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Passage One

From the Japanese words e (picture) and moji (character), emoji are 1__________ or images that can replace a word in digital communication. The emoji dates back to 1998, when interface design engineer Shigetaka Kurita 2__________176 characters for his telecom employer, DoCoMo, according to an article in Reader’s Digest. In 2010, Unicode, the 3__________ setting standard for text writing systems, incorporated emoji. One year later, Apple adopted emoji and added it to their phones. Google’s Android phones adopted them in 2013. Emoji have become so 4__________ that, in 2015, the face with tears of joy emoji was the word of the year chosen by the Oxford Dictionary. That year, it accounted for 5_________ one out of every five emoji used. According to Emojipedia, as of June 2018 when the last release of new emoji was announced, there are 2,823 emoji in use. It’s fair to say that emoji are a widely-accepted part of our 6__________ communication, and they are 7__________ the way people communicate digitally in multiple ways. Some emoji are like a universal language and can be understood almost 8__________ by anyone. But that’s not the case for all emoji, though, and that can be especially 9__________ across cultural lines. In Western cultures, a thumbs up emoji is used as a sign of approval, but according to the BBC, it has negative connotations in Greece and the Middle East. Similarly, the angel emoji is considered a sign of 10__________ in China, whereas in Western cultures, it’s a sign of peace and innocence.

Passage 2

The oil crisis of the early seventies put 1__________ on many governments to ?nd quick ways to 2__________ their current public transport. Thus, the 1970s represented a relative ?urry of activity regarding early busways. The potential for busways to 3__________ public transport usage was recognised in the United States through reports by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) in 1973 and 1975. These reports highlighted the 4__________ of bus use on highways as a form of rapid commuting. Likewise, the publication in 1976 of busway design guidelines by the Paris transit operator, Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), helped to propel busway interest in France. With Curitiba serving as example, several other Brazilian cities followed this model with 5__________ systems being deployed in S?o Paulo (1975), Goiania (1976), Porto Alegre (1977), and Belo Horizonte (1981) (Meirelles, 2000). The S?o Paulo BRT system is currently the 6__________ in the world with 142 kilometres of ways 7__________ for buses serving over two million passenger-trips each day.

With the development of these early systems, the World Bank also came to recognise the 8__________ of busways through its 1975 urban transport policy paper. Subsequently the World Bank went on to 9__________ the ?rst busway in Africa (in Abidjan, Ivory Coast) in 1977. The city of Pittsburgh (United States) also opened its ?rst 10__________ in 1977.

Passage 3

We know that in public speaking, correct use of gestures will help get across our messages better. Emojis that flourish in our daily 1)__________ communication can serve this function, too, if employed properly. In recent years, I've noticed with amazement how emojis like 2)__________ faces have crept into (逐漸融進(jìn)) my office life. Supervisors start the day by issuing 3)_________ ending with an emoji, such as ? ("a cup of coffee") on WeChat. Even the secretary sends the reminder to all for the 4)__________ of the next day's work plan, with an icon of a red rose. Emojis work like arms and hands in a speech that help me emphasize a point or ensure what I say is not 5)__________. But emojis, especially those pictures with Chinese characters, are not for everybody and most probably not appropriate for business 6)__________. Chinese emoji users are predominantly young people led by millennials who send the most emojis per day. In 7)__________ , users aged 40 or older account for only a small fraction of emoji fans. Older users who want to be "on trend" may sometimes find they're 8)__________ embarrassment. Once sent a new emoji with Chinese characters "I'm panicky," one of the colleagues quickly pointed out, “Even you're using it!" And often, people disagree on what certain 9)__________ are supposed to represent. When writing this article, I've checked with several colleagues on the meaning of an emoji stored in our 10)__________ , and we were surprised to realize how our understanding could differ from each other.