars of the Roses.

? ? ? ? ? 公元1453年，英格蘭的亨利六世（公元1422-1461年和公元1470-1471年）首次出現(xiàn)精神錯(cuò)亂，這使他沒(méi)有能力執(zhí)政，約克公爵理查在公元1454年3月被提名為王國(guó)的保護(hù)者，實(shí)際上是攝政王。約克公爵雄心勃勃地想成為國(guó)王，而且他作為英格蘭愛(ài)德華三世的曾孫和馬奇伯爵的侄子，確實(shí)有合法的王位繼承權(quán)，盡管血緣關(guān)系很遠(yuǎn)，但他自己也聲稱(chēng)是英格蘭理查二世（公元1377-1399年）的合法繼承人。因此，約克家族和蘭開(kāi)斯特家族（國(guó)王亨利六世是該家族的成員）之間開(kāi)始了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，這場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)被稱(chēng)為玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

Richard might have had the king in his pocket but he still had the formidable obstacle of Henry's wife Queen Margaret (d. 1482 CE) and she led an army to victory against him at the Battle of Ludford Bridge on 12 October 1459 CE. The Duke of York fled to Ireland while Parliament, the 1459 CE 'Parliament of Devils', identified him as a traitor and disinherited his heirs. Richard's son Edward then took up the cause with his chief ally Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick (1428-71 CE), the pair defeating Queen Margaret's army at Northampton on 10 July 1460 CE and then capturing King Henry. The Duke of York was thus able to return from Ireland and he persuaded Henry, who was now in the Tower of London, to name him as the official heir to the throne, a decision ratified by the Act of Accord of 24 October. However, at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460 CE the Duke of York was killed and his army defeated by Henry VI loyalists led, once again, by the queen.

? ? ? ? ? 理查可能已經(jīng)將國(guó)王收入囊中，但他還有亨利的妻子瑪格麗特皇后（死于公元1482年）這個(gè)可怕的障礙，她率領(lǐng)軍隊(duì)在公元1459年10月12日的盧德福橋戰(zhàn)役中戰(zhàn)勝了理查。約克公爵逃到了愛(ài)爾蘭。而議會(huì)，即公元1459年的“魔鬼議會(huì)”，認(rèn)定他是個(gè)叛徒，并剝奪了其繼承人的權(quán)利。理查的兒子愛(ài)德華隨后與他的主要盟友瓦立克伯爵理查德·內(nèi)維爾（Richard Neville，公元1428-71年）一起行動(dòng)，兩人于公元1460年7月10日在北安普頓擊敗了瑪格麗特皇后的軍隊(duì)，然后抓住了亨利國(guó)王。約克公爵因此得以從愛(ài)爾蘭返回，他說(shuō)服了在倫敦塔中的亨利，指定他為王位的正式繼承人，10月24日的《協(xié)議法》批準(zhǔn)了這個(gè)決定。然而，在1460年12月30日的韋克菲爾德戰(zhàn)役中，約克公爵被殺，他的軍隊(duì)被亨利六世的忠臣擊敗，這也是皇后領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的。

The Duke of York's son, now Edward of York, took up the Yorkist mantle from 1460 CE. Following his victory at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 CE, Edward was crowned Edward IV on 28 June 1461 CE. There would be a brief interruption when his old ally the Earl of Warwick reinstated Henry VI in 1470 CE and Edward was obliged to flee in exile to France, accompanied by his brother Richard. Edward would soon win back his throne, though, again on the battlefield, this time at Barnet on 14 April 1471 CE. Henry VI was then murdered in the Tower of London on 21 May 1471 CE. With Henry's young heir, Prince Edward, killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471 CE and Queen Margaret imprisoned, it looked like the Yorks had finally won the Wars of the Roses.

