最美情侣中文字幕电影,在线麻豆精品传媒,在线网站高清黄,久久黄色视频

歡迎光臨散文網(wǎng) 會員登陸 & 注冊

英專學碩-外語語言學-考研筆記-1-1-2

2023-03-21 09:47 作者:馮明楊  | 我要投稿


開始之前,先聊一會兒。

?

就第一章「language and linguistics」而言吧,我先過核心重點的內(nèi)容。

?

其實,我有點崩潰的——練習冊有兩本[戴煒棟-簡明語言學-圣才考研網(wǎng)]、[星火-語言學],

a)??? 第一章就沒有涉及到「Language change」,但練習題里出現(xiàn)了這個陌生的考點,這個應該是第七章的知識點。

b)??? 再比如[distinctive feature],這是第二章的內(nèi)容,很容易混淆成[design feature],記得區(qū)分一下。

c)???? 早年一些學校的題放飛自我,還有概念沖突的錯題,我到時候會說。當然 可能我水平不夠,感謝給我指正!!

d)??? The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and itself makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expression.

這句話,[戴]提到了,但[胡]沒有。這還是易錯點,容易與「Productivity」混淆。

e)??? 還有,就[胡]這本書,開篇提到了「Multimodal」, and five modes of meaning-making: linguistic、visual、gestural、spatial and audio, working together to create texts.

不知道重要不重要,不知道考不考,感覺挺重要的。

f)???? 術(shù)語定義的模糊感——尤其是“任意性”,任意性是【有或沒有】的區(qū)別嗎?還是都有,只是【或多或少】的問題?

g)??? 再比如“交通信號燈是不是語言?”,就考研而言,無解!

“因為沒有二重性,所以不屬于語言”vs“屬于人類語言系統(tǒng),但沒有二重性”,有說是又說不是。

其實應該是問“交通信號燈屬不屬于人類語言系統(tǒng)?”,肯定屬于!但,交通信號燈沒有Duality!

?

?

Just be optimistic,其實,對我來說吧,我先過核心重要的內(nèi)容,然后,大家在暑假往后再考慮目標院校的真題,然后根據(jù)真題做一些補充,咱們就這樣達成交易吧!??!

?

?

「語言學綜合」的難度,我通過第一章看全局來說,應該是中考生物或中考化學的難度。它不像高中語文,做對做錯都沒底氣。它也不像高中理科,不會是真不會,想提成績想到掉眼淚都提不上去。

「語言學綜合」,其實,至少【術(shù)語】【選填】【判斷】,包括【簡答題】和【論述題】,你答的點都是書上的原話。我應該換個表述更好一些,簡單基礎(chǔ)認知層面的題占比80%。或者理解為,努力上進,算上容錯率,120分,應該是完全可以的。

我希望大家定個目標,135-140分這個區(qū)間。 不自信的憨憨小兔子:“這么高嗎?壓力太大啦,我考不了”,我目前認識就是,這個專業(yè)課是最好拿分的,沒有之一?。。《硪婚T專業(yè)課是[基礎(chǔ)英語]或[綜合英語],就通過專四成績,大家掂量掂量就知道了,那能考120+/150都是神仙。

「語言學綜合」,這個專業(yè)課要穩(wěn)拿分,其他科才敢有底氣。

?

自信點,加油!

?

?

?

?


[part 1],

language——the definition of language

?

1-1-1,記得要背,還再默寫,第一次我先說了術(shù)語題,以及說了語言起源的理論。

?

我們還需要具體展開去說,

兩個方向,一個方向是[論述大題]-側(cè)重于論述題的規(guī)范術(shù)語,一個方向是[選填判斷]-側(cè)重于拓展廣度。

?

?

這一次,就先側(cè)重于拓展的廣度,1-1-2,讓我們繼續(xù)吧。

?

?

我就用漢語說,這一次,能理解就行,不需要背誦,

?

[頭腦風暴]——什么是語言?沒有定量的定義。但,可以定性判斷什么屬于人類語言系統(tǒng),以及判斷什么不是語言。

定性分析,像音頻、圖片、文字屬于語言,視覺的、動作的屬于語言,與人類活動有關(guān),與實踐相關(guān)的屬于語言。

?

