1.語序和五種基本句式

SV（主謂）

The universe remains.

SVP（主系表）

??? The food is delicious.

SVO（主謂賓）

??? He took his bag and left.

SVOO（主謂+間賓+直賓）

??? Her father bought her a dictionary.

SVOC（主謂賓+賓補）

??? We made him our monitor.

Nothing is impossible to a willing heart！

2.Be動詞的形式和用法

??? be，am，is，are，was，were，being，been

??? 后面接名詞、形容詞、地點副詞或短語作補足語，起聯(lián)系的作用

3.Be動詞的否定/提問/回答

??? 在am，is，are，was后加not

??? 略縮形式為am not，isn't，aren't，wasn't，weren't

??? be動詞置于句首，其它成分不變

4.代詞的主格和賓格

主格代詞（作主語）

??? I，he，she，it，you，we，they

賓格代詞（作賓語）

??? me，him，her，it，you，us，them

5.名詞性/形容詞性物主代詞

單數(shù)形式

??? my，your，his/her/its，one's

??? mine，yours，his/hers/its，one's

復數(shù)形式

??? our，your，their

??? ours，yours，theirs

6.反身代詞

??? myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself

??? ourselves，yourselves，themselves

??? 在句子中作賓語或同位語

7.實意動詞的特征

??? 時態(tài)變化（過去式和過去分詞）

??? 數(shù)量變化（第三人稱單數(shù)）

8.實意動詞的否定/提問/回答

使用助動詞進行否定

??? do no t= don't

??? does not = doesn't

??? did not = didn't

使用助動詞進行提問

??? 助動詞有時態(tài)或第三人稱單數(shù)的變化，實意動詞為原型

9.使用疑問詞進行提問和回答1

when，where，who，what，how

??? 疑問詞置于句首

??? 疑問詞充當主語，其它成分與陳述句相同

??? 疑問詞充當主語以外的其它成分，要使用助動詞，助動詞緊跟在疑問詞之后

10.使用疑問詞進行提問和回答2

how long，how far，how often，why

??? How long have they learned English？

??? How often do you watch movies？

??? How far is it from your house to yours chool？

11.名詞

可數(shù)名詞（countable noun）

??? 數(shù)的過來的概念

??? 有單數(shù)和復數(shù)之分

可數(shù)名詞變復數(shù)的規(guī)則：

??? 1.一般在末尾加后綴-s

????2.以s、z、x、ch、sh結尾的名詞，在該詞末尾加上后綴-es

3.輔音字母+y結尾的名詞，改y為i，再加-es

4.以o結尾的名詞，如果不是外來詞或縮寫形式，加-es

不可數(shù)名詞（countable noun）?

??? 無法計算數(shù)量或抽象概念

??? 無復數(shù)形式，只用單數(shù)表征

12.指示代詞與不定代詞

指示代詞

??? 標識人或事物的代詞，用來代替前面已提到過的名詞

??? this（these），that（those）

不定代詞

??? 指代不確定的人或事物

??? one，the other，some，any，somthing，nothing

13.形容詞

??? 形容詞通常形容人或事物的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，大小等，通常置于名詞前面，be動詞后面

??? The+形容詞=復數(shù)名詞，表示一類人，后接動詞用復數(shù)形式

14.副詞

??? 副詞可以修飾動詞，形容詞，其它副詞或其它結構

副詞的位置

?????? 根據(jù)情況，放在助動詞之后，實意動詞之前或之后

?????? 形容詞之前，其他副詞之前或之后

?????? 多個助動詞時，放在第一個助動詞之后

?????? 常用的頻度副詞（always，usually，often，sometimes，never…）通常放在一般動詞前面，be動詞后面，助動詞和實意動詞之間

15.不定量表達法1

some，any，most，every，all

?????? some主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答時，也可用在疑問句中

?????? any主要用在否定句和疑問句中

?????? I'd been expecting some letters the whole morning，but there weren't any for me.

?????? most作形容詞時表示“大部分的”，后面接復數(shù)名詞??????

?????? every表示“每一個，所有”后面接單數(shù)名詞

?????? all表示“所有”后面接可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，不可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞單數(shù)

16.不定量表達法2

?????? both表示兩者都，可作形容詞，代詞和副詞，either是兩者之一，neither是兩者都不

Both his eyes were severely burned.

There are trees on either side of the street.

Neither answer is correct.