? ? ? ? ? 約克公爵的兒子，即現(xiàn)在的約克的愛(ài)德華，從公元1460年開(kāi)始接過(guò)約克派的衣缽。在1461年3月29日陶頓戰(zhàn)役的勝利之后，愛(ài)德華于6月28日加冕為愛(ài)德華四世。公元1470年，他的老盟友瓦立克伯爵恢復(fù)了亨利六世的地位，愛(ài)德華不得不在其兄弟理查德的陪同下流亡到法國(guó)，這時(shí)出現(xiàn)了國(guó)家統(tǒng)治的短暫中斷。不過(guò)，愛(ài)德華很快就贏(yíng)回了他的王位，這次又是在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上（公元1471年4月14日，巴尼特戰(zhàn)役）。隨后，亨利六世于公元1471年5月21日在倫敦塔被謀殺。隨著亨利的年輕繼承人愛(ài)德華王子在公元1471年5月4日的蒂克斯伯里戰(zhàn)役中被殺，瑪格麗特皇后被囚禁，約克家族終于贏(yíng)得了玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

格洛斯特公爵

In 1472 CE Edward made his brother Richard the Duke of Gloucester in thanks for his successful command of divisions at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury the year before. This was in addition to Richard's other titles of Constable and Lord High Admiral (bestowed in 1471 CE). Richard had shown himself an able commander and his loyalty to his brother was resolute throughout the turbulent times of the Wars of the Roses.

? ? ? ? ? 公元1472年，愛(ài)德華任命他的兄弟理查為格洛斯特公爵，以感謝他在前一年的巴尼特和蒂克斯伯里戰(zhàn)役中成功指揮軍隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)勝對(duì)手。這是對(duì)理查頭銜的補(bǔ)充，即高級(jí)治安法官和高級(jí)海軍司令官（于公元1471年授予）。在整個(gè)玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的動(dòng)蕩時(shí)期，理查都表現(xiàn)出自己是一個(gè)能干的指揮官，他對(duì)他哥哥的忠誠(chéng)是堅(jiān)定的。

As lord of vast estates, Richard showed himself a fine administrator and he was popular with both his peers and subjects. Richard was also surprisingly pious, the duke giving an endowment to Queen's College, Cambridge so that prayers might be said for his fallen comrades at Barnet and Tewkesbury. Richard was interested in architecture and donated to both state and religious institutions, a trend he would continue as king, notably establishing the Royal College of Arms in 1484 CE which looked after all matters of medieval heraldry and which still continues to function today. Richard's own heraldic device was a white boar.

? ? ? ? ? 作為擁有龐大財(cái)產(chǎn)的領(lǐng)主，理查是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的管理者，他在同齡人和臣民中都很受歡迎。理查還出人意料地虔誠(chéng)，公爵為劍橋大學(xué)皇后學(xué)院提供了一筆捐贈(zèng)，以便為他在巴尼特和蒂克斯伯里犧牲的戰(zhàn)友們祈禱。理查德對(duì)建筑感興趣，并向國(guó)家和宗教機(jī)構(gòu)捐款，作為國(guó)王，他將繼續(xù)這一趨勢(shì)；特別是在公元1484年建立了皇家武器學(xué)院，該學(xué)院負(fù)責(zé)所有中世紀(jì)的紋章學(xué)事務(wù)，至今仍在運(yùn)作。理查自己的紋章是一頭白野豬。

Edward IV's reign saw much more stability and a booming economy thanks to a peace treaty with France and the encouragement of cross-Channel trade. A peace treaty was signed with Louis XI of France (1461-1483 CE) in March 1475 CE after Edward and the Duke of Gloucester had led a large army to France. Another success was a sortie into Scotland in 1482 CE, led by the Duke of Gloucester, which occupied Edinburgh for a time. The campaign won back control of Berwick for the English Crown.

