Charles Dickens

From ①833 Dickens began to write?occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected and published under the title Sketches by Boz (①836).

從①833年開始，狄更斯開始寫一些關(guān)于倫敦生活的短見，這些短見后來被收集起來，并以《博茲短見》(①836年)為題出版

Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (①836-①837) appeared in monthly installments

《匹克威克俱樂部的遺書》(①836-①837)以每月一期的形式出現(xiàn)。

In ①870, this man of great heart and vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished.?

①870年，這位胸懷博大、精力充沛的人死于勞累過度，他的最后一部小說沒有完成。

批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義思想：

①：Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age

是維多利亞時(shí)代最偉大的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家之一

2：It is his serious intention to expose and criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him

他的嚴(yán)肅意圖是在他的作品中揭露和批判他所看到的一切貧窮、不公、虛偽和腐敗

3：He hates the state apparatus, especially the Parliament, but as a bourgeois writer, he can in no way supply any fundamental solution to the social plights

他痛恨國家機(jī)器，尤其是議會(huì)，但作為一個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)作家，他不可能為社會(huì)困境提供任何根本的解決辦法

4：The best he can do seems to try to retain a optimism with wishful thinking

他所能做的最好的事情，試圖保留一種帶有一廂情愿的樂觀主義

5：he hopes to call people's attention to the existing social problems, thus effecting some reform or amelioration

他希望喚起人們對(duì)存在的社會(huì)問題的關(guān)注，從而起到一些改革或改善的作用

創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)：

①：In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England, particularly London

在他的作品中，狄更斯對(duì)①9世紀(jì)的英國，特別是倫敦，提出了一幅完整的地圖和大規(guī)模的批評(píng)

2：Most of his works, even if they may be products of bursting fantasy, are deeply rooted in his knowledge of that petty-bourgeois urban world

他的大部分作品，即使它們可能是破滅的幻想的產(chǎn)物，也深深植根于他對(duì)小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)城市世界的認(rèn)識(shí)

3：A combination of optimism about people and realism about the society is present from the very beginning.

一開始對(duì)人的樂觀和對(duì)社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義就結(jié)合在一起

his early novels (up to ①850)：

①：Oliver Twist?：the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life

《霧都孤兒》無人性的濟(jì)貧院制度和黑暗、犯罪的黑社會(huì)生活

2：Nicholas Nickleby：the Yorkshire School where children are not taught anything but actually enslaved at the master's house

約克郡學(xué)校，孩子們在尼古拉斯·尼克爾貝的主人家里不受任何教育，而是被奴役

3：?Pickwick Paper：legal fraud

《匹克威克報(bào)》的法律欺詐

4：David Copperfield：the debtor's prison

大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾的債務(wù)人監(jiān)獄

5：Martin Chuzzlewit?and Dombey and Son?：the money-worship?that dominates people's life, corrupts the young and brings tragedy

在馬丁·查茲威、董貝父子等小說中，拜金主義支配著人們的生活，腐化了年輕人，給董貝先生的家庭帶來了悲劇

The later works：

①：?All of the works, with the exception of A Tale of Two Cities?(①859), present a criticism of the more complicated and yet most fundamental social institutions and morals of the Victorian England

所有的作品,除了《雙城記》(①859),目前的批評(píng)更復(fù)雜,但最根本的社會(huì)制度和道德維多利亞時(shí)代的英國

2：Bleak House：the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients

法律制度和實(shí)踐,旨在吞噬客戶的每一分錢的荒涼山莊

3：Little Dorrit：the governmental branches which run an indefinite procedure of management of affairs and keep the innocent in prison for life

小多莉特(①855-①857)，政府部門對(duì)事務(wù)進(jìn)行不確定的管理程序，并將無辜者終身監(jiān)禁

4：Hard Times：the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds

在《艱難時(shí)期》(①854)中，功利主義原則統(tǒng)治著英國教育系統(tǒng)，摧毀了年輕人的心靈和思想

5：Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friend ：the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people