?????? many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞；a lot of（lots of），plenty of即可修飾可數(shù)名詞，也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞

17.不定量表達法3

a few，肯定含義“幾個”

few，否定含義“沒幾個”

均與可數(shù)名詞連用

?????? A few books are put into the box.

?????? Few books are put into the box.

a little，肯定含義“一點兒”

little，否定含義“沒多點”

均與不可數(shù)名詞連用

?????? There is a little water in the bottle.

?????? There is little water in the bottle.

none和no one意思相同，主要用作代詞

翻譯為“一個也不，一點也不”

none可以接of短語，動詞可用單數(shù)也可用復數(shù)

no one不能接of短語，動詞只能用單數(shù)

?????? None of us have（has）arrived.

?????? No one knows the answer.

18.There/Here be句型

?????? 根據(jù)上下文，有多種翻譯方法

?????? 可以翻譯成“有”，“是”

?????? be動詞根據(jù)后面的名詞有單復數(shù)變化

19.一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進行時

一般現(xiàn)在時

表示通常性、規(guī)律性、習慣性的狀態(tài)和動作

主語是單數(shù)第三人稱時，動詞有單三的變化

否定和疑問形式用do，does幫助構成

動詞的單三變化

動詞詞尾直接加s

如 play→ plays

以字母sxch或o結尾的動詞加es

如 guess→ guesses

以輔音字母+y結尾的動詞，改y為i再加es

如 study→ studies

現(xiàn)在進行時

表示正在進行或發(fā)生的動作

句中通常有now等時間副詞呼應

基本構成形式為be+ doing

變否定和疑問形式時，將be動詞否定或提前

現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則

一般情況下直接加ing

如 work→ working

動詞以不發(fā)音的e結尾，去e再加ing

如 take→ taking

重讀閉音節(jié)的動詞，雙寫詞尾字母再加ing

如 cut→ cutting

以ie結尾的動詞，變y再加ing

如 lie→ lying

20.一般過去時和過去進行時

一般過去時

表示過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)

過去習慣性、經(jīng)常性的行為

動詞一般過去式變化過則

一般在動詞后加ed

如 play→ played

字母e結尾的動詞后只加d

如 like→ liked

“輔音字母+y”結尾的動詞，改y為i再加ed

如 supply→ supplied

重讀閉音節(jié)結尾且末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫最后一個輔音字母，再加ed

如 plan→ planned

過去進行時

在過去某一時刻或一段時間內(nèi)進行或發(fā)生的動作

基本構成形式為was/were+ doing

21.一般將來時

將來某一時刻的動作或狀態(tài)

或?qū)砟骋欢螘r間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)

常常和表示將來的時間狀語連用

構成形式為will/shall+ 動詞原形

They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.

We shall leave for Shanghai next month.

be going to+ 動詞原形意為“打算；就要”

表示近期或事先考慮過的將要發(fā)生的動作

或已有跡象表明必將發(fā)生某事

They are going to play football this afternoon.

She is going to learn French next year.

表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞可用現(xiàn)在進行時表將來

如 go，come，leave，start，arrive

They are leaving for Japan.

She is arriving tomorrow.

22.完成時

現(xiàn)在完成時

動作過去發(fā)生，已經(jīng)完成

對現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果，動作可能還會持續(xù)

構成形式為have/has+ done

過去完成時

動作發(fā)生在過去之前，即過去的過去

已經(jīng)完成，對過去造成了一定的影響或后果

構成形式為had+ done

23.動詞的用法

動詞有數(shù)量和時態(tài)的變化

動詞根據(jù)功能分為

實意動詞（Notional Verb）

系動詞（Link Verb）

助動詞（Auxiliary Verb）

情態(tài)動詞（Modal Verb）

24.情態(tài)動詞1

can/could表示能力，可用be able to代替

can/could表示現(xiàn)在過去的能力

客觀可能性（can的可能性更大）

表示請求和允許

He can/could be able to swim.

He can/could come tomorrow.

Can/Could I stay here？

may/might表示可能性，may的可能性大

表示請求和允許，might更委婉

He come may/might here by bus.

May/Might I join you?

25.情態(tài)動詞2

must/have to表示必須、必要

must表示主觀多一些

have to表示客觀多一些，有時態(tài)和數(shù)量的變化

mustn't意為不準，don't have to意為不必

You must get up early.

It's going to rain，I have to go home now.

should表示勸告、建議、命令，強調(diào)主觀看法

ought to強調(diào)客觀要求

疑問句中通常用should代替ought to

You should/ought to do the job right now.