我問大家,“信號燈是語言嗎?”其實這個問法就很奇葩,應該是說“Does traffic lights belong to language system?”

信號燈是約定俗成的吧,是人類特有的吧,是一種符號,也是任意的,是信號燈一定屬于人類語言系統(tǒng),毋庸置疑!

?

?

【判斷題】

[胡-第五版-P2]——

1)??? Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction.

2)??? Language operates(遵循) by rules.

3)??? All language have three major components: sound system(語音系統(tǒng)), lexicogrammar system(詞匯語法系統(tǒng)) and semantics system(語義系統(tǒng)).

4)??? Everyone speaks a dialect(方言).

5)??? Language slowly changes.

6)??? Speakers of all language employ a range of styles(多種風格) and a set of jargons(行話, 如“老莫,我想吃魚了”(開個玩笑啦,沒有惡意),或者理解Jargons為流行語).

7)??? Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.

8)??? Writing is derivative(衍生于) of speech.

?

?

[胡-第五版-P3]——

9)??? 易錯——language is a means of verbal communication(語言是言語交際的一種方式).

10)? It is instrumental(工具性) in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act(有目的的行為).

11)? 易錯點——It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic(社會符號) and communication can only take place effectively of all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues(非語言的提示,如默契程度、性格三觀、心智等), motivation, and sociocultural roles.

即,只有使用者之間對客體都有相同的理解后才能有效溝通。

12)? Language learning and use are determined by the intervention of biological, cognitive, psycho-social, and environmental factors.

13)? In short, language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system.(因為Sophistication復雜性,所以人的交流不同于其它任何動物)

?

?

[胡-第五版-P1]——誤區(qū)即錯!

14)? Language is only a means of communication. 錯因——only

15)? Language has a form-meaning correspondence. 錯因——任意性

16)? The function of language is to exchange information. 錯因——問作者,他應該覺得be to do=就是為了交換信息,就沒有其他功能了。

17)? English is more difficult to learn than Chinese. 錯因——文化沒有難易之分,攀比無意義!

18)? Black English is not standard and should be reformed. 錯因——Everyone speaks a dialect,尊重文化差異性。

?

?

?

?

?

然后,

?

語言的定義包含了五個要素,Human-specific、Vocal、Arbitrary、Symbolic、Systematic。

?

Human-specific,就是說,語言區(qū)別于其它任何動物,鳥兒的歌唱、蜜蜂的舞蹈、動物的叫聲,哪怕是鸚鵡模仿人說話,都不能是語言!?。≈荒苷f動物[傳遞信息]或[交流],即——animals have their own ways to communicate with each other, or to convey information。

?

[頭腦風暴]——我想回顧下「高中生物」,對接一下,提高下理解深度,

像孔雀開屏呀、采蜜傳播花粉呀、植物釋放干擾素呀、狗撒尿標記地盤,都是信息交流,或者說是傳遞信息,但not belong to language system!

信息的三大作用1.保障生物個體生命活動的正常進行。2.種群的繁衍。3.調(diào)節(jié)種間關(guān)系,以維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定。

?

[頭腦風暴]——人跟人之間的社會性,如,交通燈,屬于語言系統(tǒng)。而動物之間再怎么都不是語言,只能是交流信息。

那,我對著可愛的小兔子,“咩咩咩~喵喵喵~”,哈哈,和小兔子交流,安撫小兔子,屬于語言嗎?或者馬戲團,通過手勢指揮獅子跳鐵圈,那種手勢屬于語言嗎?反正,比如,手語、盲體文屬于語言,交警指揮的手勢屬于語言。而人給動物指示屬于語言嗎?

其實,是不是呢?就考研而言,無解!我就是想說一個主旨——【認真你就輸了!】

?

當然,[頭腦風暴]我不想涉及太多與考研無關(guān)的,你只要會定性判斷「language system」,以及「Human-specific」,就行。



Vocal,它是說,The primary medium is sound for all languages. Writing system came much later than spoken form[星火]. So, writing is derivative of speech[胡].