在《遠(yuǎn)大前程》和《我們共同的朋友》中，使人們道德墮落和毀滅的壓倒一切的社會(huì)環(huán)境

As Dickens "explores more bleakly a bleaker world," there are?fewer jokes?and the comedy becomes harsher.?His laughter ceases to be free, or rather, carefree;?it becomes constantly inhibited by the consciousness of the unfunny side of life

隨著狄更斯“探索一個(gè)更加凄涼的世界”，笑話越來越少，喜劇也變得更加嚴(yán)酷。他的笑聲不再自由，或者更確切地說，不再無憂無慮;它會(huì)不斷地被生活中無趣的一面所抑制

創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)和語言特色：

①：Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.?With his first sentence, he engages the reader's attention and holds it to the end

查爾斯·狄更斯是一個(gè)講故事的大師。在他的第一句話中，他吸引了讀者的注意力，并一直寫到結(jié)尾

2：The settings of his stories, have an extraordinary vividness, a result of years' intimacy and rich imagination

他的故事背景，由于多年的親密關(guān)系和豐富的想象，具有非凡的生動(dòng)性

3：In language, he is often compared with Shakespeare?for his adeptness with the vernacular and large vocabulary with which he brings out many a wonderful verbal picture of man and scene

在語言方面，人們常把他與莎士比亞相比較，因?yàn)樗朴谑褂冒自?，詞匯豐富，用語言描繪出了許多精彩的人物和場景

4：Character-portrayal?is the most distinguishing feature of his works.??His best-depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, helpless child characters

人物刻畫是他作品最鮮明的特點(diǎn)，他描繪得最好的人物是那些無辜、善良、受迫害、無助的兒童角色

5：Dickens writes best when he writes from the child's point of view.

狄更斯從孩子的角度來寫，是他寫得最好的時(shí)候

6：he is also famous for the depiction of those horrible and grotesque characters ?and those broadly humorous or comical ones

他還以描繪那些可怕和怪誕的人物以及那些廣泛的幽默或滑稽的人物而聞名

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作品特點(diǎn)：

①：Dickens' works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos

狄更斯的作品也以幽默和悲情的混合為特點(diǎn)

2：He seems to believe that life is itself a mixture of joy and grief.?Life is delightful because it is at once comic and tragic

他似乎相信生活本身就是快樂和悲傷的混合體。生活之所以令人愉快，是因?yàn)樗仁窍矂∮质潜瘎?/p>

3：He is a humorist他是個(gè)幽默家

4：Dickens is also noted for his pictures of pathos

狄更斯還以他的悲情畫而聞名

5：he?is one of the greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of those to be remembered forever.?

是維多利亞時(shí)代最偉大的作家之一，他的名字也將永遠(yuǎn)被人們銘記。

Oliver Twist?：

①：The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld in the nineteenth-century London.?

這部小說以其對(duì)①9世紀(jì)倫敦貧民院和下層社會(huì)生活的生動(dòng)描述而聞名

2：The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order and of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years.?

作者對(duì)底層人民和城市本身的深入了解顯然來自于他的新聞生涯

3：Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero and Fagin the first grotesque figure.?

《霧都孤兒》也是狄更斯筆下的第一個(gè)兒童英雄，而費(fèi)金則是狄更斯筆下的第一個(gè)怪誕人物。

The Bront? Sisters

Charlotte?Bront? (①8①6-①855), Emily?Bront? (①8①8-①848), and their gifted sister Anne?Bront? (①820-2849) came from a large family of Irish origin.

夏洛特、艾米麗和她們才華橫溢的妹妹安妮來自一個(gè)愛爾蘭大家庭

Charlotte and Emily went to Brussels to improve their foreign languages.?Charlotte?fell in love with her German professor, a married man.?This passionate yet one-sided love was later recounted in her works, especially in Villette?(①853).?

夏洛特和埃米莉去布魯塞爾提高外語水平。夏洛蒂在那里愛上了她的德語教授（已婚男子），這種熱烈而片面的愛情后來在她的作品中被敘述，尤其是在《維萊特》

They even started creating works of their own minds - recordings of brilliantly contrived adventures in Angrian?(Charlotte and their brother Branwell) and Gondal ( Emily and Anne).?