? ? ? ? ? 由于與法國(guó)簽訂了和平條約并鼓勵(lì)跨海峽貿(mào)易，愛(ài)德華四世的統(tǒng)治更加穩(wěn)定，經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮。在愛(ài)德華和格洛斯特公爵率領(lǐng)一支大軍前往法國(guó)后，于公元1475年3月與法國(guó)的路易十一（公元1461-1483年）簽訂了和平條約。另一次成功是公元1482年格洛斯特公爵率領(lǐng)的突襲蘇格蘭的行動(dòng)，該行動(dòng)曾一度占領(lǐng)愛(ài)丁堡。這次戰(zhàn)役為英國(guó)王室贏(yíng)回了對(duì)特威德河畔貝里克的控制權(quán)。

All was not well in England, though, and cracks soon began to appear in the relationship between the king and his brothers. Richard was not convinced that peace with France was the best policy and then, in February 1478 CE, the third brother, George, Duke of Clarence, was imprisoned and executed on charges of treason. Richard perhaps felt that Edward's wife, Elizabeth Woodville (l. c. 1437-1492 CE), was to blame for dividing the York family and favouring her own relatives. After this episode, Richard concentrated on his land in the north of England and stayed away from the royal court in London. Still, the Scottish campaign gained Edward's gratitude and Richard was made Warden of the West March by parliament in 1483 CE and given sovereign powers over that territory.

? ? ? ? ? 不過(guò)，英格蘭的情況并不樂(lè)觀(guān)，國(guó)王和他兄弟之間的關(guān)系很快就開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)裂痕。理查不相信與法國(guó)的和平是最好的政策。在公元1478年2月，他的三弟克萊倫斯公爵喬治因被指控叛國(guó)而被監(jiān)禁和處決。理查也許覺(jué)得愛(ài)德華的妻子伊麗莎白·伍德維爾（1437-1492年）應(yīng)該為分裂約克家族和偏袒自己的親屬而受到責(zé)備。在這一事件之后，理查專(zhuān)注于他在英格蘭北部的土地，并遠(yuǎn)離了倫敦王室。不過(guò)，在蘇格蘭戰(zhàn)役中，理查還是獲得了愛(ài)德華的感激，公元1483年，理查被議會(huì)任命為西部邊疆的典獄長(zhǎng)，并獲得了對(duì)該領(lǐng)土的主權(quán)權(quán)力。

塔中的王子

Edward IV turned out to be rather too fond of his favourite foods and wines as he reached middle age, and he became seriously overweight. The king died, perhaps of a stroke, at Westminster on 9 April 1483 CE, aged just 40. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward, then only 12 years old (b. 1470 CE). Too young to rule on his own, Edward IV had already nominated his regent, the boy's uncle Richard, who was now given the impressive title of Lord High Protector of the Realm.

? ? ? ? ? ?愛(ài)德華四世到了中年后，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己太喜歡吃喝，而且他變得嚴(yán)重超重。國(guó)王也許是死于中風(fēng)，于公元1483年4月9日在威斯敏斯特去世，年僅40歲。他的長(zhǎng)子愛(ài)德華繼位，當(dāng)時(shí)只有12歲（生于公元1470年）。愛(ài)德華太年輕了，無(wú)法獨(dú)立執(zhí)政，他已經(jīng)提名了他的攝政者，即這個(gè)男孩的叔叔理查，理查現(xiàn)在被賦予了令人印象深刻的王國(guó)高級(jí)保護(hù)者的稱(chēng)號(hào)。

In May, Edward V and his younger brother Richard (b. 1473 CE) were imprisoned in the Tower of London where they became known as the 'Princes in the Tower'. The boys were never seen outside the castle again. According to later historians and Tudor propaganda, the boys were put there and murdered by Richard. This is also the view of William Shakespeare (1564-1616 CE) in his famous play Richard III. What we do know is that the two princes did spend time in the Tower - which was not merely a prison for important figures but a royal residence - and that they were seen by witnesses playing in the gardens there. Richard may have confined them there to forestall Queen Elizabeth's plan to hold an early coronation for Edward in June. A coronation could well have meant Richard's title and function as Protector of the Realm was withdrawn.

