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OPPOSING COMMANDERS

雙方的指揮官

CRUSADER COMMANDERS

十字軍的指揮官

Boniface of Montferrat, a younger son of the crusading Marquis William V of Montferrat in north-western Italy, was born early in the 1150s. He was still a teenager when his elder brother Conrad went to Constantinople and, with a hurriedly assembled force of western soldiers, defeated a revolt against Emperor Isaac Angelos. In 1191 Conrad became Marquis of Montferrat; this was the same year that a bitter conflict erupted between the ruling house of Montferrat and the independent neighbouring city of Asti. It would last for 15 years and had more than local significance because Montferrat was widely seen as representing the ideal of feudal aristocratic government while the communal government in Asti was typical of many Lombard towns and cities. Montferrat was also Ghibelline, meaning that it supported the German Holy Roman Emperors in their seemingly endless squabbles with the popes and their Guelph supporters.

? ? ? ? ? 蒙費(fèi)拉的博尼法斯，是意大利西北部蒙費(fèi)拉侯爵威廉五世的小兒子，出生于1150年初。當(dāng)他的哥哥康拉德前往君士坦丁堡，與一支匆忙集結(jié)的西方士兵一起擊敗了反對(duì)皇帝艾薩克-安杰洛的叛亂時(shí)，他還是個(gè)少年。1191年，康拉德成為蒙費(fèi)拉特的侯爵；就在這一年，蒙費(fèi)拉特的統(tǒng)治家族與獨(dú)立的鄰城阿斯蒂之間爆發(fā)了激烈的沖突。這場(chǎng)沖突持續(xù)了15年，其意義不只是在當(dāng)?shù)?，因?yàn)槿藗兤毡檎J(rèn)為蒙費(fèi)拉特代表了封建貴族政府的理想，而阿斯蒂的社區(qū)政府則是許多倫巴第城鎮(zhèn)的典型。蒙特費(fèi)拉也是吉貝爾派，這意味著它支持德意志神圣羅馬帝國(guó)皇帝與教皇及其格爾夫的支持者之間似乎無(wú)休止的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。

In April 1192 Conrad of Montferrat was assassinated in the Middle East, and Boniface succeeded to the marquisate. Boniface was already a leading supporter of troubadours and the cult of knightly chivalry that they promoted, which encouraged the Proven?al troubadour warrior-poet Raimbaut de Vacqueyras to come to Montferrat. Heroic and colourful as Montferrat was, its struggle with Asti ended in failure in 1202. Yet events elsewhere had already thrust Marquis Boniface of Montferrat onto a much broader stage when he was chosen as leader of the Fourth Crusade in summer 1201.

? ? ? ? ? 1192年4月，蒙特費(fèi)拉的康拉德在中東被暗殺，博尼法斯繼承了侯爵的位置。博尼法斯已經(jīng)是游吟詩(shī)人和他們所提倡的騎士崇拜的主要支持者，這鼓勵(lì)了普羅旺斯游吟詩(shī)人Raimbaut de Vacqueyras來(lái)到蒙特費(fèi)拉特。盡管蒙費(fèi)拉特英勇多姿，但它與阿斯蒂的斗爭(zhēng)在1202年以失敗告終。然而，當(dāng)蒙費(fèi)拉特的博尼法斯侯爵在1201年夏天被選為第四次十字軍東征的領(lǐng)袖時(shí)，其他地方發(fā)生的事件已經(jīng)將他推上了一個(gè)更廣闊的舞臺(tái)。

Boniface’s decision to accept such a role may have been influenced by his cousin, King Philip of France. At Christmas that year at Hagenau he also met another cousin, Duke Philip of Swabia, King of Germany and claimant to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. This was when Boniface was introduced to the fugitive Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos. They probably discussed the idea of putting Alexios on the Byzantine throne, and although Boniface of Montferrat was not present at the Crusader siege of Zadar he did support the proposal to divert the crusade to Constantinople. Indeed, as the leading commander of the crusade, the Byzantines expected him to become their new Emperor, reportedly hailing him as ‘a(chǎn)yos vasileas marchio’ (the Holy Emperor the Marquis). In the event, Baldwin of Flanders was crowned Emperor and Boniface had to make do with the crown of Thessaloniki. He had to fight to establish his newly created kingdom, and was ambushed and killed by a Bulgarian force in the foothills of the Rhodope Mountains on 4 September 1207, the faithful troubadour knight Raimbaut de Vacqueyras apparently dying in the same battle.

