俄文材料提供者：Yuri Pasholok,2018/4/3

https://yuripasholok.livejournal.com/10269299.html

英文材料翻譯者：Tank archives的Peter,2018/6/4,星期一

https://www.Tankarchives.ca/2018/06/object-240-ergonomics.html

業(yè)余翻譯，專業(yè)名詞可能會翻車，還請各位斧正

Object 240 Ergonomics?240工程的人機工效問題

There is a common misconception that the Soviet army had no regard for the conditions of its crew. This is provably false. Just as with the US army, the Red army had a medical service, which would evaluate the user-friendliness of its equipment. Tanks were no exception. For instance, the Object 240, the precursor of the IS-2 Tank, was put through thorough testing by the medical service, and the faults that were discovered were corrected by the time the Tank reached mass production.

大家普遍認為，蘇軍對坦克乘員的舒適度毫不關心，這是大錯而特錯。就跟美軍一樣，紅軍也有自己的醫(yī)療部門，會對其裝備的用戶友好度進行評估，坦克自然包括在內(nèi)。例如IS-2的前身，240工程就曾得到過他們的徹底測試，并提出了許多問題，這些問題在坦克投入大規(guī)模量產(chǎn)之前就已經(jīng)得到了徹底的改正。

"Conditions of servicing of the 122 mm D-25 gun in the IS Tank

“在安裝122mm D-25火炮的IS坦克中的工作環(huán)境

1. The D-25 gun is installed in the turret of the IS Tank.

一、IS坦克的D-25火炮被安裝在炮塔中
The fighting compartment has the following dimensions: turret ring diameter: 1800 mm, height in the rear part: 1520 mm, height in other parts: 1580 mm.

戰(zhàn)斗室的尺寸如下：炮塔座圈直徑1800mm，戰(zhàn)斗室后部高1520mm，戰(zhàn)斗室其他位置高1580mm
The height of the fighting compartment is insufficient for free work by standing people. The turret crew stands in a slouched over pose.

戰(zhàn)斗室太矮了，乘員站在里面沒法以挺直腰板的姿態(tài)工作，只能彎腰駝背
The short height of the fighting compartment is due to the metal crates with ammunition on the floor. The crates are covered in rubber and used as the floor of the fighting compartment.

戰(zhàn)斗室之所以高度會這么矮，是因為地板上裝了被橡膠覆蓋的金屬彈藥箱
To better evaluate the dimensions of the fighting compartment, they should be compared with those of the IS Tank armed with a D-5 85 mm gun. With the same sized turret, the gun takes up much more space, which reduces crew comfort.

為了更好地評估戰(zhàn)斗室的尺寸，應將它們與裝85mm炮的IS坦克作比較。在炮塔尺寸不變的情況下，火炮占用的空間變多了，使得乘員的舒適度降低
The width of the gunner's station is reduced by 60 mm (to 650 mm) and the breech operator by 30 mm (to 660 mm). It is narrow, but possible to work.

炮手位寬度減少了60mm，現(xiàn)在只有650mm；火炮后膛的操作員的寬度減少了30mm，現(xiàn)在只剩660mm。這是真的窄，但還能湊合過
The distance between the deflector and the rear of the turret was 450 mm for the D-5 and is 200 mm for the D-25. It is not possible to pass behind the gun. It is also uncomfortable to load, since the casing does not fit into this opening and catches onto the rear ammunition rack. When inserting it the loader has to aim (make additional careful motions).

D-5火炮的偏轉器和炮塔末端的距離是450mm，D-25則是200mm，這使得人從火炮的一側經(jīng)炮閂移動到另一側變成了一件不可能的事。裝填炮彈的手感很差，因為彈殼除了開口對不上，還會直接卡在后彈藥架上；在將彈藥推入炮管時，裝填手還非得看地非常準才能把炮彈推進去

2. The conditions for the gunner are as follows.

二、炮手的情況如下

1.?The gunner works sitting down. The seat is soft, on a carrier. It can be collapsed underneath the gun when necessary. The seat can be adjusted vertically. The pipe with electrical wiring in front of it somewhat impedes sitting.

1、炮手坐著工作。座位被置于支架之上，還挺軟，在必要時可以被折疊到火炮之下。座位可調節(jié)高低，但在其前方有電線管道會妨礙坐姿

2.?The gunner uses the following to aim:

2、炮手使用下列工具來瞄準：

①Telescopic Tank sight.伸縮式瞄具

②Hand operated elevation and traverse mechanisms.手搖的火炮俯仰和炮塔旋轉機構

③Electric traverse mechanism for rapid turret traverse.控制炮塔旋轉的電機
The gunner did not use the periscopic sight due to its unfinished state and low precision. The electric traverse mechanism was not used for aiming, since it is also very "raw" and it is impossible to alter the turret traverse speed.?炮手無法使用固定式炮塔潛望鏡來瞄準，因為這東西的完成度和精度都低的離譜；轉炮電機亦然，因為其極度原始且旋轉速度恒定不可調

④The following table contains the characteristics of the hand traverse and elevation mechanisms:下表包括了轉炮和炮管俯仰的特性：

⑤Somewhat excessive and uneven effort was required to use the traverse and, in part, the elevation mechanism. The hand turret traverse mechanism speed is insufficient.手動轉炮和控制炮的俯仰角有時需要使很大勁并且使的勁不均勻
This data is satisfactory for towed guns of this caliber, but not enough for a Tank gun, as the strict need to fire on the move and to fire at moving targets requires a certain ease of aiming.如果是拖曳式火炮也就算了，但這可是坦克炮，也就意味著它的瞄準系統(tǒng)要便于打擊移動目標和在移動中射擊，現(xiàn)有的瞄準系統(tǒng)還不能滿足這一要求