? ? ? ? ? 5月，愛(ài)德華五世和他的弟弟理查德（生于公元1473年）被囚禁在倫敦塔，在那里他們被稱(chēng)為“塔中王子”。這兩個(gè)男孩再也沒(méi)有在城堡外出現(xiàn)過(guò)。根據(jù)后來(lái)的歷史學(xué)家和都鐸王朝的宣傳，這兩個(gè)男孩是被理查關(guān)在那并被謀殺的。這也是威廉·莎士比亞（公元1564-1616年）在其著名戲劇《理查三世》中的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。我們所知道的是，這兩個(gè)王子確實(shí)在倫敦塔里呆了一段時(shí)間，那里不僅僅是關(guān)押重要人物的監(jiān)獄，而且是皇家住所，并且有證人看到他們?cè)谀抢锏幕▓@里玩耍。理查把他們關(guān)在那里可能是為了阻止伊麗莎白皇后在6月為愛(ài)德華提前舉行加冕禮的計(jì)劃。加冕儀式很可能意味著理查作為王國(guó)保護(hù)者的頭銜和職能被撤銷(xiāo)。

The duke's first tactic was to discredit the legitimacy of the two princes by claiming that Edward IV had already been tied by a marriage agreement to one Lady Eleanor Butler, daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury before he married Elizabeth Woodville. The late king's promiscuity was well known, and this at least allowed enough doubt in the case that Parliament declared Edward V and his younger brother illegitimate. Consequently, Edward was deposed on 25 June 1483 CE and Richard was nominated as the legitimate heir to the throne. The Duke of Gloucester, aged 30, was then crowned king on 6 July 1483 CE in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming Richard III.

? ? ? ? ? 公爵的第一個(gè)策略是詆毀兩個(gè)王子的合法性，聲稱(chēng)愛(ài)德華四世在與伊麗莎白·伍德維爾結(jié)婚之前，已經(jīng)通過(guò)婚姻協(xié)議與一位名叫伊蓮娜·巴特勒的女士（第一代什魯斯伯里伯爵約翰·塔爾博特的女兒）結(jié)成連理。已故國(guó)王的濫交是眾所周知的，這至少讓人們對(duì)該案產(chǎn)生了足夠的懷疑，議會(huì)宣布愛(ài)德華五世和他的弟弟為私生子。因此，愛(ài)德華于公元1483年6月25日被廢黜，理查被提名為王位的合法繼承人。格洛斯特公爵，30歲，于公元1483年7月6日在威斯敏斯特教堂被加冕為國(guó)王，從而成為理查三世。

Then, sometime in the late summer of 1483 CE, the princes disappeared from the Tower and history, their obvious murder resulting in the finger of suspicion pointing at Richard. Curiously, Richard had been on duty in the Tower of London the night of Henry VI's murder and he was suspected of having done many other dark deeds to progress his career. Nevertheless, the deaths of the princes still remains a mystery. As a footnote to this grizzly episode, two skeletons of youths were discovered in a chest buried near the White Tower when the forebuilding was demolished in 1674 CE and these remains, identified then as the two princes, were reinterred in Westminster Abbey. The remains were re-examined in 1933 CE and confirmed as young males of similar age to the princes. Whoever killed the boys, Richard undoubtedly had most to gain by their deaths. Edward V was certainly the unlucky 13th king in the Plantagenet line.