? ? ? ? ? 博尼法斯決定接受這樣一個(gè)角色，可能是受到了他的表弟、法國(guó)國(guó)王菲利普的影響。那年的圣誕節(jié)，他在哈根努還見到了另一位表兄，斯瓦比亞公爵菲利普，他是德國(guó)國(guó)王和神圣羅馬帝國(guó)的王位繼承人。這時(shí)，博尼法斯被介紹給了逃亡的拜占庭王子阿列克西奧-安杰洛。他們可能討論了讓阿列克西奧斯登上拜占庭王位的想法，盡管蒙特費(fèi)拉的博尼法斯沒有出席十字軍對(duì)扎達(dá)爾的圍攻，但他確實(shí)支持將十字軍轉(zhuǎn)向君士坦丁堡的提議。事實(shí)上，作為十字軍的主要指揮官，拜占庭人期待他成為他們的新皇帝，據(jù)說(shuō)他被譽(yù)為'ayos vasileas marchio'（侯爵的神圣皇帝）。在這種情況下，佛蘭德斯的鮑德溫被加冕為皇帝，博尼法斯不得不在塞薩洛尼基的王冠上作文章。他不得不為建立他新建立的王國(guó)而戰(zhàn)斗，并于1207年9月4日在羅多彼山脈的山腳下被一支保加利亞軍隊(duì)伏擊致死，忠實(shí)的游吟詩(shī)人騎士Raimbaut de Vacqueyras顯然在同一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗中死去。

Count Baldwin IX of Flanders and VI of Hainault was born at Valenciennes in northern France in 1172, the son of Count Baldwin V of Hainault and Countess Margaret of Flanders. He grew up in tumultuous times, becoming count of a wealthy but recently reduced province in 1194. The following year he succeeded his father as Count of Hainault, thus combining the counties under a single ruler. Count Baldwin ‘the younger’, as he was sometimes known, worked hard to regain various lost provinces in Flanders, and in January 1200 he got King Philip Augustus of France to return most of the very valuable fief of Artois. Only a few weeks after this diplomatic triumph, Count Baldwin took the cross and agreed to take part in Pope Innocent III’s new crusade.

? ? ? ? ? 法蘭德斯的鮑德溫九世（海諾德六世伯爵）于1172年出生在法國(guó)北部的瓦朗謝訥。他是法蘭德斯伯爵鮑德溫五世和法蘭德斯伯爵夫人瑪格麗特的兒子。他在動(dòng)蕩不安的時(shí)代中成長(zhǎng)。1194年，他成為一個(gè)富裕但被削減的省份的伯爵。第二年，他繼承了父親的職位，成為海諾伯爵。鮑德溫伯爵年輕的時(shí)候，有時(shí)被稱為"小鮑德溫"，他努力運(yùn)作以?shī)Z回在佛蘭德斯失去的各種省份，從而將各縣合并在一個(gè)統(tǒng)治者之下。1200年1月，他讓法國(guó)國(guó)王菲利普-奧古斯都（Philip Augustus）歸還了大部分阿圖瓦封地非常有價(jià)值的領(lǐng)地。就在這次外交勝利的幾周后，鮑德溫伯爵拿起十字架，同意參加教皇英諾森三世的新十字軍東征。

In April 1202 Baldwin set out at the head of what was then the biggest contingent of the Fourth Crusade. He also agreed with Boniface of Montferrat and Doge Enrico Dandolo of Venice in their support for the Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos. During the crusade, Count Baldwin of Flanders and his followers played a leading role in the fighting, and after Constantinople fell he was selected as the first Latin Emperor of ‘Romania’, probably because he had the votes of the Venetians, and was crowned on 16 May.

? ? ? ? ? 1202年4月，鮑德溫率領(lǐng)當(dāng)時(shí)第四次十字軍東征的最大隊(duì)伍出發(fā)了。他還與蒙費(fèi)拉的博尼法斯和威尼斯的總督恩里科-丹多羅達(dá)成一致，支持拜占庭王子阿列克西奧-安吉洛斯。在十字軍東征期間，佛蘭德的鮑德溫伯爵和他的追隨者在戰(zhàn)斗中發(fā)揮了主導(dǎo)作用，君士坦丁堡陷落后，他被選為'羅馬尼亞'的第一位拉丁皇帝，可能是因?yàn)樗玫搅送崴谷说倪x票，并在5月16日加冕。

Early in 1205 the largely Greek-speaking Orthodox population of Thrace rose in revolt against Baldwin’s oppressive behaviour and called upon the Bulgarian ruler to help them. The result was a bloody battle outside Adrianople on 14 April 1205, in which Emperor Baldwin was captured. It is now accepted that he died in prison, in unknown circumstances, probably in the Bulgarian capital of Tarnovo, though the Latin Crusaders in Constantinople learned of this only in July 1206. On the other hand rumours later emerged claiming that Baldwin had escaped, and there were even attempts to rescue him.