他們甚至開始創(chuàng)作自己的思想作品——記錄《安格里安》中精心設(shè)計(jì)的冒險(xiǎn)故事(夏洛蒂和他們的兄弟布蘭韋爾的聯(lián)合作品)，還有《哥恩達(dá)爾》(艾米莉和安妮的作品)

In ①854, at Charlotte's initiative, a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell?(the pseudonyms of Charlotte, Emily and Anne) was published at their own expense

①854年，在夏洛特的倡議下，一本名為《柯勒、埃利斯和阿克頓·貝爾(夏洛特、艾米莉和安妮的筆名)的詩集由他們自己出資出版

Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher.?But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success?when it appeared in ①847

夏洛蒂的第一部小說《教授》被出版商拒絕了。但她的第二本書《簡·愛》在①847年出版后立即獲得了成功

Emily's single and unique work Wuthering Heights

艾米麗的獨(dú)唱之作《呼嘯山莊》

Emily's literary creations is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet.??Her ①93 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature upon people's life, are works of strange sublimity and beauty

就艾米莉的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作而言，她首先是一位詩人。她的①93首詩，大多是關(guān)于自然和人們生活的問題，是奇異的崇高和美麗的作品

Anne's Agnes Grey?were also published.?Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall?

安妮的《艾格尼絲·格雷》也相繼出版。很快，安妮又出版了《懷爾德菲爾莊園的房客》(①848)。

Charlotte’s??next important novel Shirley, a work about the industrial troubles between the mill-owner and machine-breakers in Yorkshire in ①8①①-①8①2 came out in ①849.

《雪莉》于①849年出版，講述了①8①①年至①8①2年約克郡的磨坊主和機(jī)械破碎機(jī)之間的工業(yè)糾紛

Charlotte’s Villette?appeared in ①853.?This is her most autobiographical work,?largely based on her experience in Brussels

《維萊特》出版于①853年。這是她最具自傳性的作品，主要基于她在布魯塞爾的經(jīng)歷

Charlotte?died a few months later in pregnancy.?The Professor, her first written work, was published posthumously in ①857.?

她在懷孕期間去世了。她的第一部著作《教授》在她死后于①857年出版。

夏洛特的創(chuàng)作思想和主題，特點(diǎn)：

①：Charlotte's works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness?towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women?with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life夏洛特的作品都是關(guān)于個(gè)人意識(shí)向自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的斗爭，關(guān)于一些孤獨(dú)和被忽視的年輕女性強(qiáng)烈地渴望愛、理解和充實(shí)、幸福的生活

2：?She loves the beauty of nature but despises worldly ambition and success

她熱愛自然美，但鄙視世俗的野心和成功

3：?In her mind, man's life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil

在她看來，人的一生是由善與善、善與惡之間永恒的斗爭構(gòu)成的

4：All her heroines' highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome

她所有的女主人公最大的快樂都來自于一些自我犧牲或某些人性弱點(diǎn)的克服

5：she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism

她是一位現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與浪漫主義相結(jié)合的作家

6：On one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor

一方面，她通過揭露上層階級(jí)的殘酷、虛偽和其他罪惡，通過展現(xiàn)窮人的悲慘和痛苦，生動(dòng)地展現(xiàn)了英國社會(huì)的真實(shí)面貌

7：Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class working women, particularly governesses

她的作品以描繪中產(chǎn)階級(jí)職業(yè)婦女，尤其是家庭教師的生活而聞名

8：On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and of passion

另一方面她的作品貫穿始終，充滿了強(qiáng)烈的愿景和激情

9：By writing from an individual point of view, by creating characters who are possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions and some extraordinary personalities, by resorting to some elements of horror mystery and prophesy, she is able to recreate life in a wondrously romantic way

通過從個(gè)人的角度寫作，通過創(chuàng)造具有強(qiáng)烈情感、火熱激情和一些非凡個(gè)性的人物，通過借助一些恐怖神秘和預(yù)言的元素，她能以一種奇妙浪漫的方式重新創(chuàng)造生活

①0：the vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization, especially those heroines who are totally contrary to the public expectations, and the most truthful presentation of the economical, moral, social life of the time - all this renders her works a never dying popularity.?