? ? ? ? ? 在公元1483年夏末的某個(gè)時(shí)候，王子們從倫敦塔和歷史上消失了，這場(chǎng)明顯的謀殺行為導(dǎo)致懷疑的矛頭指向了理查三世。奇怪的是，在亨利六世被謀殺的那晚，理查一直在倫敦塔值班，他被懷疑做了許多其他黑暗的事來(lái)推進(jìn)他的事業(yè)。盡管如此，王子們的死亡仍然是個(gè)謎。作為這段灰暗事件的后續(xù)，在公元1674年拆除白塔前樓時(shí)，人們?cè)诼裨诎姿浇囊粋€(gè)箱子里發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩具青年的骸骨，這些當(dāng)時(shí)被認(rèn)定為兩位王子的遺骸被重新安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂。這些遺骸在公元1933年被重新檢查，并被確認(rèn)為是與當(dāng)時(shí)兩位王子的年齡相仿的年輕男性。不管是誰(shuí)殺了這兩個(gè)男孩，理查三世無(wú)疑從他們的死亡中得到了最大的好處。愛(ài)德華五世（第13位）無(wú)疑是金雀花家族中倒霉的國(guó)王。

亨利七世（亨利·都鐸）

There were some voices of protest, even from Yorkist supporters, regarding Richard's cavalier attitude to royal succession but these were dealt with in time-honoured fashion via land confiscation and executions. However, trouble of a much greater significance was stirring. The Lancastrians were weak, but the family had not gone away entirely, and they were now led by the exiled Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond (b. 1457 CE). Henry was, through the illegitimate Beaufort line, a descendant of John of Gaunt, a son of Edward III. It was not much of a royal connection but it was the best the Lancastrians could hope for after Henry VI had left no surviving heir.

? ? ? ? ? 有一些抗議的聲音，甚至來(lái)自約克黨的支持者，抗議理查三世對(duì)皇室繼承權(quán)的輕率態(tài)度，但這些抗議都是通過(guò)沒(méi)收土地和處決的傳統(tǒng)方式處理的。然而，更大的麻煩正在蠢蠢欲動(dòng)。蘭開(kāi)斯特家族很弱小，但該家族并沒(méi)有完全消失，他們現(xiàn)在由被流放的里士滿(mǎn)伯爵亨利·都鐸（公元1457年生）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。亨利是博福特家族的私生子，是愛(ài)德華三世的兒子岡特的約翰的后裔。這并不是什么皇室關(guān)系，但這是在亨利六世沒(méi)有留下繼承人后蘭開(kāi)斯特人所能希望得到的最好結(jié)果。

Henry Tudor allied himself with the alienated Woodvilles, such powerful lords as the Duke of Buckingham who were not happy with Richard's distribution of estates, and anyone else keen to see Richard III receive his just deserts. These allies included the new king across the Channel, Charles VIII of France (r. 1483-1498 CE). The first move by the rebels proved premature and poorly planned so that Henry's invasion fleet was put off by bad weather and Buckingham was captured and executed in November 1483 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 亨利·都鐸與被疏遠(yuǎn)的伍德維爾家族、對(duì)理查的財(cái)產(chǎn)分配不滿(mǎn)的白金漢公爵等有權(quán)勢(shì)的領(lǐng)主以及其他任何渴望看到理查三世得到應(yīng)有懲罰的人結(jié)盟。這些盟友包括海峽對(duì)岸的新國(guó)王，法國(guó)的查理八世（1483-1498 CE）。叛軍的第一次行動(dòng)被證明是不成熟的，而且計(jì)劃不周，因此亨利的入侵艦隊(duì)被惡劣的天氣所阻擋，白金漢在公元1483年11月被俘并被處決。

The next twist in the Wars of the Roses was the death of Edward, Richard III's son and heir on 9 April 1484 CE, and once more the Lancastrians saw a glimmer of opportunity. Richard was dealt another blow in March 1485 CE when his queen, Anne Neville, died after a long illness. The king's detractors spread rumours that Anne had been murdered - presumably by a slow-working poison - so that Richard could be free to marry the eldest daughter of Edward IV, his own niece, and so prevent Henry Tudor from doing so and strengthening his own royal links.

