Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

paranormal phenomena

Sciences

無法科學(xué)研究的超自然現(xiàn)象★★

①The hypothesis that paranormal phenomena are real but lie outside the limits of science is supported by considerable evidence. ②The Society for Psychic Research has collected stories of ordinary people apparently demonstrating paranormal abilities. ③Entirely anecdotal, this evidence has nothing to do with science, since it cannot be reproduced under controlled conditions. ?④But the society took greater trouble to interview first-hand witnesses and to document the stories carefully. ?⑤One fact that emerges clearly from the stories is that paranormal events occur, if they occur at all, only when people are experiencing strong emotion. ?⑥This would immediately explain why paranormal phenomena are not observable under the conditions of a well-controlled scientific experiment. ⑦Strong emotion is inherently incompatible with controlled scientific procedures.?

生詞摘錄：

paranormal?超正常的

很多證據(jù)表明超自然現(xiàn)象是真實(shí)存在而且超出科學(xué)范疇之外的。心理研究學(xué)會(huì)收集了很多常人展示超自然能力的故事。這些奇聞?shì)W事跟科學(xué)毫不沾邊，因?yàn)樵谑芸貤l件下無法重現(xiàn)。但是協(xié)會(huì)花費(fèi)大量努力去采訪目擊者并且詳細(xì)記錄這些現(xiàn)象。這些現(xiàn)象中都有一個(gè)明顯的事實(shí)，就是超自然現(xiàn)象只會(huì)在強(qiáng)烈情感出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候發(fā)生。這可能也直接解釋了為什么可控的實(shí)驗(yàn)狀態(tài)下無法觀測(cè)到超自然現(xiàn)象。強(qiáng)烈的情感和受控的科學(xué)流程本身就是互斥的。

1.?Which of the following best describes the role played in the passage by the highlighted sentence??

句子功能題，考句間關(guān)系。這一句順承上一句給出解釋。

C

A. It states the main conclusion of the author’s argument. 既然是服務(wù)上一句，這一句就不會(huì)是最終結(jié)論。

B. It provides a basis for a recommended course of action. 沒有action的證據(jù)

C. It articulates a principle that supports the claim made in the preceding sentence.?

D. It is intended to undermine the credibility of apparent evidence that the author has mentioned earlier in the passage. 這句是個(gè)正向句，不是反向功能。

E. It serves to emphasize a limitation of the evidence collected by the society for Psychical Research. 沒有evidence?limitation的證據(jù)。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following?descriptions of the evidence collected by the Society for Psychical Research??

間接細(xì)節(jié)題+態(tài)度

ABC

A. Carefully recorded 對(duì)應(yīng)第四句

B. Unscientific 對(duì)應(yīng)第三句

C. Credible 對(duì)應(yīng)第一句。這個(gè)選項(xiàng)一般會(huì)漏選。作者其實(shí)并沒有否定超自然現(xiàn)象的真實(shí)性，只是說實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下無法觀測(cè)，因此沒有科學(xué)性。

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage.

female political involvement / patrician women?

Arts/history

貴族女性其實(shí)也沒有認(rèn)為的那么有政治權(quán)力★★★☆

批量審題：

3. The author suggests which of the following about the “expansion of the electorate to include women” in eighteenth-century Britain??

4. According to the passage, the approach taken by contemporary historians to the issue of the?political role of eighteenth-century women differs from that taken by earlier historians in that contemporary historians??

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about political acts?performed by eighteenth-century women??

①Eighteenth-century women played a significant part in British political life. ②Up and down the social scale they performed a variety of political acts,?everything from purchasing political artifacts such as?plates, handkerchiefs, and fans?to?penning?political pamphlets, starving in civic processions, sponsoring boycotts, arguing over public issues in their own debating societies, rioting, and uttering?seditious?words. ?③Whereas?historians used to see female political involvement in this century as isolated or aberrant, they now stress the continuity and normalcy of such activity, especially for aristocratic women. ?④Given the familial nature of aristocratic politics, noble woman were actually expected to act as political advisors and agents for their husbands, to canvass in elections, to serve as political hostesses, to seek and dispense political patronage. ?⑤They did so routinely long before the eighteenth and deep into the nineteenth century.? ⑥Patrician?women had such far reaching political influence, it has been argued recently, that they actually?stood to?lose by expansion of the electorate to include women. ?⑦Fruitful as this new historiography has been,?however, it has also been criticized for its focus on the?machinations?of high politics and its inattention to ideology. ?⑧Given the widespread hostility to “public” women in the eighteenth century, was female political activity quite so unproblematic as these new studies tend to assume??⑨Anna Clark has pointed out that celebration of elite politicizing neglects both the condition of ordinary women and the nitpicking contemporary attacks on just this sort of upper-class influence peddling.?

