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【簡(jiǎn)譯】美國(guó)殖民地時(shí)期的寵物

2022-08-18 14:10 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

Pets in Colonial America were kept by the colonists for the same reasons they were in Europe: for companionship and, in the case of dogs, for protection, hunting, and herding. Cats controlled vermin in homes and barns until the 18th century when they became valued as house pets.

? ? ? ? ? 殖民時(shí)期的美國(guó)人飼養(yǎng)寵物的原因與歐洲人相同：陪伴；就狗而言，為了護(hù)家、狩獵和放牧。貓?jiān)诩彝ズ凸葌}(cāng)中防治老鼠和害蟲(chóng)，直到18世紀(jì)，它們才被當(dāng)作家庭寵物來(lái)看待。

The colonists kept many different animals as pets, however, including squirrels, wild birds, raccoons, deer, horses, snakes, frogs, and turtles, among others. The settlers brought their own dogs, horses, and cats from Europe and later tamed other animals – like deer, otter, and beaver – they encountered in North America.

? ? ? ? ? 然而，殖民者飼養(yǎng)了許多不同的動(dòng)物作為寵物，包括松鼠、野鳥(niǎo)、浣熊、鹿、馬、蛇、青蛙和烏龜?shù)鹊?。定居者從歐洲帶來(lái)了自己的狗、馬和貓，后來(lái)又馴服了他們?cè)诒泵烙龅降钠渌麆?dòng)物——如鹿、水獺和海貍。

Long before the arrival of the first Europeans, the Native Americans had also kept pets, primarily dogs and turkeys although there is evidence that bobcats were also domesticated. The Native Americans kept dogs for the same purposes as the colonists but also used them to transport goods via sledges attached to harnesses tied around their torsos. Early colonial accounts describe dogs being used in this way but, eventually, the natives adopted the dog collar from the Europeans and the harness was used less frequently.

? ? ? ? ? 早在第一批歐洲人到來(lái)之前，美洲原住民也養(yǎng)寵物，主要是狗和火雞，盡管有證據(jù)表明山貓也被印第安人馴化了。美洲原住民養(yǎng)狗的目的與殖民者相同，但也用它們來(lái)作交通工具——通過(guò)綁在狗軀干上的雪橇來(lái)運(yùn)輸貨物。早期的殖民記述描述了以這種方式使用狗的情況，但后來(lái)，土著人從歐洲人那里采用了狗項(xiàng)圈，而馬具的使用頻率也降低了。

Each tribe had different dog breeds used for different purposes in the same way they observed various traditions distinct from each other. There was no single Native American dog in North America. The colonists, on the other hand, were more uniform in their use of dogs – and pets in general – and the European model eventually became standard across the country. In the present day, pet owners still adhere to this same model observed in Colonial America.

? ? ? ? ? 每個(gè)部落都有不同的狗種，用于不同的目的，就像他們遵守不同的傳統(tǒng)一樣。在北美沒(méi)有單一的本土狗種。另一方面，殖民者在馴養(yǎng)狗或一般的寵物方面更加統(tǒng)一，歐洲模式最終成為全美國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在今天，寵物主人仍然堅(jiān)持這種在美國(guó)殖民地時(shí)期學(xué)習(xí)到的模式。

美國(guó) 本土的狗

Exactly when and where dogs were first domesticated continues to be debated but it is thought that they were not native to North America but arrived with Paleoindians who migrated into the land across the Bering Land Bridge (also known as Beringia) over 14,000 years ago. Scholar Marion Schwartz comments:

? ? ? ? ? ?Dogs are remarkable because they are uniquely sensitive to the cultural attributes of the people with whom they live. Not only are dogs a product of culture, but they also participate in the cultures of humans. In fact, dogs were the first animals to take up residence with people and the only animals found in human societies all over the world. Because of the ubiquity across cultural boundaries, dogs have been so commonplace that their history seemed to warrant little consideration. And yet for the past twelve thousand years dogs have played an integral part in human lives. What is most remarkable about dogs is their ability to adapt to the needs of the people with whom they live. Dogs have proved themselves amazingly flexible beings, and this was as true in the Americas as elsewhere in the world. (2)