? ? ? ? ? 玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的下一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)是理查三世的兒子和繼承人愛(ài)德華于公元1484年4月9日去世，蘭開(kāi)斯特家族再次看到了一絲機(jī)會(huì)。公元1485年3月，理查受到了另一次打擊，他的王后安妮·內(nèi)維爾在長(zhǎng)期患病后去世。國(guó)王的詆毀者散布謠言說(shuō)，安妮是被謀殺的，大概是被一種藥性緩慢的毒藥謀殺的，這樣理查就可以自由地娶愛(ài)德華四世的長(zhǎng)女，也就是他自己的侄女，從而防止亨利·都鐸取而代之，加強(qiáng)自己與皇室的聯(lián)系。

政府與行政

Meanwhile, Richard had been attempting to cement his kingship by travelling extensively around his kingdom, and in July 1484 CE he created the Council of the North which had full powers to govern that region in the king's name. Another new body was the Council of Requests and Supplications, created to give poor people greater access to the justice system. The king also made the collection of royal incomes more efficient, one of the problems Edward IV had been advised to deal with urgently. Finally, Richard encouraged the only Parliament he called, in January 1484 CE, to enact new laws which sought to reduce corruption by local officials and courts, end the practice of forced loans and make the selection of jurors a stricter process. All of these measures indicate the king may have developed into a good one for his people if he were given time. Unfortunately, time was not on Richard's side as Henry Tudor now made his gamble for the throne.

? ? ? ? ? 與此同時(shí)，理查一直試圖通過(guò)在其王國(guó)內(nèi)廣泛出行來(lái)鞏固其王權(quán)，并在公元1484年7月創(chuàng)建了北部理事會(huì)，該理事會(huì)擁有以國(guó)王的名義管理該地區(qū)的全部權(quán)力。另一個(gè)新機(jī)構(gòu)是請(qǐng)求（或祈求）法院，它的設(shè)立是為了讓窮人有更多的機(jī)會(huì)訴諸司法系統(tǒng)。國(guó)王還提高了皇家收入的征收效率，這是愛(ài)德華四世被建議緊急處理的問(wèn)題之一。最后，理查鼓勵(lì)他在公元1484年1月召集的唯一一次議會(huì)制定新的法律，試圖減少地方官員和法院的腐敗，結(jié)束強(qiáng)制貸款的做法，并使陪審員的選擇成為更嚴(yán)格的程序。所有這些措施都表明，如果給他時(shí)間，國(guó)王可能會(huì)發(fā)展成為一個(gè)對(duì)人民有利的人。不幸的是，時(shí)間不在理查這邊，因?yàn)楹嗬ざ艰I為奪取王位進(jìn)行了最后的賭博。

博斯沃思原野戰(zhàn)役與死亡

On 8 August 1485 CE, the Wars of the Roses reached boiling point when Henry Tudor landed with an army of French mercenaries at Milford Haven in South Wales, a force perhaps no bigger than 5,000 men. Henry's army swelled in numbers as it marched to face the king's army at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire on 22 August 1485 CE. Richard, although commanding an army of some 8,000-12,000 men, was, at the last moment, deserted by some of his key allies, and the Earl of Northumberland even refused to engage his troops until he had a clear idea which side was going to win the day. Nevertheless, the king fought bravely and perhaps a little foolishly in his efforts to kill Henry Tudor with his own sword. Richard, although managing to strike down Henry's standard-bearer, had his horse cut from under him - hence, Shakespeare's famous line "A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!" (Act 5, Scene IV) - and the king was killed. Richard was the last English monarch to fall on the battlefield. The dead king's body was displayed naked except for a piece of cloth in the Church of Saint Mary in Newarke near the battleground and then buried at Greyfriars Abbey, Leicester.