? ? ? ? ? 1205年初，色雷斯大部分講希臘語(yǔ)的東正教居民起來(lái)反抗鮑德溫的壓迫行為，呼吁保加利亞統(tǒng)治者幫助他們。結(jié)果是1205年4月14日在阿德里安納普爾外發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)血戰(zhàn)，鮑德溫皇帝在這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗中被俘?，F(xiàn)在人們都認(rèn)為他死在了監(jiān)獄里，情況不明，可能是在保加利亞的首都塔爾諾沃，盡管君士坦丁堡的拉丁十字軍在1206年7月才得知這一消息。另一方面，后來(lái)出現(xiàn)了一些謠言，聲稱鮑德溫已經(jīng)逃跑了，甚至有人試圖營(yíng)救他。

Doge Enrico Dandalo was born in Venice between 1107 and 1110. As a young man he took part in important embassies to the Byzantine Empire and according to legend – almost certainly untrue – he was blinded by an unnamed Byzantine ruler. The Russian Novgorod Chronicle maintained that he had been blinded by ‘the Greeks with glass’, and that ‘his eyes were as though unharmed, but he saw nothing’. In reality his apparent hostility to Byzantium was political and economic.

? ? ? ? ? ?總督恩里克-丹達(dá)洛于1107年至1110年間出生在威尼斯。年輕時(shí)，他參加了派往拜占庭帝國(guó)的重要使團(tuán)，根據(jù)傳說(shuō)--幾乎可以肯定是不真實(shí)的--他被一位不知名的拜占庭統(tǒng)治者弄瞎了眼睛。俄羅斯《諾夫哥羅德紀(jì)事》堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為他是被 "希臘人用玻璃 "弄瞎的，"他的眼睛好像沒有受傷，但他什么也看不見"。實(shí)際上，他對(duì)拜占庭的表面敵意是政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的。

Elected as doge around April 1192, Enrico Dandolo ruled until his death around 29 May 1205. He was soon involved in prolonged negotiations with Emperor Alexios III, and although his shrewd foresight meant that the Venetians regained many lost trading privileges, the Republic still felt mistreated. This was the situation when, in 1201, Venice agreed to build and man a huge fleet for the forthcoming Fourth Crusade. The doge apparently welcomed the idea of supporting prince Alexios Angelos in order to win the Byzantine throne, perhaps having already discussed the idea earlier. Though old and blind, Doge Enrico Dandolo played a leading and active role in both Crusader assaults on Constantinople in 1203 and 1204. Under a treaty of March 1204, he finally obtained payment of the Venetians’ now-huge costs, plus extensive conquered territory. Enrico Dandolo was in Adrianople when Emperor Baldwin was captured by the Bulgarians, and is credited with enabling the remnants of the Crusader army to escape. However, he died very shortly afterwards, probably in Constantinople, and was buried in the huge basilica of the Hagia Sofia.

? ? ? ? ? 1192年4月左右，恩里克-丹多洛當(dāng)選為教區(qū)長(zhǎng)，一直統(tǒng)治到1205年5月29日左右去世。他很快就卷入了與皇帝阿列克西奧三世的長(zhǎng)期談判，盡管他精明的預(yù)見性意味著威尼斯人重新獲得了許多失去的貿(mào)易特權(quán)，但共和國(guó)仍然感到受到了虐待。這就是1201年威尼斯同意為即將到來(lái)的第四次十字軍東征建造一支龐大的艦隊(duì)并為其配備人員的情況?？偠斤@然對(duì)支持王子阿列克西奧-安吉洛以贏得拜占庭王位的想法表示歡迎，也許早些時(shí)候已經(jīng)討論過(guò)這個(gè)想法。雖然年邁且雙目失明，但總督恩里克-丹多羅在1203年和1204年十字軍對(duì)君士坦丁堡的兩次進(jìn)攻中發(fā)揮了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和積極作用。根據(jù)1204年3月的條約，他最終獲得了威尼斯人現(xiàn)在的巨額費(fèi)用的支付，以及廣泛的被征服的領(lǐng)土。當(dāng)鮑德溫皇帝被保加利亞人俘虜時(shí)，恩里克-丹多羅正在阿德里安納普爾，他被認(rèn)為是使十字軍的殘余部隊(duì)得以逃脫。然而，他很快就死了，可能是在君士坦丁堡，并被埋葬在巨大的索菲亞大教堂里。

