Journal of Human Resources 2023年第1期

?

?

——更多動(dòng)態(tài)，請持續(xù)關(guān)注gzh：理想主義的百年孤獨(dú)

?

?

1.Does Universal Preschool Hit the Target?Program Access and Preschool Impacts

全民學(xué)前教育達(dá)到目標(biāo)了嗎?項(xiàng)目準(zhǔn)入和學(xué)前教育影響

Elizabeth U. Cascio

This study examines the cost efficacy of universal programs, taking advantage of the rich diversity in rules governing access to state-funded preschool in the United States. Using age-eligibility rules for identification, I find that attending a state-funded universal preschool generates substantial immediate test score gains, particularly for low-income children. Gains for low-income children from attending targeted (largely means-tested) preschool are significantly smaller. Cross-state differences in alternative care options, demographics, and other program features cannot explain the difference in attendance impacts across program types. Benefit-to-cost ratios of universal programs are favorable despite their relatively high costs per low-income child.

這項(xiàng)研究考察了普遍學(xué)前教育計(jì)劃的成本效益，利用美國國家資助的學(xué)前教育規(guī)則的豐富多樣性。使用年齡資格規(guī)則進(jìn)行識別，我發(fā)現(xiàn)，參加國家資助的全民學(xué)前班可以立即大幅提高考試成績，尤其是對低收入家庭的孩子。低收入家庭的孩子上針對性的學(xué)前教育(主要是經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況調(diào)查)所獲得的收益要小得多。各州在替代護(hù)理選擇、人口統(tǒng)計(jì)和其他項(xiàng)目特征方面的差異不能解釋不同項(xiàng)目類型的出勤率影響的差異。盡管每個(gè)低收入兒童的成本相對較高，但全民計(jì)劃的效益成本比是有利的。

?

?

2.Fighting Crime in the Cradle:The Effects of Early Childhood Access to Nutritional Assistance

在搖籃中打擊犯罪:早期兒童獲得營養(yǎng)援助的影響

Andrew Barr?and?Alexander A. Smith

Using variation in the rollout of the Food Stamp Program (FSP), combined with criminal conviction data from North Carolina, we find that FSP availability in early childhood leads to large reductions in later criminal behavior Each additional year of FSP availability in early childhood reduces the likelihood of a criminal conviction in young adulthood by 2.5 percent, with stronger effects for violent and felony convictions. These effects are substantially larger for nonwhites, consistent with their higher levels of FSP participation. The discounted social benefits from the FSP’s later crime reduction exceed the costs of the program over this time period.

使用食品郵票計(jì)劃(FSP)的變化,加上來自南卡洛納的犯罪定罪數(shù)據(jù),我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在兒童早期的FSP可用性導(dǎo)致以后的刑事行為大幅減少,在兒童早期的每額外一年減少了在年輕的成年期犯罪定罪的可能性,降低了2.5個(gè),對暴力和重罪的定罪有更大的影響。這些對非白人的影響要大得多,與他們更高的FSP參與水平一致。從FSP后來的犯罪減少的折扣社會福利超過了該項(xiàng)目在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)的成本。

?

?

3.Food for Thought??Experimental Evidence on the Learning Impacts of a Large-Scale School Feeding Program

精神食糧?實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)對大型學(xué)校培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃的學(xué)習(xí)影響

Elisabetta Aurino Aulo Gelli Clement Adamba Isaac Osei-Akoto Harold Alderman

There is limited experimental evidence on the effects of large-scale, government-led interventions on human capital in resource-constrained settings. We report results from a randomized trial of the government of Ghana’s school feeding. After two years, the program led to moderate average increases in math and literacy standardized scores among pupils in treatment communities and to larger achievement gains for girls and disadvantaged children and regions. Improvements in child schooling, cognition, and nutrition constituted suggestive impact mechanisms, especially for educationally disadvantaged groups. The program combined equitable human capital accumulation with social protection, contributing to the “l(fā)earning for all” sustainable development agenda.

在資源受限的環(huán)境下,大規(guī)模的、政府主導(dǎo)的人力資本干預(yù)的影響是有限的實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)。我們報(bào)告了加納政府的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果。在兩年內(nèi),該項(xiàng)目導(dǎo)致學(xué)生在治療社區(qū)的數(shù)學(xué)和識字標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化分?jǐn)?shù)提高,女孩和弱勢兒童和地區(qū)的成就增加。兒童教育、認(rèn)知和營養(yǎng)的改善構(gòu)成了啟發(fā)性的影響機(jī)制,尤其是在教育弱勢群體中。該項(xiàng)目將公平人力資本積累與社會保護(hù)相結(jié)合,為“所有”可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程的“學(xué)習(xí)”作出了貢獻(xiàn)。

?

?