? ? ? ? ? 確切地說(shuō)，狗是何時(shí)何地首次被馴化的問(wèn)題仍有爭(zhēng)議，但人們認(rèn)為，狗不是北美的原生動(dòng)物，而是在14000多年前隨著穿過(guò)白令陸橋（又稱白令亞）遷徙到這片土地的古人類來(lái)到這里。學(xué)者馬里恩·施瓦茨評(píng)論說(shuō)：

? ? ? ? ? 狗是了不起的，因?yàn)樗鼈儗?duì)與它們一起生活的人的文化屬性有獨(dú)特的敏感性。狗不僅是文化的產(chǎn)物，而且還參與了人類的文化。事實(shí)上，狗是最早與人同居的動(dòng)物，也是全世界人類社會(huì)中唯一發(fā)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)物。由于跨越文化界限的普遍性，狗已經(jīng)非常普遍，它們的歷史似乎不值得考慮。然而，在過(guò)去的一萬(wàn)兩千年里，狗在人類生活中扮演著不可或缺的角色。狗最了不起的地方是它們能夠適應(yīng)與它們一起生活的人的需要。狗已經(jīng)證明了它們是驚人的靈活的生命，這在美洲和世界其他地方都是如此。(2)

The first dog to enter North America is thought to be a kind of dingo, although this claim has been challenged, and it is possible there were a number of different breeds who arrived with the early human immigrants. Dogs were used to protect homes and villages, for hunting, transporting goods via sledges, and in the case of the west coast Salish breed (a larger version of the Pomeranian), their fur was used to make mats and blankets. Some tribes kept dogs as pets and also as a food source, others primarily as guardians and hunters, but all considered dogs as valuable assets.

? ? ? ? ? ?第一條進(jìn)入北美的狗被認(rèn)為是一種野狗，盡管這一說(shuō)法受到了人們的質(zhì)疑，而且有可能有許多不同的品種與早期人類移民一起到達(dá)。狗被用來(lái)保護(hù)家園和村莊，用于狩獵，通過(guò)雪橇運(yùn)輸貨物，就西海岸的薩利什犬種（博美犬的較大版本）而言，它們的皮毛被用來(lái)制作墊子和毯子。一些部落將狗作為寵物和食物來(lái)源，其他部落則主要作為監(jiān)護(hù)者和獵人，但所有部落都認(rèn)為狗是寶貴的資產(chǎn)。

Dogs were highly regarded as a gift from the gods, and although there are many different myths relating how the dog came to live among human beings, the story of the Dog and Great Medicine from the Cheyenne of the midwest is typical. The creator-god Great Medicine made human beings after creating the world and showed his people a land covered in fields of corn and thick with herds of buffalo. The Cheyenne appreciated the gifts but had no means of following the buffalo to hunt them or of transporting the corn once it was harvested. They were also sometimes attacked in the night by other tribes who could sneak up on them so even the small amount of corn and buffalo brought into the village could be taken. Great Medicine showed them how to capture young wolves to raise as pets. These animals then evolved into domesticated dogs who would warn the village of an attack, could transport corn, and would help the people track the buffalo as well as hunt other game.

? ? ? ? ? 狗被視為神的禮物，盡管有許多不同的神話涉及到狗如何生活在人類間，但中西部夏安人的狗和大藥師的故事是最典型的例子。創(chuàng)世神大藥師在創(chuàng)造世界后創(chuàng)造了人類，并向他的人民展示了一片覆蓋著玉米田和成群的水牛的土地。夏安人感激這些禮物，但他們沒(méi)有辦法跟蹤水牛去獵殺它們，也沒(méi)有辦法在玉米收獲后運(yùn)輸它們。他們有時(shí)也會(huì)在夜里受到其他部落的襲擊，這些部落可以偷襲他們，所以即使是帶進(jìn)村子的少量玉米和水牛也會(huì)被搶走。大藥師向他們展示了如何捕捉小狼作為寵物來(lái)飼養(yǎng)。這些動(dòng)物后來(lái)演變?yōu)轳Z化的狗，它們會(huì)警告村子受到攻擊，可以運(yùn)輸玉米，并幫助人們追蹤水牛以及狩獵其他動(dòng)物。