Should they stay here now？

26.情態(tài)動詞3

need情態(tài)動詞

He need come here early.

He needn't come here early.

Need he come here early？

need實意動詞

有時態(tài)和數(shù)量的變化，后可接帶to的不定式

He needs to come here early.

He doesn't need to come here early.

Does he come to here early？

回答must和have to的提問時

否定回答使用needn't，don't have to

27.情態(tài)動詞4

had better表示“最好做某事”

had雖然是過去式，但不表征過去

better后面接動詞原形

He had better eat more.

You'd better finish it right now.

would rather表示“寧愿、寧可、最好、還是…為好”

語感上比had better要輕

You would rather deal with it now.

否定形式分別為

had better not+ 動詞原形

would rather not+ 動詞原形

28.情態(tài)動詞5

used to，would表示過去習慣性的動作

可翻譯為“過去常常…”

used to指過去的狀態(tài)或情況，would則不能

The novel used to be popular.

would表示反復發(fā)生的動作

如果某一動作沒有反復性，就不能用would，只能用used to

He would practice English every week.

I used to live in Beijing.

used to表示過去經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結束

would則表示有可能再發(fā)生

People believe that the earth was flat.

He would go to the park as soon as he was free.

29.情態(tài)動詞的疑問和否定

情態(tài)動詞的否定

情態(tài)動詞+not+動詞原形

He can't sing an English song.

He may not know her.

使用情態(tài)動詞進行提問

情態(tài)動詞+主語+動詞原形

Can he sing an English song？

Does he have to go there？

30.情態(tài)動詞后接完成時

情態(tài)動詞+have done

表達過去的事實

表推測

should除外

He can/could have arrived.

He may/might have arrived.

He must have arrived.

should have done 本應該…

needn't have done 本不需要…

They should have finished the work.

You needn't have done so.

must have done 準是已經(jīng)…

can't have done 不可能已經(jīng)…

He must have arrived.

He can't have arrived.

31.被動語態(tài)的構成和含義

如果主語是動作的承受者

則用動詞的被動語態(tài)作謂語

被動語態(tài)的構成：be done by……

32.被動語態(tài)和情態(tài)動詞結合

情態(tài)動詞+be done by…

need做實義動詞更常用

need doing sth.

33.被動語態(tài)的省略

動作的行為者不分明或不重要

或上下文中提到了行為者時，“by+行為者”可省略

34.被動語態(tài)的疑問形式

一般疑問句

助動詞提前，其它部分語序不變

特殊疑問句

特殊疑問詞+提問部分+助動詞+句子其它成分

35.非謂語動詞

動詞不定式由to+動詞原形構成

可作主語、賓語、賓補、定語、表語和狀語

主語

To get there by bike will take us an hour.

賓語

The driver failed to see the car in time.

賓補

We believe him to be guilty.

定語

The next train to arrive is from Seoul.

表語

My suggestion is to put the meeting.

狀語

I come here only to say goodbye to you.

動名詞具有動詞的特征和變化形式

但在句中的用法及功能類似名詞

可作主語、賓語、定語、表語

可以被副詞修飾；后可接賓語

主語

Reading is an art.

賓語

They went on walking and never stopped talking.

表語

Your task is quickly cleaning the windows.

定語

This is reading room.

36.形式主語和形式賓語

動詞不定式或動名詞可以在主語的位置上

但一般用it代替它做形式主語

It's a great honor to be invited.

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

在賓語的位置上，用it代替它作形式賓語

We think it important to learn English.

I found it pleasant walking in the park.

對動名詞或不定式進行否定時

直接在動名詞或不定式前加not

He pretended not to see her.

He regrets not joining them.

37.to不定式表目的

in order to + v表目的

in order to引導的目的狀語置于句首，句尾均可

I've written it down in order to remember it.

否定形式為在to之前加not

I've written it down in order not to forget it.

so as to + v表目的

so as to引導的目的狀語只能置于句尾

He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.

否定形式為在to之前加not

He said nothing so as not to be noticed.

38.常見的不定式和動名詞

包含不定式和動名詞的一些固定結構

too…to…

The room is too small to live.

enough + n. + to + v.

There is enough food to eat.

adj. + enough + to + v.

The box is big enough to contain six apples.

On doing sth. 一…就…

On seeing the snake ，The girl was very frightened.

There is no hope of doing sth. 沒希望…

There is no hope of seeing him.

feel like doing sth.

I feel like eating ice cream now.

have a hard time doing sth. 做…很艱難

They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.