4.Risk Attitudes and Household Migration Decisions

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)態(tài)度與家庭遷移決策

Christian Dustmann,?Francesco Fasani,?Xin Meng?and?Luigi Minale

We analyze the relation between risk attitudes and household migration decisions. Using data of rural-urban migrants in China and their family members left behind, we obtain three key findings: (i) conditional on migration gains, less risk-averse individuals are more likely to migrate; (ii) conditional on own risk aversion, individuals are more likely to migrate the higher the risk aversion of the other household members; and (iii) conditional on average risk aversion, households with more dispersed risk preferences are more likely to send migrants. These findings are in line with a stylized model that we develop. Our results provide evidence that the distribution of risk attitudes within the household affects whether a migration takes place and who will emigrate. They also suggest that the risk diversification gain to other household members may lead to migrations that would not take place when decisions were made at the individual level.

我們分析了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)態(tài)度與家庭遷移決策之間的關(guān)系。利用中國城鄉(xiāng)流動(dòng)人口及其留守家庭成員的數(shù)據(jù)，我們得到了三個(gè)關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn):(i)以移民收益為條件，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡程度較低的個(gè)體更有可能遷移;(ii)在自身風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡的條件下，其他家庭成員的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡程度越高，個(gè)體越傾向于遷移;(iii)在平均風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡的條件下，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好越分散的家庭更有可能派遣移民。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)與我們開發(fā)的程式化模型是一致的。我們的研究結(jié)果證明，家庭內(nèi)部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)態(tài)度的分布會影響移民是否發(fā)生以及誰將移民。他們還表明，其他家庭成員的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散收益可能導(dǎo)致在個(gè)人層面做出決定時(shí)不會發(fā)生的遷移。

?

?

5.Who Benefits from Free Health Insurance? Evidence from Mexico.

誰可以享受免費(fèi)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)?來自墨西哥的證據(jù)。

Gabriella Conti?and?Rita Ginja

We present a comprehensive evaluation of the health impacts of the introduction and expansion of a large noncontributory health insurance program in Mexico, the Seguro Popular (SP), which provided access to health services without co-pays to individuals with no Social Security protection. We identify the program impacts using its rollout across municipalities between 2002 and 2010. In general, we do not detect significant effects on mortality (overall or at any age); the only exception is a reduction in infant mortality in poor municipalities for which intention- to-treat estimates show a 10 percent decline due to SP. This decline is attributable to reductions in deaths associated with conditions originating in the perinatal period, congenital malformations, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. In these poor municipalities, SP increased obstetric-related hospital admissions by 7 percent and hospital admissions among infants by 6 percent. There were no impacts on mortality or use of hospitals in rich municipalities. The decline in infant mortality rate caused by SP closed nearly all of the infant mortality rate gap between poor and rich municipalities.

我們對墨西哥引入和擴(kuò)大大型非繳費(fèi)健康保險(xiǎn)項(xiàng)目Seguro Popular (SP)的健康影響進(jìn)行了全面評估，該項(xiàng)目為沒有社會保障保護(hù)的個(gè)人提供了無需自付的醫(yī)療服務(wù)。我們通過2002年至2010年在各城市的推廣來確定該計(jì)劃的影響。總的來說，我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)對死亡率的顯著影響(總體或任何年齡);唯一的例外是貧困城市的嬰兒死亡率下降，由于SP，其治療意向估計(jì)下降了10%。這種下降可歸因于與圍產(chǎn)期疾病、先天性畸形、腹瀉和呼吸道感染相關(guān)的死亡減少。在這些貧困城市，SP使產(chǎn)科相關(guān)住院人數(shù)增加了7%，嬰兒住院人數(shù)增加了6%。在富裕城市，這對死亡率和醫(yī)院使用率沒有影響。SP導(dǎo)致的嬰兒死亡率下降幾乎消除了貧窮城市和富裕城市之間的嬰兒死亡率差距。

?

?

6.Social Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship

社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)、種族和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神

William R. Kerr Martin Mandorff

We study the relationship between ethnicity, occupational choice, and entrepreneurship. Immigrant groups in the United States cluster in specific business sectors. For example, Koreans are 34 times more concentrated in self-employment for dry cleaning than other immigrant groups, and Gujarati-speaking Indians are 84 times more concentrated in managing motels. We quantify that smaller and more socially isolated ethnic groups display higher rates of entrepreneurial concentration. This is consistent with a model of social interactions where nonwork relationships facilitate the acquisition of sector-specific skills and result in occupational stratification along ethnic lines via concentrated entrepreneurship.

我們研究種族、職業(yè)選擇和企業(yè)家精神之間的關(guān)系。美國的移民群體集中在特定的商業(yè)部門。例如，韓國人從事干洗店的工作是其他移民群體的34倍，說古吉拉特語的印度人經(jīng)營汽車旅館的工作是其他移民群體的84倍。我們量化了規(guī)模較小、社會孤立程度更高的少數(shù)民族的創(chuàng)業(yè)集中度。這與社會互動(dòng)的模式是一致的，在這種模式中，非工作關(guān)系有助于獲得特定部門的技能，并通過集中創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)致沿種族線的職業(yè)分層。

?

?