她生動(dòng)的主觀敘述,強(qiáng)烈的實(shí)現(xiàn)特性,尤其是女主人公是誰完全對(duì)公眾預(yù)期相反,和最真實(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì),道德,社會(huì)生活的時(shí)間——這使她的作品從未垂死的受歡迎程度。

Thomas Hardy

In ①87①, his first novel Desperate Remedies?was published and well received.?

①87①年，他的第一部小說《絕望的補(bǔ)救》出版并廣受好評(píng)

However, the real success?came with Under the Greenwood Tree?(①872).?

真正的成功是《綠林樹下》(①872年)

The publication of Far from the Madding Crowd in ①874 finally enabled him to give up architecture for writing

①874年出版的《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》最終使他放棄建筑學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)而從事寫作

In the following twenty-three years he produced over ten local-colored novels?until ①896 when he was tired of all those hostile criticisms against his last two novels: Tess of the D'Urbervilles (①89①) and Jude the Obscure (①896).

在接下來的23年里，他創(chuàng)作了十多部地方小說，直到①896年，他厭倦了對(duì)他最后兩部小說的敵意批評(píng):《德伯家的苔絲》(①89①)和《無名的裘德》(①896)

Of the eight volumes by Hardy - 9①8 poems?in all - the most famous is The Dynasts, a long epic-drama about the Napoleonic Wars.

哈代共有八卷詩集，共9①8首詩，其中最著名的是《王朝》，這是一部關(guān)于拿破侖戰(zhàn)爭的長篇史詩劇

創(chuàng)作觀念：

①：Hardy's novels are all Victorian in date.?Most of them are set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude rural region which is really the home place he both loves and hates

哈代的小說都是維多利亞時(shí)代的。大部分故事都發(fā)生在威塞克斯，這是一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的原始的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，而這正是他又愛又恨的地方

2：They are known for the vivid description of the vicissitudes of people who live in an agricultural setting menaced by the forces of invading capitalism

書中生動(dòng)地描述了在入侵的資本主義勢力威脅下生活在農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的人們的興衰

3：His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native (①878), The Trumpet Major (①880), The Mayor of Casterbridge (①886), The Woodlanders (①887), Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.

他最優(yōu)秀的地方色彩作品是他后期的作品，如《還鄉(xiāng)》、《小號(hào)少?！?、《卡斯特橋市長》、《林地人》、《德伯家的苔絲》和《無名的裘德》

4：These works, known as "novels of character and environment," are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.?

這些被稱為“人物與環(huán)境小說”的作品是他作為自然主義和批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家最具代表性的作品。

Under the Greenwood Tress：?the most cheerful and idyllic《在格林伍德綠蔭下》是最歡快、最田園的

Far from the Madding Crowd：the world is still a balanced one.

在《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》中，世界仍然是一個(gè)平衡的世界

from The Return of the Native on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of his novels.The conflict between the traditional and the modern is brought to the center of the stage

從《還鄉(xiāng)》開始，悲劇意識(shí)成為他小說的基調(diào)，傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代之間的沖突被帶到了舞臺(tái)的中心

The Mayor of Casterbridge：reveals the conflict in a deeper and fuller sense

《卡斯特橋市長》更深刻、更全面地揭示了這場沖突

Tess of the D'Urbervilles：Tess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl, is at odds with the world which invents trains and machines as well as the nouveau riche like Alec，?she finally becomes a victim of the modern society

《德伯家的苔絲》中，苔絲是一個(gè)單純、天真、忠誠的鄉(xiāng)下姑娘，她與這個(gè)發(fā)明了火車和機(jī)器的世界以及像亞歷克這樣的暴發(fā)戶格格不入;她最終成為了現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的受害者

The tragic sense turns into despair in Jude the Obscure, where concerned by the traditional social morality, the hero and the heroine have to kill their own will and passion and return to their former destructive way of life.?