? ? ? ? ? 公元1485年8月8日，玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)達(dá)到了沸點(diǎn)，亨利·都鐸帶著一支法國(guó)雇傭軍在南威爾士的米爾福德港登陸，這支軍隊(duì)的規(guī)?？赡懿怀^(guò)5000人。亨利的軍隊(duì)于公元1485年8月22日在萊斯特郡的博斯沃思原野戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)迎戰(zhàn)國(guó)王的軍隊(duì)時(shí)，人數(shù)猛增。理查雖然指揮著一支約8000-12000人的軍隊(duì)，但在最后時(shí)刻，他被一些重要的盟友拋棄了，諾森伯蘭伯爵甚至拒絕與敵軍交戰(zhàn)，直到他清楚地知道哪一方會(huì)贏(yíng)得這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。盡管如此，國(guó)王在與亨利·都鐸的軍隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)斗過(guò)程中還是進(jìn)行了勇敢的戰(zhàn)斗，也許有點(diǎn)愚蠢。理查雖然成功地?fù)舻沽撕嗬臉?biāo)槍手，但他的馬卻被砍掉了。因此，莎士比亞有一句著名的臺(tái)詞“馬！馬！”?！耙黄ヱR! 我愿意用王國(guó)換一匹馬！” (第五幕，第四場(chǎng)）——國(guó)王被殺。理查是最后一位倒在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的英國(guó)君主。死去的國(guó)王的尸體除了一塊布外，被赤裸裸地展示在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)附近的紐瓦克的圣瑪麗教堂，然后被埋葬在萊斯特的格雷弗里爾斯修道院。

Richard III has gone down in history as possibly England's most villainous and despised king. A large contribution to this dark portrait was Shakespeare's Richard III where the king is an unprincipled hunchback and given lines like "I am determined to prove a villain" (Act 1, Scene 1) and "Thus I clothe my naked villany. With odds old ends stol'n forth of holy writ, And seem a saint when most I play the devil" (Act 1, Scene 3). The king is even visited by a long succession of ghosts, the restless spirits of all the significant people Richard had supposedly killed.

? ? ? ? ? 理查三世在歷史上可能是英國(guó)最?lèi)憾竞妥畋槐梢暤膰?guó)王。莎士比亞的《理查三世》為這一黑暗形象做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，國(guó)王是一個(gè)沒(méi)有原則的駝背，他的臺(tái)詞是“我決心證明自己是個(gè)惡棍”（第一幕，第一場(chǎng)）和“因此，我用從圣經(jīng)中偷來(lái)的奇怪的舊結(jié)局來(lái)掩蓋我赤裸裸的惡行；看起來(lái)是個(gè)圣人，而大多數(shù)時(shí)候我都在扮演魔鬼”（第一幕，第三場(chǎng)）。國(guó)王甚至被一長(zhǎng)串的鬼魂拜訪(fǎng)，這些鬼魂據(jù)說(shuō)是理查殺過(guò)的重要人物的難以釋?xiě)训撵`魂。

The Tudor historians also put it about that Richard was favoured by the Devil, which explained why he came out of his mother's womb feet first, was born with teeth already, had a couple of fingers missing and developed a taste for murder. These stories do not match Richard's contemporary portraits or the trust and goodwill extended to him by Edward IV and many of the people who were governed by him in the north of England. Finally, it is a possibility that the Princes of the Tower episode, Richard's most infamous crime, were actually still alive after the Battle of Bosworth Field and it was Henry Tudor who had them killed. Certainly, if Edward V had been still alive then he would have been a serious obstacle to Henry's claim to be king.

? ? ? ? ? 都鐸王朝的歷史學(xué)家們還說(shuō)，理查受到了魔鬼的青睞，這就解釋了為什么他從母親的子宮里出來(lái)時(shí)雙腳先著地，出生時(shí)已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)出了牙齒，少了幾根手指，還養(yǎng)成了殺人的習(xí)慣。這些故事與理查的當(dāng)代肖像不符，也與愛(ài)德華四世和英格蘭北部被他統(tǒng)治的許多人對(duì)他的信任和善意不符。最后，有一種可能性是，作為理查最臭名昭著的罪行，塔樓上的王子們的插曲在博斯沃思原野戰(zhàn)役后實(shí)際上還活著，是亨利·都鐸導(dǎo)致他們被殺的。當(dāng)然，如果愛(ài)德華五世還活著，那么他就會(huì)成為亨利稱(chēng)王的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重障礙。