生詞摘錄：

pen: write of compose?撰寫

riot 聚眾騷亂；宣泄

seditious 煽動(dòng)性的

18世紀(jì)的女性在英國的政治生活中扮演了重要的角色。在不同社會(huì)水平上，女性都參與到豐富的政治活動(dòng)中來，小到購買政治運(yùn)動(dòng)小物件，大到撰寫政治傳單，絕食游行，支持抵制運(yùn)動(dòng)，在她們自己的圈子里討論政治話題，引發(fā)騷亂，并且散布煽動(dòng)性言論。雖然歷史學(xué)家曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為女性在這個(gè)世紀(jì)里的政治參與是孤立或反常的，現(xiàn)在他們開始重視政治活動(dòng)的連續(xù)性和常態(tài)化，特別是貴族女性的政治活動(dòng)更是如此。考慮到貴族政治的家族性，貴族女性常作為她們丈夫的顧問和代理人，在選舉中給拉票，主持政治活動(dòng)，搜尋并分配政治資助。這種情況早在18世紀(jì)以前且深入到19世紀(jì)都非常常見。?最近有人認(rèn)為，如果讓女性也有投票權(quán)的話，貴族女性將不再擁有過去深遠(yuǎn)的政治影響。這種史學(xué)觀點(diǎn)確有成果，然而它也因關(guān)注政治中的陰謀詭計(jì)卻忽略意識(shí)形態(tài)而受到批判?？紤]到18世紀(jì)對(duì)于公眾女性的廣泛敵意，這些新研究中認(rèn)為的女性政治活動(dòng)真的沒有問題嗎？AC指出，認(rèn)為精英參政的觀點(diǎn)不僅忽略了平常女性的狀況，也忽視了當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)對(duì)于這種上層女性干政行為吹毛求疵的攻擊。

①② 事實(shí)，女性重要

③?Whereas?H早v1?(iso. & ab),?

? ? ?H現(xiàn)v2(cont. & nom, esp. 貴) 對(duì)應(yīng)第4題

④?順承觀點(diǎn)，∈v2

⑤ 順承事實(shí)f2∈v2

⑥?順承觀點(diǎn)，∈v2 對(duì)應(yīng)第3題

stand to do something:?

To?have?a?high?likelihood?of?doing?something?or?having?something?happen,?especially?to?gain?or?lose?something.

⑦?轉(zhuǎn)折觀點(diǎn)，×v2

⑧?順承觀點(diǎn)，?×v2

⑨?順承，AC的觀點(diǎn): ×v2

句間關(guān)系圖：

①

↓

②

↓

③

↓

④

↓

⑤?

↓

⑥?? ⑦?

? ? ? ? ? ↓

? ? ? ? ?⑧

??? ? ? ? ↓

? ? ? ? ?⑨

3. The author suggests which of the following about the “expansion of the electorate to include?women” in eighteenth-century Britain??

間接細(xì)節(jié)題

原文信息對(duì)應(yīng)在第六句話：?最近有人認(rèn)為，如果讓女性也有投票權(quán)的話，貴族女性將不再擁有過去深遠(yuǎn)的政治影響。

B

A. It might have reduced women’s incentive to engage in such political activities as boycotts and riots. 沒有incentive的證據(jù)

B. It might have reduced the political power of some people who had exerted great influence.?

C. It would have been unlikely to overturn the aristocracy’s political control of the country. 沒有overturn的證據(jù)。

D. It would likely have extended the vote only to aristocratic women. 與原文描述相反。

E. It was not an issue addressed by men who were engaged in politics. 沒有證據(jù)。不要扯男性。

4. According to the passage, the approach taken by contemporary historians to the issue of the political role of eighteenth-century women differs from that taken by earlier historians in that?contemporary historians ?