In some tribal stories, the dog is among the first creatures created, in others, like the Cheyenne, it is a gift given to make life easier for the people. Dogs were considered intermediaries between the seen and unseen worlds, the realm of mortals and of the gods, as they embodied both the wild and the domestic spheres. This view of the dog contrasted sharply with the European understanding of the dog as a created being whose only purpose was to serve people.

? ? ? ? ? 在一些部落的故事中，狗是最早被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的生物之一，而在其他部落中，如夏安人，狗是為了使人們的生活更容易而給予的禮物。狗被認(rèn)為是可見(jiàn)世界和不可見(jiàn)世界之間的中介，是凡人與神靈的領(lǐng)域，因?yàn)樗鼈兺瑫r(shí)體現(xiàn)了野生與家庭領(lǐng)域。這種對(duì)狗的看法與歐洲人對(duì)狗的理解形成了鮮明的對(duì)比，他們認(rèn)為狗是被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的，其唯一目的是為人服務(wù)。

帶狗的女士，馬瑟-布朗的布面油畫(huà)，1786年。大都會(huì)藝術(shù)博物館，紐約。

殖民者與他們的狗

According to the Christian Europeans, dogs had no souls – nor did any other animal – as an immortal soul animated only human beings who would answer for the deeds done in life after they died and appeared before the throne of God for judgment. The dog was therefore not viewed as anything special and references to dogs in the Bible encouraged this view as dogs are generally associated with poverty and low social status. To cite only one example, although the biblical tale of Lazarus and the Rich Man from Luke 16:19-31 has been interpreted as showing dogs in a positive light (as healers who lick the sores of the poor man), they are associated with poverty by this very act.

? ? ? ? ? 根據(jù)基督教歐洲人的說(shuō)法，狗沒(méi)有靈魂，其他動(dòng)物也沒(méi)有。因?yàn)椴恍嗟撵`魂只有人類才有活力，他們死后要為生前的行為負(fù)責(zé)，出現(xiàn)在上帝的寶座前接受審判。因此，狗不被視為任何特殊的東西，《圣經(jīng)》中關(guān)于狗的記載鼓勵(lì)了這種觀點(diǎn)，因?yàn)楣吠ǔＥc貧窮和社會(huì)地位低下有關(guān)。僅舉一例，盡管《圣經(jīng)》中路加福音16:19-31的拉撒路和富人的故事被解釋為以積極的方式展示狗（作為醫(yī)治者舔窮人的瘡），但它們的這種行為卻與貧窮聯(lián)系在一起。

Even so, the colonists did not look down on dogs but cared for them deeply. The first law concerning mistreatment of dogs (or any animal) in the English colonies was the Regulation against Tyranny or Cruelty of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1641. Purposeful cruelty toward an animal was punishable by fine or a sentence in the stocks and pillories. Colonists who bred dogs, especially, took great pride in them and elevated their own above those of their neighbors with collars which were often ornate and, among the upper-class, quite expensive.

? ? ? ? ? 即便如此，殖民者并沒(méi)有看不起狗，而是深深地關(guān)愛(ài)著它們。英國(guó)殖民地第一部關(guān)于虐待狗（或任何動(dòng)物）的法律是1641年馬薩諸塞灣殖民地的《反對(duì)暴政或殘忍行為條例》。故意虐待動(dòng)物的行為將被處以罰款或判處絞刑和鞭刑。特別是養(yǎng)狗的殖民者對(duì)狗感到非常自豪，他們用項(xiàng)圈將自己的狗抬高到鄰居的狗之上，這些項(xiàng)圈通常都很華麗，在上層社會(huì)中也相當(dāng)昂貴。

Leather collars with a brass plate engraved with the dog’s name, owner’s name, and sometimes a pithy epigram were popular in Europe and mirrored in early Colonial America. Dog ownership came to be associated with a degree of wealth in that one could afford to feed a dog as well as one’s family, and the padlock collar was developed, in part, to prove said ownership. The padlock collar was a hinged ring of metal attached around a dog’s neck by clasps and fastened with a small padlock for which only the owner held the key. If the dog were lost or stolen, one could prove ownership by producing the key and unlocking the collar as the piece was impossible to remove otherwise without harming the dog.