7.Will You Marry Me, Later?Age-of-Marriage Laws and Child Marriage in Mexico

以后你愿意嫁給我嗎?墨西哥的婚齡法與童婚

Cristina Bellés-Obrero?and?María Lombardi

We examine the impact of raising the minimum age of marriage to 18 years old in Mexico. Using a difference-in-differences model that takes advantage of the staggered adoption of this reform across states, we find a large reduction in the number of registered child marriages. However, we find no effect on school attendance or early fertility rates. We provide evidence that this is driven by a substitution of formal marriage for informal unions. This suggests that when informal unions are a viable option for young couples, age-of-marriage reforms are not enough to prevent early unions and their negative consequences.

我們研究了墨西哥將最低結(jié)婚年齡提高到18歲的影響。利用各州錯(cuò)開采用這一改革的差異模型，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)登記童婚的數(shù)量大幅減少。然而，我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)對上學(xué)率或早期生育率有影響。我們提供的證據(jù)表明，這是由正式婚姻取代非正式聯(lián)盟所驅(qū)動(dòng)的。這表明，當(dāng)非正式結(jié)合對年輕夫婦來說是一個(gè)可行的選擇時(shí)，婚姻年齡改革不足以防止過早結(jié)合及其負(fù)面后果。

?

?

8.The Economics of Hypergamy

高攀結(jié)親的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析

Ingvild Alm?s Andreas Kotsadam Espen R. Moen Knut R?ed

Partner selection is a vital feature of human behavior with important consequences for individuals, families, and society. We use the term hypergamy to describe a phenomenon whereby there is a tendency for husbands to be of higher rank within the male earnings capacity distribution than their wives are within the female distribution. Such patterns are difficult to verify empirically because earnings are both a cause and an effect of the mating process. Using parental earnings rank as a predetermined measure of earnings capacity to solve the simultaneity problem, we show that hypergamy is an important feature of today’s mating patterns in one of the most gender-equal societies in the world, namely Norway. We argue that through its influence on household specialization, hypergamy may explain parts of the remaining gender wage gap.

伴侶選擇是人類行為的一個(gè)重要特征，對個(gè)人、家庭和社會都有重要影響。我們用“高攀結(jié)親”一詞來描述一種現(xiàn)象，即丈夫在男性收入能力分配中的地位往往高于妻子在女性收入分配中的地位。這種模式很難通過經(jīng)驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證，因?yàn)槭杖爰仁墙慌溥^程的原因，也是交配過程的結(jié)果。利用父母的收入排名作為解決同時(shí)性問題的收入能力的預(yù)定衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，我們表明，在世界上性別最平等的社會之一，即挪威，高攀結(jié)親是當(dāng)今交配模式的一個(gè)重要特征。我們認(rèn)為，通過對家庭專業(yè)化的影響，雙重婚姻可以部分解釋剩余的性別工資差距。

?

?

9.The Impact of Health on Labor Supply near Retirement

退休前健康對勞動(dòng)力供給的影響

Richard Blundell Jack Britton Monica Costa Dias Eric French

Estimates of how health affects employment vary considerably. We assess how different methods and health measures impact estimates of the impact of health on employment using a unified framework for the United States and England. We find that subjective and objective health measures and subjective measures instrumented by objective measures produce similar estimates when using sufficiently rich objective measures. Moreover, a single health index can capture the relevant health variation for employment. Health deterioration explains up to 15 percent of the decline in employment between ages 50 and 70. Effects are larger for the United States than England and for the low educated.

關(guān)于健康如何影響就業(yè)的估計(jì)差異很大。我們使用美國和英國的統(tǒng)一框架，評估不同的方法和健康措施如何影響健康對就業(yè)的影響估計(jì)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)使用足夠豐富的客觀衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，主觀和客觀健康衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及使用客觀衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主觀衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)生了類似的估計(jì)。此外，單一的健康指數(shù)可以反映就業(yè)的相關(guān)健康變化。50歲到70歲之間的就業(yè)率下降，有15%是由于健康狀況惡化造成的。美國的影響比英國和受教育程度低的人更大。

?

10.Heterogeneous Impact of the Minimum Wage Implications for Changes in Between and Within-Group Inequality

最低工資對群體之間和群體內(nèi)部不平等變化的異質(zhì)影響

Tatsushi Oka Ken Yamada

In the United States, most of the workers who earn at or below the minimum wage are either less educated, young, or female. We examine the extent to which the minimum wage influences the wage differential among workers with different observed characteristics and the wage differential among workers with the same observed characteristics. Our results suggest that changes in the real value of the minimum wage account in part for the patterns of changes in education, experience, and gender wage differentials and for most of the changes in within-group wage differentials for workers with lower levels of experience.

在美國，大多數(shù)工資達(dá)到或低于最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工人不是教育程度較低，就是年輕，或者是女性。本文考察了最低工資對不同觀察特征工人之間工資差異的影響程度，以及對相同觀察特征工人之間工資差異的影響程度。我們的研究結(jié)果表明，最低工資實(shí)際價(jià)值的變化在一定程度上解釋了教育、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和性別工資差異的變化模式，并在很大程度上解釋了經(jīng)驗(yàn)水平較低的工人群體內(nèi)工資差異的變化。