直接細(xì)節(jié)題

對(duì)應(yīng)第三句中的對(duì)比：雖然歷史學(xué)家曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為女性在這個(gè)世紀(jì)里的政治參與是孤立或反常的，現(xiàn)在他們開始重視政治活動(dòng)的連續(xù)性和常態(tài)化，特別是貴族女性的政治活動(dòng)更是如此。

A

A. see women’s involvement in eighteenth-century politics as commonplace 符合。commonplace即原文中的continuity和normalcy

B. argue that eighteenth-century women had considerable political autonomy 沒有autonomy的證據(jù)。或者說相反，她們還是需要依附于丈夫。

C. note the singular political achievements of a few aristocratic women in the eighteenth century 注意到了18世紀(jì)少數(shù)貴族女性的非凡政治成就。干擾選項(xiàng)。干擾來自于第4句，但是第一，其實(shí)沒有singular achievement的證據(jù)；第二，第四句是順承前文的解釋，題干問的對(duì)比仍然在第3句。

D. view the political situation of eighteenth-century women as significantly different from that of nineteenth-century women 與⑤句信息相反。也是無關(guān)。

E. stress the political opportunities that were available for non-aristocratic eighteenth-century women 對(duì)應(yīng)第六句，與題干出處無關(guān)。

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about political acts?performed by eighteenth-century women??

態(tài)度題。問作者如何看待18世紀(jì)的女性政治活動(dòng)。通過最后兩句可知，作者并不認(rèn)為有很大可能性。

E

A. They had little influence on the outcome of elections. 沒有證據(jù)。甚至可能與④相反

B. They were aimed largely at the expansion of the electorate. 沒有l(wèi)argely的證據(jù)

C. They probably were discouraged by men with political aspirations. 沒有證據(jù)

D. They represented a new development in British society. 沒有證據(jù)

E. They were sometimes perceived as being negative. 符合

【補(bǔ)充】

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? （390 passage 56）

A. It reinterprets an explanation originated by historians who contributed to the “new historiography”?

B. It questions the accuracy of?evidence?presented in the service of the “new historiography”?

C. It identifies issues that have been overlooked by the “new historiography”?

D. It highlights claims of the “new historiography” that have been neglected?

E. It?defends?the” new historiography” against an unwarranted criticism?

句子功能題

關(guān)注句間關(guān)系和邏輯層次。根據(jù)文章可以知道，作者用這句話來支持自己觀點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗霈F(xiàn)在反問句之后，說明它可以回答作者所說的其實(shí)女性政治活動(dòng)是有問題的，而這些問題被new historiography所忽視。

C

A. It reinterprets an explanation originated by historians who contributed to the “new historiography”?它重新解讀了一個(gè)解釋，這個(gè)解釋源自于那些提出了“新史學(xué)”的歷史學(xué)家。?RE，陣營錯(cuò)

B. It questions the accuracy of?evidence?presented in the service of the “new historiography” 它質(zhì)疑了為“新史學(xué)”所呈現(xiàn)的證據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性。沒有evidence的證據(jù)，同時(shí)句子功能方向錯(cuò)。這是個(gè)支持句，不是反駁句。

C. It identifies issues that have been overlooked by the “new historiography” 它辨認(rèn)除了許多被“新史學(xué)”所忽視的問題。符合。

D. It highlights claims of the “new historiography” that have been neglected 它強(qiáng)調(diào)了已經(jīng)被忽視的“新史學(xué)”主張。

相反，注意that的定語從句修飾

注意這句話不是“強(qiáng)調(diào)新史學(xué)觀忽視的內(nèi)容”，而是“強(qiáng)調(diào)了（被忽視的）新史學(xué)觀的觀點(diǎn)”

前者是反駁，后者是支持

C和D很像，挖坑就在這里。

E. It?defends?the” new historiography” against an unwarranted criticism 它針對(duì)不合理的批判為“新史學(xué)”辯解。相反。

Question 6 is based on this passage.?

organ transplant / immune system / negative reaction

Sciences

藥物提高器官移植成功率★★★☆

The long-term success of organ transplants that do not provoke a negative reaction from the immune?system within six months of being transplanted is higher than that of transplants that do provoke an early?negative reaction. Using new drugs to suppress immune responses, it is possible to decrease the proportion of?transplant recipients who experience early negative reactions. Therefore, the use of such drugs should increase?the long-term success rate of organ transplants.?