? ? ? ? ? 帶銅板的皮項(xiàng)圈上刻有狗的名字、主人的名字，有時(shí)還有一句精辟的格言，這在歐洲很流行，在殖民地早期的美國(guó)也是如此。養(yǎng)狗與一定程度的財(cái)富有關(guān)，因?yàn)槿藗冇心芰︷B(yǎng)活一只狗，也有能力養(yǎng)活自己的家人，而掛鎖項(xiàng)圈的出現(xiàn)，部分是為了證明這種所有權(quán)。掛鎖項(xiàng)圈是一個(gè)鉸鏈?zhǔn)降慕饘侪h(huán)，用扣子扣在狗的脖子上，用一把小掛鎖固定，只有主人才有鑰匙。如果狗丟失或被盜，人們可以通過(guò)出示鑰匙和解鎖項(xiàng)圈來(lái)證明其所有權(quán)，因?yàn)樵诓粋返那闆r下，不可能拆除這塊東西。

Dogs were used for hunting, guarding the home, and in blood sports such as dogfighting or bearbaiting. Breeds included various hounds, bulldogs, mastiffs, pointers, setters, spaniels, terriers, and others. Smaller breeds were known as “comfort dogs” and were favored by women and the elderly as companions. Upper-class gentlemen, such as George Washington (l. 1732-1799) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), kept inventories of breeds and Washington prided himself on his knowledge of dogs. The French general Lafayette (l. 1757-1834), an ally of Washington’s during the Revolution recognized this and gave Washington two Basset Hounds as a gift; thereby introducing the Basset to North America. Another of the best-known anecdotes concerning Washington and a dog also comes from the period of the American War of Independence (1775-1783) and relates how, after the Battle of Germantown in 1777, Washington found the dog of his opponent, General William Howe (l. 1729-1814), and returned it to him with his compliments. Washington knew it was Howe’s dog from the inscription on the dog’s collar.

? ? ? ? ? 狗被用來(lái)打獵、守衛(wèi)家園，以及用于血腥的運(yùn)動(dòng)，如斗狗或獵熊。狗的品種包括各種獵犬、斗牛犬、藏獒、尖頭犬、西班牙獵犬、梗犬等。較小的品種被稱為 "慰安犬"，受到婦女和老人的青睞。上層社會(huì)的紳士們，如喬治·華盛頓（1732-1799年）和托馬斯·杰斐遜（1743-1826年），保留了狗寵物品種清單，華盛頓以他對(duì)狗的了解而自豪。法國(guó)將軍拉法耶特（1757-1834）是華盛頓在大革命期間的盟友，他認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，并送給華盛頓兩只巴塞特獵犬作為禮物；從而將巴塞特犬引入北美。另一個(gè)關(guān)于華盛頓和狗的最著名的軼事也來(lái)自美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期（1775-1783），講述了1777年日耳曼敦戰(zhàn)役后，華盛頓發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的對(duì)手威廉·豪將軍（1729-1814）的狗，并將其送回給他，并向他致意。華盛頓從狗的領(lǐng)子上的銘文中知道這是威廉·豪的狗。

When a dog went missing, if they lacked identification such as Howe’s dog, advertisements would be posted at the local meeting house, church, or tavern offering a reward for its return, just as people do today. In Colonial Williamsburg, rewards for dogs were offered in the amount of 20 shillings (nine days’ wages) between 1774-1777 signifying the value owners placed on their dogs. Advertisements in New York City during the Revolution follow the same model as British officers posted many for the return of their lost dogs. Portraits of upper-class gentlemen of the time often show them posing with a favorite hunting dog and the same of upper-class women with their comfort dog. Dogs, in fact, begin appearing fairly regularly in family portraits from c. 1700 onwards.