The victorious Henry Tudor, according to legend, was given Richard's crown, found by Lord Stanley beneath a hawthorn bush at Bosworth Field. The new king was crowned Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509 CE) on 30 October 1485 CE and, marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV in 1486 CE, the two rival houses were finally united and a new one created: the Tudors. The battles of the Wars of the Roses were (almost) over, half the English barons had been killed in the process, but England was at last united as it left the Middle Ages and headed into the modern era.

? ? ? ? ? 根據(jù)傳說(shuō)，勝利的亨利·都鐸得到了理查的王冠，這頂王冠是斯坦利勛爵在博斯沃思原野戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的一處山楂樹(shù)叢下發(fā)現(xiàn)的。新國(guó)王于公元1485年10月30日被加冕為英格蘭的亨利七世（公元1485-1509年），并于公元1486年與愛(ài)德華四世的女兒約克的伊麗莎白結(jié)婚，兩個(gè)敵對(duì)的家族終于聯(lián)合起來(lái)，并建立了一個(gè)新的家族：都鐸家族。玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（幾乎）已經(jīng)結(jié)束，一半的英國(guó)男爵在這個(gè)過(guò)程中被殺，但英格蘭在離開(kāi)中世紀(jì)并進(jìn)入現(xiàn)代時(shí)代時(shí)終于完成了統(tǒng)一。

Richard III was not quite finished with the history books, though. In 2012 CE archaeologists in Leicester excavated the site where they believed the ruins of Greyfriars Abbey were now buried. Digging down from what was on the surface a car park, they revealed a skeleton which was male, had many marks of sword or dagger injuries and, most intriguingly, had suffered from curvature of the spine. Curiously, the skeleton, found beneath the choir of the ruined friary, had been directly below a reserved parking space in the modern-day car park on which was marked the letter R. Researchers at the University of Leicester conducted DNA testing and confirmed that, with a probability of 99.9%, this was the skeleton of Richard III. The remains were eventually reinterred in a new purpose-built tomb in Leicester Cathedral.

? ? ? ? ? ?不過(guò)，理查三世在歷史書(shū)上還沒(méi)有完全結(jié)束。2012年，中歐理論考古學(xué)組在萊斯特挖掘了他們認(rèn)為埋藏著格雷弗里爾斯修道院廢墟的地方。他們從表面上是一個(gè)停車(chē)場(chǎng)的地方挖下去，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一具男性的骨架，上面有許多劍或匕首造成的痕跡，最耐人尋味的是，這具骨架脊柱彎曲。奇怪的是，在破敗的修道院唱詩(shī)地區(qū)下面發(fā)現(xiàn)的這具骨架，正位于現(xiàn)代停車(chē)場(chǎng)的一個(gè)預(yù)留車(chē)位下面，上面標(biāo)有字母R。萊斯特大學(xué)的研究人員進(jìn)行了DNA測(cè)試，并確認(rèn)99.9%的可能性是理查三世的骨架。遺體最終被重新安葬在萊斯特大教堂的一個(gè)新的專(zhuān)門(mén)建造的墳?zāi)估铩?/strong>

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Cannon, J. The Kings and Queens of Britain. Oxford University Press, 2009.

Cavendish, R. Kings & Queens. David & Charles, 2007.

Crouch, D. Medieval Britain, c.1000-1500. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

Gravett, C. English Medieval Knight 1400-1500. Osprey Publishing, 2001.

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Phillips, C. The Complete Illustrated Guide to the Kings & Queens of Britain. Lorenz Books, 2006.

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The Discovery of Richard III by the University of LeicesterAccessed 7 Feb 2020.

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作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話(huà)和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書(shū)》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-18598/ricardo-iii-de-inglaterra/

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