Lotario de’ Conti di Segni, who led the Latin Catholic Church as Pope Innocent III from 1198 until 1216, was born near Anagni around 1160. He came from an aristocratic family and was educated in Paris and Bologna. Having risen within the church hierarchy to become a cardinal deacon in 1190, Lotario de’ Conti was elected pope on the death of Celestine III when he was still only 37 years old. Throughout his pontificate he strived to make papal power a political reality rather than merely a legal theory. This would give the papacy the ability as well as the right to impose peace upon temporal rulers, but also give him greater authority to suppress heresy and promote crusades, which he did with enthusiasm.

? ? ? ? ? Lotario de' Conti di Segni，從1198年到1216年作為教皇英諾森三世領(lǐng)導(dǎo)拉丁天主教會(huì)，大約在1160年出生于Anagni附近。他來(lái)自一個(gè)貴族家庭，在巴黎和博洛尼亞接受過(guò)教育。1190年，洛塔里奧-德-孔蒂在教會(huì)等級(jí)制度中晉升為紅衣執(zhí)事，在塞萊斯廷三世去世后被選為教皇，當(dāng)時(shí)他還只有37歲。在他的整個(gè)教皇任期內(nèi)，他努力使教皇權(quán)力成為政治現(xiàn)實(shí)，而不僅僅是一種法律理論。這將使教皇有能力也有權(quán)利將和平強(qiáng)加給世俗的統(tǒng)治者，但也使他有更大的權(quán)力來(lái)鎮(zhèn)壓異端和促進(jìn)十字軍東征，他也熱衷于此。

In the longer-term Innocent III’s efforts largely failed, but he was undoubtedly very influential, even deposing one of the rival Holy Roman Emperors, Otto IV, as well as excommunicating King John of England and other rulers. Nevertheless, Innocent III’s policies resulted in widespread civil wars. He was also the leading proponent of the Fourth Crusade and the Albigensian Crusade, both of which probably had a negative impact upon European history.

? ? ? ? ? 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，英諾森三世的努力基本上是失敗的，但他無(wú)疑是非常有影響力的，他甚至廢除了敵對(duì)的神圣羅馬帝國(guó)皇帝之一奧托四世，并將英格蘭國(guó)王約翰和其他統(tǒng)治者逐出教會(huì)。盡管如此，英諾森三世的政策還是導(dǎo)致了廣泛的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。他還是第四次十字軍東征和阿爾比根十字軍東征的主要支持者，這兩次東征或許對(duì)歐洲歷史產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響。

BYZANTINE COMMANDERS

拜占庭的指揮官

Emperor Isaac II Angelos ruled the Byzantine Empire from 1187 until 1195, and again more briefly from 1203–04. Born around 1156, he is described as having had a ‘bookish’ education and even his ascent to the throne was something of a paradox. Having resisted the arrest ordered by Emperor Andronikos I, Isaac Angelos found himself acclaimed as Basileos (ruler of the Byzantine Empire) by the people of Constantinople on 12 September 1185. Perhaps because of his own experience of the nobility amongst whom he grew up, Emperor Isaac tended to rely on relatively low-born bureaucrats and foreign soldiers, successfully employing them against aristocratic rebels. While he undoubtedly sold high-ranking positions for money, Isaac also promoted people on merit.