39.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作伴隨狀語

The students went out of the classroom，laughing and talking.

Accompanied by his friend，he went to the railway station.

40.原型不定式之使役動詞

使役動詞，表示“使…，讓…”

have/ make/ let + 賓語 + v.

He made me laugh.

I let him go.

Please have him come here.

get + 賓語 + to + v.

I can't get anyone to do the work properly.

help + 賓語 +（to）+ v.

I helped him（to）repair the car.

所有使役動詞+賓語+過去分詞

表示“讓某物（人）被別人…”

I must get my hair cut.

He couldn't make himself heard.

Can you get the work finished in time.

41.原型不定式之感官動詞

see /watch/ observe/ notice/ hear/ smell/ taste /feel +賓語 +動詞原形/現(xiàn)在分詞

后接動詞原形，表示動作的真實性

后接現(xiàn)在分詞，表示動作的連續(xù)性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

感官動詞+賓語+動詞過去分詞，表被動

I heard Sam sent to the hospital.

John saw the man knocked down by the car.

42.假設之只表示單純條件

if引導條件狀語從句

從句用現(xiàn)在時，主句用將來時

If you get up early，you will catch up with the train.

if引導的條件狀語從句，可放句首也可放句尾

If you ask him， he will help you.

She will be upset if you fail the exam.

43.假設之與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣

if從句是一種虛擬的條件或假設

和現(xiàn)在事實相反，主從句時態(tài)具體如下

從句：動詞過去式（be動詞形式為were）

主句：would/ could/ should/ might+ 動詞原形

If I were you，I would join them.

She would come with you if you invited her.

44.假設之與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣

if從句是一種虛擬的條件或假設

和過去事實相反，主從句時態(tài)具體如下

從句：had done

主句：would/ could/ should/ might+ have done

If I had got there earlier，I should have met her.

If he had taken my advice，he would not have made such a mistake.

45.假設之wish和as if

wish后接從句，譯為“希望…就好了”

是不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望

表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反的愿望

I wish I were as tall as you.

表示與過去的事實相反的愿望

He wished he hadn't said that.

表示將來不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望

I wish it would rain tomorrow.

as if，譯為“看起來好像…”

從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反時

You look as if you didn't care.

從句表示與過去事實相反時

He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.

從句表示與將來事實相反時

He opened his mouth as if he would say something.

46.定語從句之關系代詞

關系代詞，在從句中充當一定的成分，代替先行詞，起到連接先行詞和從句的作用

常用關系代詞有

that，who，which，whom，whose

The girl whom that I spoke to is my cousin.

先行詞是人用that，who，whom，whose引導

whom在從句中作賓語

who和that在從句中既可做主語又可作賓語

They are the people that/ who were seen yesterday.

They are the people whom/ that/ who I saw yesterday.

They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.

先行詞是物用that，which，whose引導

that，which在從句中作主語或賓語

作賓語時可省略

He came back for the book which/ that he had forgotten.

He came back for the book which/ that was on the desk.

This is the chair whose legs were broken.

47.定語從句之關系副詞

why修飾表原因的名詞

We don't know the reason why he didn't show up.

when修飾表時間的名詞

We'll put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.

where修飾表地點的名詞

We don't know the place where he lives.

48.賓語從句

在句子中起賓語作用的從句

從屬連詞：that，if，whether

He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.

He doesn't know if/ whether he was here.

連接代詞：who，whom，whose，what

Do you know who has won the game?

Do you know whom he likes?

Do you know whose book it is?

Do you know what he is looking at?

連接副詞：when，where，why，how

He wants to know when the party is.

He wants to know where the party is.

He wants to know why they have a party.

He wants to know how they come.

49.比較級與最高級1

通常在形容詞或副詞后加“er”，“est”

hard harder hardest

詞尾是不發(fā)音的單音節(jié)e時加“r”，“st”

nice nicer nicest

詞尾是輔音+y的雙音節(jié)時，去y加“ier”，“iest”

dry drier driest

以輔音結尾的重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫最后一個字母，加“er”，“est”

hot hotter hottest

多音節(jié)或雙音節(jié)的形容詞或副詞

表示程度減弱：more most

表示程度加強：less least

不規(guī)則變化

good better best

many more most

50.比較級與最高級2

形容詞或副詞的比較級，表示“比較”

He is taller than his brother.

The book is more expensive than the pen.

Her English is better than his.

形容詞或副詞的最高級，表示“最…”

He is tallest in his class.

The book is the most expensive of the three.

Her English is the best among the three.