? ? ? ? ? 當(dāng)一只狗失蹤時(shí)，如果它們?nèi)狈ι矸葑C明，如Howe的狗，就會(huì)在當(dāng)?shù)氐臅?huì)議廳、教堂或酒館張貼廣告，懸賞尋找它。在殖民時(shí)期的威廉斯堡，1774-1777年間，人們?yōu)楣诽峁┝?0先令（9天的工資）的獎(jiǎng)賞，這表明主人對(duì)他們的狗非常重視。在革命期間，紐約市的廣告也采用了同樣的模式，因?yàn)橛?guó)軍官為找回他們丟失的狗張貼了許多廣告。當(dāng)時(shí)上層階級(jí)紳士的畫(huà)像經(jīng)常顯示他們與最喜歡的獵犬合影，上層階級(jí)婦女與她們的慰安犬也是如此。事實(shí)上，從大約1700年起，狗開(kāi)始相當(dāng)有規(guī)律地出現(xiàn)在家庭畫(huà)像中。

其他寵物

Dogs were not the only domesticated animal to enjoy an elevation in status during the 18th century; cats also became more highly valued as companions whereas previously they had been regarded more or less as utilitarian pest control. The Age of Enlightenment encouraged people to question many of the beliefs and traditions of the past, and among these was the view of the cat as almost a necessary evil. Cats were associated with pagan cultures and, it was noted, were mentioned nowhere in the Bible, making them suspect. They were useful in controlling the population of rats and mice, however, and were more tolerated for the most part than cared for.

? ? ? ? ? 在18世紀(jì)，狗并不是唯一享受到地位提升的馴養(yǎng)動(dòng)物；貓也變得更有價(jià)值，它們被視為伙伴，而以前或多或少被視為防治害蟲(chóng)的工具。啟蒙時(shí)代鼓勵(lì)人們質(zhì)疑過(guò)去的許多信仰和傳統(tǒng)，其中包括把貓看作是一種必要的邪惡。貓與異教文化有關(guān)，而且人們注意到，《圣經(jīng)》中沒(méi)有任何地方提到貓，這使它們受到懷疑。然而，它們?cè)诳刂评鲜蟮臄?shù)量方面很有用，而且在大多數(shù)情況下，他們更多的是容忍而不是關(guān)心。

During the 18th century, however, the cat became the pampered house pet one is familiar with in the present day. Family portraits as well as single-figure pieces frequently featured the person’s or family’s cat, and they began to appear in poetry and literature. The cat as a witch’s favorite familiar, of course, was widely recognized, and they were not embraced as family members as early as dogs were, but by the time of the American Revolution, they were on at least equal standing with dogs as far as portraiture is concerned.

? ? ? ? ? 然而，在18世紀(jì)，貓變成了人們今天所熟悉的那種被寵愛(ài)的家養(yǎng)寵物。家庭畫(huà)像以及單人作品中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)個(gè)人或家庭的貓，而且它們開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)在詩(shī)歌和文學(xué)作品中。當(dāng)然，貓作為女巫的最愛(ài)，是被廣泛認(rèn)可的，它們不像狗那樣早早地被接納為家庭成員，但到了美國(guó)革命時(shí)期，就肖像畫(huà)而言，它們至少與狗處于同等地位。

Deer were also featured in portraits and became one of the most highly sought and popular pets of Colonial America. Deer wore collars and were walked on leashes and, based on their depiction in paintings, lived in the family home as comfortably as cats or dogs. Deer were frequently domesticated and let loose in the gardens of colonial estates to amuse guests at parties, and one example of this is a Dr. Benjamin Jones of Virginia Colony who trained over one hundred deer for his property for this purpose as well as for his family to enjoy. Portraits of deer show them in poses very like those of greyhounds of the period with brass colors often of the padlock type.