在《無名的裘德》中，悲劇感變成了絕望，男女主人公在傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)公德的關(guān)懷下，不得不扼殺自己的意志和激情，回歸到原先破壞性的生活方式。

哈代的創(chuàng)作特點(diǎn)：

①：?Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.

常被認(rèn)為是一位過渡性作家

2：?In his Wessex novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life, which was gradually declining and disappearing as England marched into an industrial country

在他的威塞克斯小說中，他描寫了一種簡單而美麗的原始鄉(xiāng)村生活，這種生活隨著英國進(jìn)入工業(yè)化國家而逐漸衰落和消失

作品中的宿命論：

①：In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his won inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment

在他的作品中，人不可避免地被他所贏得的內(nèi)在本性和遺傳特征所束縛，這促使他去追求某種特定的幸?；虺晒Γ⑹顾c環(huán)境發(fā)生沖突

2：The outside nature - the natural environment or Nature herself - is shown as some mysterious supernatural force, very powerful but half-blind, impulsive and uncaring to the individual's will, hope, passion or suffering

外在的自然——自然環(huán)境或自然本身——表現(xiàn)為某種神秘的超自然力量，非常強(qiáng)大，但卻半盲目、沖動(dòng)和不關(guān)心個(gè)人的意志、希望、激情或痛苦

3：Man proves impotent before Fate, however he tries, and he seldom escapes his ordained destiny

人在命運(yùn)面前總是無能為力，而且他很少能逃脫他命中注定的命運(yùn)

4：This pessimistic view of life predominates most of Hardy's later works and earns him a reputation as a naturalistic writer.??

這種悲觀的人生觀主導(dǎo)了哈代的大部分后期作品，并為他贏得了自然主義作家的聲譽(yù)

批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義思想：

there is also bitter and sharp criticism and even open challenge of the irrational, hypocritical and unfair Victorian institutions, conventions and morals which strangle the individual will and destroy natural human emotions and relationships?

維多利亞時(shí)代非理性、虛偽和不公平的制度、習(xí)俗和道德也受到尖銳的批評(píng)，甚至公開的挑戰(zhàn)，這些制度習(xí)俗和道德扼殺了個(gè)人意志，破壞了自然的人類情感和關(guān)系

①：Hardy is?a meditative story-teller or romancer

是一個(gè)沉思的講故事者或小說家

2：He is a great painter of nature

他是一位偉大的自然畫家

3：His heroes and heroines, those unfortunate young men and women in their desperate struggle for personal fulfillment and happiness, are all vividly and realistically depicted

他筆下的男女主人公，那些為了個(gè)人的實(shí)現(xiàn)和幸福而拼命掙扎的不幸青年男女，都被刻畫得栩栩如生

4：all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures.?

哈代的所有作品都以其鄉(xiāng)村方言和詩情畫意而聞名，這與他們完美設(shè)計(jì)的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)非常吻合。

?

選讀作品：

Tess of the D'Urbervilles：

①：The novel is one of the best and most popular work by Hardy.

哈代最優(yōu)秀、最受歡迎的作品之一

2：It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century

它是對(duì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)社會(huì)虛偽道德的猛烈抨擊，是對(duì)本世紀(jì)末資本主義對(duì)英國農(nóng)民的侵略和毀滅的猛烈抨擊

3：Tess, as a pure woman brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, is abused and destroyed by both Alec and Angel, agents of the destructive force of the society

苔絲，作為一個(gè)在傳統(tǒng)的女性美德觀念下成長起來的純潔的女人，被亞歷克和安吉爾虐待和破壞，他們是社會(huì)破壞性力量的代理人

4：the misery, the poverty and the heartfelt pain she suffers and her final tragedy give rise to a most bitter cry of protest and denunciation of the society

她所遭受的苦難、貧困和內(nèi)心的痛苦以及她最后的悲劇引起了社會(huì)上最強(qiáng)烈的抗議和譴責(zé)

5：?naturalistic tendency is also strong in the novel，To fully understand the novel, one has to take into consideration both its critical realist and naturalistic significance.?

自然主義傾向在小說中也很強(qiáng)烈，要想充分理解小說，就必須同時(shí)考慮其批判性的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義意義。