⑥The telescopic gun sight is uncomfortable to use, as it is positioned too close to the gun (40 mm distance between the center of the pupil and the gun) and the bulge of the trigger mechanism. This distance should be at least 80 mm for comfortable use.伸縮式瞄具離主炮和扳機太近（瞳孔中心離主炮只有40mm），用的特別難受。要想用的舒服，這個距離應至少在80mm

⑦The hand trigger mechanism is conveniently positioned close to the aiming flywheels. The effort to fire is 25 kg, which is high. There is no foot trigger.手扳機很靠近飛輪，這是一個優(yōu)點，但扣動它需要用25kg的力，這也太離譜了。腳踏式扳機則根本沒就沒裝

⑧The fact that the aim is somewhat offset by opening of the breech, inserting the shell and propellant casing, and closing the breech slows down aiming. Because of that, the gunner must adjust his aim after firing.?裝彈的過程會導致瞄準偏移，這會降低瞄準效率。因此，炮手在射擊后必須調整瞄準的位置

3.?The ammunition racks are inconvenient. It is hard to open racks on the floor of the turret. To open a crate, one must clear the floor, take off the rubber mat, open the metal lid, and extract the heavy ammunition while standing on one's knees from the small box. All of this takes time. People in the turret and spent casings that litter the floor impede loading. It is hard to find the necessary crate when the turret rotates. The ammunition racks in the floor are therefore deemed inconvenient.

The rear rack for 24 shells, places in the turret bustle, also has it downsides. It is unsuitable for the HE shell, which is shorter (by 10 mm) and has a smaller diameter. When loading them into the rack, the lock has to be held at the correct height, which is difficult. The clasps get tangled. The clasps in the middle impede loading, since they have to be pushed aside when inserting the casing.

3、很難把炮彈轉移到待發(fā)彈藥架上。炮臺底部的彈藥箱打開的步驟特別繁瑣：必須先清理地板、取走橡膠墊、打開金屬蓋，然后才能以跪姿拿出沉重的彈藥，極其費時。炮塔內(nèi)的乘員和散落一地的廢彈殼有礙裝填；炮塔在旋轉時很難找到對應的彈藥箱。因此，把彈藥箱放在地板上的設計不是好文明

炮塔后的24發(fā)彈藥架一樣有問題。它不適合放彈長短了10mm且直徑更小的高爆彈【譯注：應該是相較于發(fā)射藥而言，BR-471和BR-471B甚至還要更短】。當把它們放入該彈藥架時，扳機一定要保持在一定的高度，這操作起來很難。扣環(huán)會纏繞在一起。中間的扣環(huán)，由于在插入炮彈時會被推到一邊，會阻礙裝填

4.?When the breech opens, the screw and handle move 350 mm to the right, which blocks the breech from the breech operator. Therefore the gun commander must perform most of the loading, and the breech operator can only open and close the breech. Involving the commander in the loading process prohibits him from observing the battlefield and correcting fire.

4、當后膛打開時，螺絲和手柄右移了350mm，把后膛操作員和后膛分隔開來，這使得炮手必須親自完成大部分裝填任務，而后膛操作員只負責后膛的開關；如果讓車長幫忙裝填就會使他無法觀察周邊情況并進行校射【譯注：再算上炮彈和發(fā)射藥各重達25kg，炮手活動寬度只有65cm，還得負責瞄準、打炮...】

5.?The loading assistance mechanism is bulky. The loader is impeded by the bulge on the right of the device. It is desirable to remove this bulge.

5、裝填輔助機構太大。裝填手受到設備右側凸起的阻礙，最好將之去除

6.?The inconvenient racks and cramped position of the breech operator after the breech is opened leads to a low rate of fire. At trials on October 22nd, 1943, a rate of fire of 2-3 RPM was achieved (20-30 seconds per shot).

6、后膛打開后，后膛操作員位置太窄、不方便接觸彈藥架，導致射速低。在1943年10月22日的測試中，每分鐘只能射擊2至3次，平均每次間隔20至30秒

7.?During firing, the location of the recoil indicator proved inconvenient. It is placed in a dark place behind the machinegun. The measurement scale is inconvenient, as the runner obscures the number.

7、射擊時，后坐力指示器的位置被同軸機槍的陰影遮蓋，看不清楚。測量刻度不便，因為滑桿不利于觀測數(shù)值

8.?The commander cannot correct fire, as he only has a periscopic sight without a grid. The commander must have a commander's periscope with a grid. It is also necessary to free the commander from the loader's duties.

8、車長無法校射，因為他只有一個鏡面上啥都沒有的潛望鏡，同時也有必要使車長免于承擔裝填手的職責

9. Firing was performed with closed hatches and without the fan and engine, as well as with the fan and engine.

In both cases, 10 shots were made at a rate of 1-2 rounds per minute.

9、射擊測試在艙門關閉的情況下進行，變量是通風設施是否開啟
在兩種情況中，都發(fā)射了10發(fā)炮彈，平均射速1至2發(fā)每分鐘

10. As you can see from the data, the concentration of fumes did not surpass 0.224 ml/L. The crew did not suffer any ill effects. The personnel felt healthy. It is possible to fire for some time with closed hatches and no ventilation.

With the ventilation running, the concentrations do not surpass 0.1 ml/L. This ventilation is sufficient.

10、如數(shù)據(jù)所示，一氧化碳濃度沒有超過0.224毫升每升，車組沒有受到任何不良影響，感覺起來沒啥問題。在艙蓋緊閉且不換氣的情況下進行一定時間的射擊是可行的

如果開啟通風設施，一氧化碳濃度不會高于0.1毫升每升，這已經(jīng)足夠了

Major of the Medical Service, Aleksandrov"

醫(yī)務部少校，亞歷山德羅夫”

以下是報告原文：