? ? ? ? ? 艾薩克二世-安杰洛皇帝從1187年到1195年統(tǒng)治拜占庭帝國(guó)，并在1203-04年再次短暫統(tǒng)治。他出生于1156年左右，被描述為接受過(guò) "書本式 "教育，甚至他登上王位也是一個(gè)悖論。在抵制了安德羅尼科斯一世皇帝的逮捕令后，艾薩克-安吉羅斯發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在1185年9月12日被君士坦丁堡的人民擁戴為Basileos（拜占庭帝國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者）。也許是因?yàn)樗约涸谫F族中長(zhǎng)大的經(jīng)歷，艾薩克皇帝傾向于依靠出身相對(duì)較低的官僚和外國(guó)士兵，成功地利用他們來(lái)對(duì)付貴族叛軍。雖然他無(wú)疑是為了錢而出賣了高級(jí)職位，但艾薩克也是憑本事提拔人才的。

Marriage alliances between Byzantine and other European ruling families had long been common, and Isaac Angelos did the same, taking a daughter of King Béla III of Hungary as his second wife. In his personal life Isaac is said to have preferred an easy life at court but also to be an energetic military campaigner when necessary. He was also accused by the chronicler Nicetas of having a ‘mad passion’ for building, while similarly being responsible for the demolition of several famous churches and monasteries. Unfortunately, Isaac’s policies and the huge problems that the Byzantine Empire faced resulted in very high taxation. This in turn led to resentment, particularly amongst the Vlachs and Bulgarians, who rose in revolt against Byzantine authority. Various other setbacks added to growing discontent, and early in April 1195 Isaac was overthrown and blinded by an aristocratic conspiracy led by his brother, who succeeded him as Emperor Alexios III.

? ? ? ? ? 拜占庭和其他歐洲統(tǒng)治家族之間的婚姻聯(lián)盟早已司空見慣，艾薩克-安吉洛也是如此，他娶了匈牙利國(guó)王貝拉三世的女兒為第二任妻子。在他的個(gè)人生活中，據(jù)說(shuō)艾薩克更喜歡輕松的宮廷生活，但在必要時(shí)也是一個(gè)精力充沛的軍事行動(dòng)者。編年史家尼凱塔斯（Nicetas）也指責(zé)他對(duì)建筑有一種 "瘋狂的激情"，同時(shí)也同樣負(fù)責(zé)拆除了幾座著名的教堂和修道院。不幸的是，艾薩克的政策和拜占庭帝國(guó)面臨的巨大問題導(dǎo)致了非常高的稅收。這反過(guò)來(lái)又導(dǎo)致了人們的不滿，特別是在瓦拉幾人和保加利亞人中間，他們起來(lái)反抗拜占庭當(dāng)局。其他各種挫折加劇了日益增長(zhǎng)的不滿情緒，1195年4月初，艾薩克被他的兄弟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的貴族陰謀推翻，并被蒙在鼓里，后者繼任為阿列克西奧三世皇帝。

The three other Byzantine rulers at the time of the Fourth Crusade were all named Alexios. The first was Alexios Angelos, who ruled as Emperor Alexios III from 1195 to 1203. Born around 1153, he was the elder brother of Emperor Isaac II and spent several years as a prisoner in the County of Tripoli. This was during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I, who was then succeeded by Isaac. Treated well by Emperor Isaac II, Alexios nevertheless conspired against and eventually overthrew his brother. As a ruler, he appears to have been weak-willed, extravagant and lazy, selecting many senior officials on the basis of who could pay most for the position. On the other hand Alexios III had a strong and effective supporter in his wife Euphrosyne and also enjoyed some military success against Balkan rebels, though the credit for this should go to his generals. He also favoured the merchant republics of Pisa and Genoa over their great rival Venice.

? ? ? ? ? 第四次十字軍東征時(shí)的另外三位拜占庭統(tǒng)治者都叫阿列克西奧。第一位是阿列克西奧斯-安吉洛，他在1195年至1203年期間作為阿列克西奧斯三世皇帝進(jìn)行統(tǒng)治。他出生于1153年左右，是艾薩克二世皇帝的哥哥，曾在的黎波里郡當(dāng)過(guò)幾年囚犯。這是在拜占庭皇帝安德羅尼科斯一世統(tǒng)治期間，當(dāng)時(shí)由艾薩克繼任。亞歷克西奧斯受到了艾薩克二世皇帝的善待，但他還是陰謀反對(duì)并最終推翻了他的兄弟。作為一個(gè)統(tǒng)治者，他似乎意志薄弱、揮霍無(wú)度、好吃懶做，挑選許多高級(jí)官員的依據(jù)是誰(shuí)能為這個(gè)職位付出最多。另一方面，阿列克西奧斯三世有一個(gè)強(qiáng)大而有效的支持者，那就是他的妻子尤弗洛欣，而且在打擊巴爾干叛軍方面也取得了一些軍事成功，不過(guò)這應(yīng)該歸功于他的將軍們。他還偏愛比薩和熱那亞這兩個(gè)商業(yè)共和國(guó)，而不是他們的偉大對(duì)手威尼斯。