6個(gè)月內(nèi)沒有受到免疫系統(tǒng)排異反應(yīng)的長期成功器官移植比早期就產(chǎn)生排異反應(yīng)的情況要多。用藥物抑制免疫系統(tǒng)可以降低早期排異反應(yīng)幾率。因此，這種藥物的使用可以提高器官移植的長期成功率。

6. The argument given is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms??

邏輯削弱

六個(gè)月內(nèi)不排異?比 早期就排異 多。

事實(shí)=現(xiàn)象=原因=用藥可以降低早期排異反應(yīng)

觀點(diǎn)=結(jié)論=結(jié)果=用藥可以提高六個(gè)月移植成功率

出現(xiàn)比較明顯的邏輯漏洞。

X比Y多，Z可以減少Y，所以認(rèn)為Z可以增加X。這個(gè)怎么看都不合理。

早期排異反應(yīng)幾率下降不代表可以六個(gè)月后長期成功。這都是兩件事。

C

A. It confuses changing the proportion of people who experience a certain reaction with changing the?number of people who experience that reaction. 混淆比率和數(shù)量。漏洞不在這里。

B. It treats evidence about one group of people as though it justified a conclusion about another unrelated group of people. 用一個(gè)人群去類比另一個(gè)人群。不對(duì)，原文論證是同一個(gè)人群。

C. It proceeds as if establishing a correlation between two phenomena is sufficient to establish a causal?relationship between those phenomena.?選項(xiàng)意思是：相關(guān)性就足以表明因果關(guān)系。但是相關(guān)不一定因果。符合。早期排異風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低，不代表六個(gè)月后的長期成功。

D. It assumes without warrant that since a strategy has proven successful over short periods that strategy will be equally successful over the long term.干擾選項(xiàng)。文章不是在討論一種藥品的短期效果和長期效果，而是一件事會(huì)不會(huì)影響另一件事。

E. It assumes without warrant that one way of decreasing the number of individuals who experience a certain reaction is the only way of decreasing the number who experience that reaction. 這個(gè)選項(xiàng)相對(duì)好排除。only way原文中并無此意。

Questions 7 to 8 are based on this passage.

Sciences/environmental science

snow algae / albedo?

雪藻導(dǎo)致冰面反射率降低★★

①Snow algae, the most prolific and colorful microbial species colonizing snow and ice surfaces, have been?studied in many polar and alpine settings. ②As part of their life cycle and as a mechanism of protection from?high irradiation, snow algal species produce red pigment (carotenoids). ?③Through this protective reaction, algal?blooms color snow and ice surfaces and cause a darkening of glacial surfaces, which in turns leads to a decrease?in surface albedo (a measure of the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface).?④Such a decrease of albedo may speed up melting processes and is of special interest in Iceland, where glaciers are retreating fast and where albedo is also?affected by the presence of volcanic dust and ash on snow and ice surfaces. ?

生詞摘錄：

carotenoid?/k??rɑ?tn???d/類胡蘿卜素

雪藻是雪地和冰面上最豐富多彩的微生物。科學(xué)家們?cè)谠S多極地和高山環(huán)境中對(duì)其展開研究。?雪藻會(huì)產(chǎn)生紅色素保護(hù)自己免受高輻射的影響。通過這個(gè)保護(hù)機(jī)制，雪藻爆發(fā)會(huì)使雪地和冰面顏色變深，從而又導(dǎo)致地表反射率下降。?而反射率下降又會(huì)加速融化過程，而這在冰島得到額外關(guān)注。因?yàn)楸鶏u的冰川正在迅速縮小，同時(shí)那里的反射率也因?yàn)楦采w在冰雪表面的火山灰而受到影響。

7. It can be inferred that the presence of volcanic dust and ash on snow surfaces in Iceland is likely?to?

間接細(xì)節(jié)題

D

A. offset any decrease in albedo caused by snow algae 相反。火山灰也會(huì)降低反射率

B. slow the growth of snow algal species in the affected area 沒有影響藻類生長的證據(jù)

C. lead to changes in the life cycle of local snow algal species 沒有l(wèi)ife cycle change的證據(jù)

D. have an effect on glacial melting similar to that of snow algae 符合

E. increase the number of microbial species colonizing Iceland’s snow surfaces 沒有證據(jù)

8. According to the passage, snow algal species produce red pigments for which of the following?reasons? ?

直接細(xì)節(jié)題

C

A. As an atypical adaptation in response to climate change 沒有climate change的證據(jù)

B. As a mechanism of protection from extreme temperature 沒有extreme temperature的證據(jù)

C. As a normal phase of development in snow and ice habitats 符合

Questions 9 to 10 are based on this passage.