? ? ? ? ? 鹿也出現(xiàn)在肖像畫(huà)中，成為美國(guó)殖民地時(shí)期最受歡迎的寵物之一。鹿戴著項(xiàng)圈，用繩子牽著走，根據(jù)畫(huà)中的描述，它們像貓或狗一樣舒適地生活在家庭中。鹿經(jīng)常被馴化，并被放養(yǎng)在殖民地莊園的花園里，以便在派對(duì)上逗樂(lè)客人，其中一個(gè)例子是弗吉尼亞殖民地的本杰明·瓊斯博士，他訓(xùn)練了一百多只鹿，用于這一目的，同時(shí)也供他的家人享樂(lè)。鹿的畫(huà)像顯示它們的姿勢(shì)非常像當(dāng)時(shí)的灰狗，黃銅項(xiàng)圈往往是掛鎖式的。

Another pet which was frequently featured in portraits was the squirrel whose young became more popular than a puppy or kitten with children of the time. People robbed squirrel nests of their young, domesticated them, and sold them in the marketplace as house pets. These house squirrels were collared, leashed, and walked just as comfort dogs were. Flying squirrels were especially popular with young boys who trained them to sit on their shoulders as they walked through town. The popularity of squirrels as pets was lamented by wives and mothers of the time, who complained the creatures chewed through closets, clothing, and linens and could not be contained because they could eat their way through wooden boxes or cages. Tinsmiths capitalized on this by creating metal cages with exercise wheels and other items inside so the squirrel could still entertain a family but remain contained.

? ? ? ? ? 另一種經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在肖像畫(huà)中的寵物是松鼠，它的幼崽比小狗或小貓更受當(dāng)時(shí)的孩子們歡迎。人們把松鼠窩里的小松鼠搶走，把它們馴化，并作為家庭寵物在市場(chǎng)上出售。這些家養(yǎng)的松鼠就像舒適的狗一樣被戴上項(xiàng)圈，拴上繩子，被到處遛走。鼯鼠特別受年輕男孩的歡迎，人們訓(xùn)練鼯鼠坐在他們的肩膀上，在城鎮(zhèn)里溜達(dá)。當(dāng)時(shí)的妻子和母親對(duì)松鼠作為寵物的流行感到惋惜，她們抱怨這些動(dòng)物會(huì)咬破衣柜、衣服和床單，而且無(wú)法控制，因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢猿源┠鞠浠蚧\子。鐵匠們利用這一點(diǎn)，制造了金屬籠子，里面裝有運(yùn)動(dòng)輪和其他物品，這樣松鼠仍然可以取樂(lè)家人，也能被控制住。

Domesticated birds were especially popular with young girls and women, who kept cardinals and others in often elaborate cages in their drawing rooms. It was believed that one could teach a bird a tune by repeating it and so small flutes known as flageolets became popular among bird owners. The person would repeat a simple tune on the instrument throughout the day, and it was thought the bird would learn to sing it. There are no records of this practice actually succeeding, however, except in the case of the mockingbird.

? ? ? ? ? 馴養(yǎng)的鳥(niǎo)類尤其受到年輕女孩和婦女的歡迎，她們?cè)谧约旱漠?huà)室里把紅雀和其他鳥(niǎo)類養(yǎng)在通常很精致的籠子里。人們相信，通過(guò)不斷重復(fù)，人們可以教給鳥(niǎo)兒一首曲子，因此被稱為Flageolets的小鳥(niǎo)在鳥(niǎo)主人中很受歡迎。人們會(huì)整天在樂(lè)器上重復(fù)一支簡(jiǎn)單的曲子，人們認(rèn)為鳥(niǎo)兒會(huì)學(xué)會(huì)唱它。然而，除了知更鳥(niǎo)，沒(méi)有關(guān)于這種做法實(shí)際成功的記錄。

Beavers were also popular, mainly among men and boys, and were trained to catch fish and carry them home. Otters were trained to retrieve game that fell into water, in the same way hunting dogs previously had been. Fishermen, especially, were fond of trained otters who would dive under the water and return with fish. Raccoons, which were also domesticated, were least popular owing to their habit of breaking-and-entering pantries and stealing food or various items from homes. No matter how well-trained, a raccoon was also apt to kill the family’s chickens, which eventually led to it being dropped as a pet and seen more as a predator and nuisance.