After a brief resistance to the Fourth Crusade, Emperor Alexios III fled, after which he wandered around until captured almost by chance by Boniface of Montferrat late in 1204. The ex-Emperor was then sent to northern Italy, where he remained until ransomed – or perhaps more accurately purchased – by Michael I Doukas, the ruler of the Byzantine ‘successor state’ of Epiros. The unfortunate Alexios III was next sent to Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I, the Saljuq Sultan of Rum in Anatolia, but when Ghiyath al-Din was defeated by Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea in 1211 the ex-Emperor was again captured. This time he was sent to a monastery, where he died within a year.

? ? ? ? ? ?在對(duì)第四次十字軍東征進(jìn)行短暫抵抗后，阿列克西奧三世皇帝出逃，此后他四處游蕩，直到1204年底幾乎是偶然地被蒙費(fèi)拉的博尼法斯抓住。這位前皇帝隨后被送往意大利北部，在那里一直待到被拜占庭 "繼承國(guó) "埃皮羅斯的統(tǒng)治者邁克爾一世-杜卡斯贖回--或許更準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是買下。不幸的阿列克西奧斯三世接下來(lái)被送到安納托利亞的魯姆的薩爾朱克蘇丹Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw一世那里，但當(dāng)Ghiyath al-Din在1211年被尼西亞的Theodore I Laskaris擊敗后，這位前皇帝再次被俘。這一次，他被送到了一個(gè)修道院，一年內(nèi)就死了。

The young Alexios Angelos IV played a major, if not entirely glorious, role in the Fourth Crusade. Born in 1182 or 1183, the son of Emperor Isaac II Angelos and his first wife, Prince Alexios was apparently left free after the deposition and blinding of his father. Some time during summer or early autumn in 1201 he escaped from Constantinople and made his way to Italy. Failing to gain support there, Alexios Angelos went to Germany, where he was welcomed by his sister Irene, the wife of Philip of Swabia and widow of King Roger III of Sicily. The Byzantine prince was of course at the centre of negotiations about how he might be placed on the imperial throne of Byzantium. During the winter of 1202–03 his envoys and those of Philip of Swabia offered very generous terms to the leaders of the Fourth Crusade, currently camped outside Zadar, if they would support him. Once this had been agreed, Alexios Angelos joined the Crusader army at Corfu in May 1203.

? ? ? ? ? 年輕的阿列克西奧斯-安杰洛四世在第四次十字軍東征中發(fā)揮了重要作用，即使不是完全光榮的。阿列克西奧斯王子出生于1182年或1183年，是艾薩克二世-安吉洛皇帝和他的第一任妻子的兒子，在他父親被廢黜和致盲后，他顯然是自由的。在1201年夏季或初秋的某個(gè)時(shí)候，他從君士坦丁堡逃出，前往意大利。由于在那里沒有得到支持，阿列克西奧斯-安杰羅去了德國(guó)，在那里他受到了他妹妹艾琳的歡迎，她是斯瓦比亞的菲利普的妻子和西西里島國(guó)王羅杰三世的遺孀。這位拜占庭王子當(dāng)然是關(guān)于如何將他推上拜占庭帝國(guó)寶座的談判的中心。在1202-03年的冬天，他的特使和斯瓦比亞的菲利普的特使向第四次十字軍東征的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人提供了非?？犊臈l件，如果他們?cè)敢庵С炙脑?，目前在扎達(dá)爾外扎營(yíng)。一旦達(dá)成協(xié)議，阿列克西奧斯-安吉洛就于1203年5月在科孚島加入了十字軍軍隊(duì)。

After Alexios III fled and Prince Alexios’ blinded and increasingly incapacitated father Isaac II was restored to the Byzantine throne, the Crusaders demanded that Alexios IV become co-Emperor. As his father’s senility worsened, Alexios IV became the dominant ruler, but it also became clear that he could not repay the Crusaders the amount that had been agreed. The young co-Emperor now came under the influence of Byzantine leaders who were deeply hostile to the Crusaders. They included Alexios Doukas, and, as Alexios IV became ever more isolated, it was Alexios Doukas who persuaded him to flee. When the Emperor failed to leave Constantinople, Alexios Doukas first imprisoned him and then had him strangled on or around 8 February 1204.