“PRIMARY最初的、主要的”,這個詞用的好——語言的最常見的是vocal,最初的也是vocal。

?

?


?語言的定義是「任意的」,而「任意性」又是語言的其中一個識別特征!這個,我一起說!

Arbitrariness, was discussed by Saussure, refers to that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds[戴], and the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship[胡].

For example, we cannot explain why a book is called a /b?k/ and a pen a /pen/ [胡].

A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.[戴]

?

But, it is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. Some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds are motivated by sounds in a certain degree(在一定程度上來說,一些words是通過模仿聲音而被創(chuàng)造的,不完全具有任意性,而是).[戴]

As a matter of fact, arbitrariness and onomatopoeic(擬聲詞現(xiàn)象) effect may work at the same time.[戴]

?

?

易錯點——The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimitid(不受限的) source of expressions.[戴]

Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative.[胡]

?

[辨正概念]——「任意性」,讓語言有潛在的創(chuàng)造力。

但肯定會想到,“為什么不是Creativity/Productivity讓語言有創(chuàng)造力?”,

?

認真你就輸了,我也懶得死磕,我就把書上的話搬下來,

我稱之為「Design Features&MORE」

1)??? By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness(遞歸性).[胡]

2)??? Stratification(分層) of Duality——this organization of levels on levels——is the physical manifestation(具體體現(xiàn)) of the“infinite use of finite means,”the trait(特性) that most distinguishes human communication and that provides itself tremendous resourceful.[胡]

3)??? We can perceive the advantage of DUALITY, which lies in the great productive power our language is endowed with(被賦予的). A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements(大量的單位由很少數(shù)量的成分構(gòu)成)——for instance, a considerable number of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48(48個音素) in the case of(就…而言) the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be endless number of sentences, which in turn can form unlimited number of texts.[胡]

4)??? Language is creative, that is, its potential to create endless sentences. The Recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.[胡]

?

?

任意性體現(xiàn)在兩個方面——

1.Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme(語素) and itself meaning(音義) ?

2.Aritrary at the syntactic level(句法層面).[胡]

?

語素音義關(guān)系的任意性,顧名思義,不多說。

?

然后是,language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. But, in other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words, especially in so far as this kind of order is concerned.[胡]——不愧是語言學大師,說話很有藝術(shù),At the Syntactic Level,可以說語言不是任意的,也可以說任意性小——咱能做到按需所求就行。

比如,He came in and sat down.

He sat down and came in.

He sat down after he came in.

你任意改變,它的含義就變,甚至不能用于交流。

?

?

Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?(08-西安交大)

A.??? tree

B.??? crash

C.??? typewriter

D.??? bang(onomatopoeia擬聲詞)

一般來說,出現(xiàn)的時間越早,任意性越大!表達越簡單,任意性越大!關(guān)聯(lián)越少,任意性越大!這些大家應該能推出來的。選A。

?

?


?語言是符號的,“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”——Shakespeare.

Word are associated with objects, action and ideas by convention.[星火]

?

?


?語言是系統(tǒng)的,language is rule-governed; elements in it are arranged according to certain rules and can’t be combined at will(任意地). e.g.“bkli”,“I apple eat”, are incorrect.

?

?

?

記得背誦和默寫上一章節(jié)的內(nèi)容,慢慢說吧,我還在尋找到舒適的更新狀態(tài),下個筆記我們再堅持吧?。?!

拜拜~

?


英專學碩-外語語言學-考研筆記-1-1-2的評論 (共 條)

分享到微博請遵守國家法律
加查县| 宁阳县| 搜索| 鄂州市| 巴彦淖尔市| 仙桃市| 高清| 唐海县| 桦甸市| 宜都市| 望城县| 宿迁市| 临海市| 宜宾市| 金溪县| 赣榆县| 夹江县| 怀仁县| 龙南县| 贵溪市| 谢通门县| 新田县| 建始县| 彩票| 霸州市| 新民市| 隆化县| 榕江县| 巨野县| 淮北市| 宜州市| 武强县| 中方县| 芷江| 祥云县| 扎兰屯市| 桂平市| 龙游县| 微博| 准格尔旗| 余姚市|