? ? ? ? ? 海貍也很受歡迎，主要是在男人和男孩中，它們被訓(xùn)練來(lái)抓魚(yú)并把它們帶回家。水獺被訓(xùn)練用來(lái)打撈落入水中的獵物，就像以前的獵狗一樣。漁民們尤其喜歡訓(xùn)練有素的水獺，它們會(huì)潛入水底并帶著魚(yú)回來(lái)。同樣被馴化的浣熊最不受歡迎，因?yàn)樗鼈兞?xí)慣于破門(mén)而入，從家里偷取食物或各種物品。無(wú)論訓(xùn)練得多么好，浣熊也很容易殺死家里的雞，這最終導(dǎo)致它被放棄作為寵物，而更多地被視為捕食者和滋擾者。

Other animals, such as snakes and small monkeys, continued to be popular even though they presented their own problems. Snakes were particularly unpopular among women, although women and girls were the primary owners of monkeys who were far more bothersome in maintaining a neat and clean home. Another animal popular especially among young girls was the lamb which was often depicted in paintings wearing a ribbon around its neck. Chickens, of course, also served as pets although no portraits feature them adorned as lambs and monkeys were.

? ? ? ? ? 其他動(dòng)物，如蛇和小猴子，也很受歡迎，盡管它們帶來(lái)了許多問(wèn)題。蛇在婦女中特別不受歡迎，盡管婦女和女孩是猴子的主要擁有者，而猴子在維持一個(gè)整潔的家方面要麻煩得多。另一種特別受年輕女孩歡迎的動(dòng)物是小羊，它在繪畫(huà)中經(jīng)常被描繪成脖子上系著絲帶的形象。當(dāng)然，雞也可以作為寵物，盡管沒(méi)有像羊羔和猴子那樣經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在肖像畫(huà)中。

總? ? ?結(jié)

Changes in pet ownership, concerning the types of animals kept in homes, came with the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th century. The British industrialist Samuel Slater (l. 1768-1835) introduced English textile mills into the USA c. 1789. He was assisted by industrialist Moses Brown (l. 1738-1836) who established the first water-powered mill in America in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1790. The introduction of textile mills proved quite profitable for businessmen and encouraged the development of more labor-saving technology, which led to urbanization as people moved to cities for work. As industrialization and urbanization increased, pet ownership became more restrictive regarding choice; a city apartment was no place for a deer, horse, or lamb as a pet. Those in rural areas still kept these animals as pets, but they no longer appear in portraiture in the 19th century, and squirrels seem to have followed this same decline in popularity.

? ? ? ? ? 隨著18世紀(jì)末和19世紀(jì)初工業(yè)革命的到來(lái)，寵物所有權(quán)發(fā)生了變化，涉及家庭飼養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物類型。英國(guó)工業(yè)家塞繆爾·斯萊特（1768-1835）在1789年左右將英國(guó)紡織廠引入美國(guó)。他得到了工業(yè)家摩西·布朗（約1738-1836）的幫助，后者于1790年在羅德島的波塔基特建立了美國(guó)第一家水力工廠。事實(shí)證明，紡織廠的引入為商人帶來(lái)了相當(dāng)大的利潤(rùn)，并鼓勵(lì)了更多節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力的技術(shù)的發(fā)展。隨著人們搬到城市工作，城市化也隨之而來(lái)。工業(yè)化和城市化的發(fā)展，寵物所有權(quán)在選擇方面變得更加嚴(yán)格；城市公寓里沒(méi)有鹿、馬或羔羊的居住空間。農(nóng)村地區(qū)的人仍然把這些動(dòng)物作為寵物飼養(yǎng)，但在19世紀(jì)，它們不再出現(xiàn)在肖像畫(huà)中，松鼠的飼養(yǎng)似乎也跟隨這種流行的下降而下降。