Arts /?music

jazz / African American / racial stratification

爵士樂“色盲”并不能說明種族隔閡不存在★★★☆

①The fact that certain musical qualities were shared by African American and White jazz musicians in the mid-1950s was sometimes explained by claiming that jazz was “color-blind.” ②Yet a look at how the discourse?of colorblindness was deployed in 1950s jazz periodicals helps explain why many African American jazz?musicians began to emphasize differences, rather than similarities, between the aesthetic styles of Black and White musicians. ?③The discourse of “color blindness” tended to exaggerate the permeability of racial boundaries?by failing to address the?power relationships?involved in a social climate with evasiveness on the meaning of?jazz. ?④While the expression of color-blind sentiments was not necessarily disingenuous, structural racial stratification remained powerful beyond the bandstand.?

生詞摘錄：

evasiveness 逃避，推諉；模棱兩可

sentiment 觀點(diǎn)，看法；情緒

disingenuous 虛偽的，不誠實(shí)的

bandstand 露天音樂臺(tái)?

obliviousness 健忘

20世紀(jì)50年代中期，美國黑人和白人的爵士樂有些特點(diǎn)是一樣的。這種情況通常被解釋為爵士樂是“色盲”。但是那個(gè)時(shí)期的爵士樂期刊里關(guān)于色盲的討論解釋了為什么黑人爵士音樂家開始強(qiáng)調(diào)黑人音樂家和白人音樂家之間藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的差異，而非相同。這些關(guān)于色盲的討論沒有解決在一個(gè)對(duì)爵士樂的定義模棱兩可的社會(huì)氛圍下的強(qiáng)關(guān)系，從而夸大了種族邊界的可滲透性。雖然色盲的觀點(diǎn)不一定虛偽，舞臺(tái)之外的種族結(jié)構(gòu)性分層依然嚴(yán)重。

9. The passage suggests that some authors writing in 1950s jazz periodicals?

間接細(xì)節(jié)題。問的是在期刊中發(fā)表文章的作者。定位1950s，直接對(duì)應(yīng)定位信息中的colorblindness.

問的是在期刊中發(fā)表文章的作者。整篇文章在討論黑人白人的爵士音樂的相同到底是來因?yàn)橐魳繁旧頉]有邊界（色盲），還是因?yàn)榉N族之間沒有隔閡（racial boundaries）。通過最后一句可以知道，盡管有些人真的認(rèn)為是音樂本身，也沒有講假話，但是種族隔閡還是真實(shí)存在的。

C

A. promoted a view of jazz that would remain influential well beyond the 1950s 沒有influential和beyond 1950s的證據(jù)

B. failed to grasp the full extent of the similarities between Black and White jazz musicians 干擾項(xiàng)。無關(guān)。關(guān)注這些不同的也是后面的那些音樂家，而不是這些作者。

C. were sincere in their belief that race played no role in shaping the aesthetic aspects of jazz 符合解析

D. criticized the general public’s obliviousness to the reality of racial boundaries within jazz 沒有criticized和obliviousness的證據(jù)

E. claimed that the difference between Black and White musicians had been underestimated 沒有musician不同的證據(jù)

10. The author mentions “power relationships” primarily to ?

信息目的題，正式因?yàn)檫@個(gè)強(qiáng)關(guān)系沒解決，所以色盲的觀點(diǎn)夸大了種族邊界滲透性，就是認(rèn)為種族并不影響。

B

A. help summarize an argument that the author wishes to refute 總結(jié)一個(gè)作者想要反駁的觀點(diǎn)。沒有refute的證據(jù)

B. account for the inadequacy of a particular idea about jazz 解釋了一個(gè)關(guān)于爵士樂觀點(diǎn)的不足。符合解析

C. demonstrate a link between social and aesthetic factors affecting jazz musicians 沒有l(wèi)ink的證據(jù)

D. emphasize the commitment of some jazz musicians to a particular view of jazz 強(qiáng)調(diào)一些爵士音樂家對(duì)于一個(gè)特定觀點(diǎn)的認(rèn)可。沒有commitment的證據(jù)

E. cite evidence to support a claim about stylistic development within jazz in the 1950s 沒有stylisitic development的證據(jù)