? ? ? ? ? 阿列克西奧斯三世出逃后，阿列克西奧斯親王失明且日益喪失能力的父親艾薩克二世恢復(fù)了拜占庭王位，十字軍要求阿列克西奧斯四世成為共同統(tǒng)治者。隨著他父親的衰老，阿列克西奧斯四世成為主導(dǎo)的統(tǒng)治者，但也很明顯，他無(wú)法向十字軍償還約定的金額。這位年輕的聯(lián)合皇帝現(xiàn)在受到拜占庭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的影響，這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)十字軍抱有極大的敵意。他們中包括Alexios Doukas，隨著Alexios四世變得越來(lái)越孤立，是Alexios Doukas勸說(shuō)他出逃。當(dāng)皇帝未能離開君士坦丁堡時(shí)，阿列克西奧斯-杜卡斯先是將他囚禁起來(lái)，然后在1204年2月8日前后將他勒死。

Alexios V Doukas is often portrayed as a ruthless and bloodthirsty opportunist. In reality he attempted to save the Byzantine Empire, but, because he failed, Alexios Doukas became a villain in the eyes of many. Nicknamed ‘Mourtzouphlos’, meaning ‘bushy or overhanging eyebrows’ (this could also be translated as ‘melancholy’, ‘sullen’ or ‘frowning’), he was a member of the aristocratic Doukas family, though his precise lineage is unknown. Some allege that he had been behind an attempted usurpation by John Comnenos, a member of another prominent aristocratic family, back in 1200. Perhaps that was why Alexios Doukas was in prison when the Fourth Crusade appeared off Constantinople. He was apparently still there when Alexios IV became co-Emperor, but was released and made protovestiarios , a title that originally indicated the senior official in charge of the imperial wardrobe. Alexios Doukas commanded most of the fighting against the Crusaders outside Constantinople, making him popular in important quarters and facilitating his overthrow of Alexios IV and his coronation as Emperor Alexios V. In particular he won the support of the elite, and by now largely Anglo-Saxon English, Varangian Guard.

? ? ? ? ? 阿列克西奧斯五世-杜卡斯經(jīng)常被描繪成一個(gè)無(wú)情的、嗜血的機(jī)會(huì)主義者。在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，他試圖拯救拜占庭帝國(guó)，但是，由于他失敗了，阿列克西奧斯-杜卡斯在許多人眼中成了一個(gè)惡棍。他的綽號(hào)是 "Mourtzouphlos"，意思是 "濃密或懸垂的眉毛"（也可譯為 "憂郁"、"悶悶不樂 "或 "皺眉"），他是貴族Doukas家族的成員，盡管他的確切血統(tǒng)不明。有人指稱，他是另一個(gè)著名貴族家庭的成員約翰-康尼諾斯（John Comnenos）在1200年企圖篡位的幕后推手。也許這就是為什么當(dāng)?shù)谒拇问周姈|征出現(xiàn)在君士坦丁堡附近時(shí)，阿列克西奧斯-杜卡斯還在監(jiān)獄里。當(dāng)阿列克西奧斯四世成為聯(lián)合皇帝時(shí)，他顯然還在那里，但他被釋放并被任命為protovestiarios，這個(gè)頭銜最初表示負(fù)責(zé)帝國(guó)衣柜的高級(jí)官員。阿列克西奧斯-杜卡斯指揮了在君士坦丁堡外對(duì)十字軍的大部分戰(zhàn)斗，這使他在重要地區(qū)很受歡迎，并促進(jìn)了他推翻阿列克西奧斯四世和加冕為阿列克西奧斯五世皇帝的過(guò)程。

During his brief reign Alexios V strengthened the fortifications of the Byzantine capital. Nevertheless, Constantinople eventually fell to Crusader assault and on 12 April 1204 Emperor Alexios V fled to Thrace. There he was captured by the Crusaders, who tried him for treason against Alexios IV and executed him by throwing him from the Column of Theodosios.

? ? ? ? ? 在他短暫的統(tǒng)治期間，阿列克西奧斯五世加強(qiáng)了拜占庭首都的防御工事。然而，君士坦丁堡最終在十字軍的攻擊下陷落，1204年4月12日，阿列克西奧斯五世皇帝逃到色雷斯。在那里，他被十字軍俘虜，十字軍以背叛阿列克西奧斯四世的罪名對(duì)他進(jìn)行了審判，并將他從狄奧多西奧斯柱上扔了下來(lái)，將其處決。

未完待續(xù)！