★★★☆

文章講解：

①While?historian Linda Nicholson sees women’s participation in voluntary associations as activities consistent with the increasing relegation of women’s lives to a separate, “private” sphere in nineteenth-century Europe, historian Katherine Lynch argues that these kinds of activities enabled women to join with one another and to develop a kind of shadow citizenship within civil society, if not the formal state. ②?These kinds of experiences?were no substitute for actual political entitlements, Lynch suggests,?but?they deserve more attention for their importance in helping individuals forge enduring bonds of community and identity beyond domestic life. ③Only by limiting one’s notion of public life to formal political participation, she says, can one conclude that most women in Western society have ever been literally consigned to a separate or “private” sphere.?

?

① v1?v.s. v2

② ∈v2

③ ∈v2

①

↓

②

↓

③

1. The phrase “These kinds of experiences” in the passage refers to experiences that in Lynch’s view are 直接細(xì)節(jié)+態(tài)度題

B

A. an?early stage?in women’s?political participation?NE

B. insufficiently appreciated for their role in women’s public life 對(duì)應(yīng)②

C. properly assigned to the “private” sphere?RE

D. a means of altering the?political structure?NE

E. historically?atypical?for women in Western society?NE

?

2. The passage implies that Lynch would agree that formal political participation 對(duì)應(yīng)③，間接細(xì)節(jié)+態(tài)度題

A. was?increasingly important?as the nineteenth century progressed?NE

B. was an?underreported?phenomenon among women in nineteenth century Europe withincivil society?NE/RE

C. is crucial to helping individuals form?community ties?RE

D. is a significant component of public life?

E. is indicative of a kind of?shadow citizenship.?RE

significant 足夠大的或者重要到了值得注意的程度。

Sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention.?

important

Being of great significance.?

Important的重要、重大程度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于significant.

英譯中時(shí)會(huì)把程度說高。

中譯英時(shí)會(huì)把程度說低。

e.g. 甲讓乙做出significant的讓步，如果翻譯成重大讓步，乙方可能就不愿意。甲方就會(huì)認(rèn)為連值得注意的讓步都不愿意談，就會(huì)認(rèn)為乙方?jīng)]有誠意，導(dǎo)致談判破裂。

參考解析：

For 1: C,D,E are wrong answers not inferred from the passage. A is out of scope. B is correct because of the sentence "they deserve more attention for their importance in helping individuals forge enduring bonds of community and identity beyond
domestic life"

For 2: A,E are clear wrong answers. C is too far of a stretch. B is also eliminated because nowhere in the passage really talks that much about political participation. D is correct because of the sentence "[T]hese kinds of experiences were no substitute for actual political entitlements". Watch the phrase "no substitute for", as it argues about the utter importance of formal political participation as a component of public life.

文章信息矩陣：

文章解析類比：琳達(dá)認(rèn)為女性當(dāng)居委會(huì)主任、當(dāng)樓長(zhǎng)、當(dāng)業(yè)主委員會(huì)老大沒什么意義，因?yàn)橛植皇鞘裁凑秸晤^銜，但是林琪卻認(rèn)為這些活動(dòng)在社區(qū)生活中還是很有價(jià)值的。

Distinguished Professor of Women's Studies and Professor of History

Linda J. Nicholson was Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, and Women's Studies at the State University of New York, Albany.?

In the late 1960s?identity politics?emerged on the political landscape and challenged prevailing ideas about social justice. These politics brought forth a new attention to?social identity, an attention that continues to divide people today. While previous studies have focused on the political movements of this period, they have neglected the conceptual prehistory of this political turn. Linda Nicholson's engaging book situates this critical moment in its historical framework, analyzing the concepts and traditions of racial and gender identity that can be traced back to late eighteenth-century Europe and America.?She examines how changing ideas about social identity over the last several centuries both helped and hindered successive social movements, and explores the consequences of this historical legacy for the women's and black movements of the 1960s.?This insightful study will be of particular interest to students and scholars of political history, identity politics and US history.

Dr. Lynch is a social historian working in the fields of family history, historical population studies, and the history of charity and welfare institutions in the European past. Her latest book, entitled?Individuals, Families and Communities in Europe, 1200-1800: The Urban Foundations of Western Society, provides a new interpretation of European family and society by examining the family at the center of the life of "civil society". Using evidence from European towns and cities, she explores?how women and men created voluntary associations outside the family -- communities, broadly defined -- to complement or even substitute for solidarities based on kinship. It also suggests the central place that family issues played in the creation of larger communities, from the "confessional" communities of the Reformation to the national "imagined community" of the French Revolution.

shadow citizenship?影子公民權(quán)，目的是擴(kuò)大公民權(quán)利和影響力。

The?shadow?state?concept?refers?to?the?transfer?of?responsibility?for?providing?integrative?functions,?such?as?social?welfare?services?that?bring?people?into?specific?relations?of?citizenship,?from?state?institutions?to?local?nonprofits?in?ways?that?have?expanded?influence?of?state?regulatory?powers?in?everyday?life?(Wolch, 1990).

more to know:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016718511001801#:~:text=The%20shadow%20state%20concept%20refers%20to%20the%20transfer,state%20regulatory%20powers%20in%20everyday%20life%20%28Wolch%2C%201990%29.