Colonization, westward expansion, and further immigration also affected which animals were kept as pets. Deer were regularly hunted as food and for their hides even as they were domesticated as pets, but as natural habitats began to shrink and deer populations moved further away from settlements, catching and domesticating a deer as a pet became less popular than shooting and eating one for dinner. The snake, so popular during the Colonial period, followed this same course as they were driven further away from towns and cities and finally became relegated to the sphere of entertainment by traveling magicians and circus performers by the mid-19th century.

? ? ? ? ? 殖民化、西進(jìn)擴(kuò)張和進(jìn)一步的移民也影響了部分動(dòng)物被作為寵物飼養(yǎng)。即使鹿被馴化為寵物，也經(jīng)常被當(dāng)作食物和獸皮來(lái)源而獵殺，但隨著自然棲息地開(kāi)始縮小，鹿群進(jìn)一步遠(yuǎn)離定居點(diǎn)，捕捉和馴化鹿作為寵物變得不那么受歡迎，而射殺鹿并將其作為晚餐食用則逐漸流行。在殖民地時(shí)期非常流行的蛇也遵循同樣的路線，它們被驅(qū)趕到遠(yuǎn)離城鎮(zhèn)的地方，到19世紀(jì)中葉最終淪為旅行魔術(shù)師和馬戲團(tuán)表演者的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)。

As more land became settled, and more people needed to be fed, animals like beaver, otter, and raccoon – which had been hunted for their skin and meat even when they were seen as popular pets - came to be primarily seen as food sources instead of companions and assistants. Native American villages, which had once been quite numerous along the eastern seaboard of North America were destroyed by colonists to make room for further settlements, and once the inhabitants were relocated onto reservations, it was illegal for them to own dogs just as it was for them to have access to firearms. Native American dogs were confiscated, and these dog breeds eventually went extinct from breeding with European dogs and so thoroughly that it is unclear, today, what many of these breeds even were.

? ? ? ? ? 隨著越來(lái)越多的土地被開(kāi)墾定居，人們的食物儲(chǔ)備受到了考驗(yàn)，像海貍、水獺和浣熊這樣的動(dòng)物——即使在它們被視為受歡迎的寵物時(shí)，也曾因其皮和肉而被獵殺——開(kāi)始主要被視為食物來(lái)源，而不是伙伴和助手。北美東部沿海地區(qū)曾經(jīng)有相當(dāng)多的美國(guó)原住民村莊被殖民者摧毀，以便為進(jìn)一步的定居騰出空間，而一旦居民被遷移到保留地，他們擁有狗是非法的，就像他們可以獲得槍支一樣。美國(guó)原住民的狗被沒(méi)收了，這些狗的品種最終因與歐洲狗的繁殖而滅絕，而且滅絕得如此徹底，以至于今天都不清楚這些品種有哪些。

Restrictions on types of pets seem to have occurred naturally as more exotic animals became more difficult to come by. Dogs and cats, therefore, became the primary choice for most people, and their popularity grew as more homes adopted them. In the present day, the dog and cat continue to be the most popular and common animals kept as pets, although a number of Americans continue to keep exotic animals just as their ancestors did.

? ? ? ? ? 對(duì)寵物類型的限制似乎是自然發(fā)生的，因?yàn)楦喈悋?guó)的動(dòng)物變得更難得到。因此，狗和貓成為大多數(shù)人的首要選擇，隨著越來(lái)越多的家庭收養(yǎng)它們，它們的受歡迎程度也越來(lái)越高。在今天，狗和貓仍然是作為寵物飼養(yǎng)的最流行和最常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)物，盡管一些美國(guó)人繼續(xù)像他們的祖先那樣飼養(yǎng)異國(guó)動(dòng)物。